Pernicious anemia are vitamin b12 deficiency. Medical search. Frequent questions

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder in which sufferers are not able to product intrinsic factor , a necessary hormone for absorbing vitamin B12. (b12patch.com)
Before diagnosing pernicious anemia, your doctor has to confirm the existence of an antibody in your system that inhibits intrinsic factor production, thereby causing vitamin B12 deficiency. (b12patch.com)
A special protein, called intrinsic factor (IF), binds vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed in the intestines. (medlineplus.gov)
When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. (medlineplus.gov)
Babies with this type of anemia do not make enough intrinsic factor. (medlineplus.gov)
The term "pernicious anemia" is an anachronism-it dates from the era when treatment had not yet been discovered, and the disease was fatal-but it remains in use to refer to an autoimmune disorder that affects the gastric mucosa's production of intrinsic factor (IF) leading to cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency and megaloblastic anemia . (medscape.com)
The inadequate production of intrinsic factor also leads to vitamin B12 malabsorption and pernicious anemia. (wikipedia.org)
After cleavage, intrinsic factor, secreted by parietal cells in the gastric mucosa, binds with vitamin B12. (msdmanuals.com)
Intrinsic factor is required for absorption of vitamin B12, which takes place in the terminal ileum. (msdmanuals.com)
In modem times the term is actually reserved for people whose stomachs fail to produce adequate amounts of a chemical called intrinsic factor which is necessary for vitamin B12 to be absorbed (otherwise known as Addisonian pernicious anaemia). (sedgleymanor.com)
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor. (brainmass.com)
People who have pernicious anemia sometimes lack intrinsic factor, which helps the body absorb B12. (psychcentral.com)
Once released, B12 combines with a substance called intrinsic factor (IF) before it is absorbed into the bloodstream. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
B12 [ vitamin b12 (liver-stomach concentrate with intrinsic factor)] is an anti- anemia preparation used to treat anemias that respond to oral hematinics, including pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemia and also iron-deficiency anemia. (rxlist.com)
Our B12 [vitamin b12 (liver-stomach concentrate with intrinsic factor)] Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
Hematinic concentrate with intrinsic factor is a multifactor preparation effective in the treatment of anemias that respond to oral hematinics, including pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemias and also iron-deficiency anemia . (rxlist.com)
Folic acid alone is unwarranted in the treatment of proof vitamin B12 (liver-stomach concentrate with intrinsic factor) deficiency states, such as pernicious anemia. (rxlist.com)
If resistance occurs, parenteral therapy, or oral therapy with so-called massive doses of VITAMIN B12 (liver-stomach concentrate with intrinsic factor) may be necessary for adequate treatment of the patient. (rxlist.com)
The parietal cells make a protein called intrinsic factor, which is the body's helper in absorbing vitamin B12. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)
This condition arises when antibodies attack the stomach lining cells, preventing them from producing intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. (opanutrition.com)
Without intrinsic factor, the body is unable to absorb vitamin B12, resulting in vitamin B12 deficiency. (opanutrition.com)
Diagnosis of the condition is done through a blood test to measure levels of vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor antibodies. (opanutrition.com)
To absorb vitamin B12 efficiently, the body needs enough stomach acid and a protein called intrinsic factor (IF). (curejoyinc.com)
Once in the duodenum, pancreatic juices release B12 from R-protein and hand it to intrinsic factor. (spiritofchange.org)
Introduction Vitamin B12 deficiency is a recognised problem in patients after surgery for OG cancer owing to the implications of surgery on gastric acid and intrinsic factor (IF) production (which are needed for Vitamin B12 metabolism). (bmj.com)
Vitamin B12 absorption is a complex process that requires a substance called intrinsic factor (produced by cells in the stomach). (detoxvalue.com)
Often stemming from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption conditions, or the lack of intrinsic factor necessary for its absorption, this deficiency can manifest as fatigue, weakness, cognitive disturbances, and more. (detoxvalue.com)
Severe B12 deficiency in conditions like pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition where the body destroys intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for the absorption of B12) used to be fatal until scientists figured out death could be prevented by feeding patients raw liver (which contains high amounts of B12). (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Megaloblastic anemias. (medlineplus.gov)
Causes of megaloblastic anemia other than impaired IF production include folic acid deficiency, altered pH in the small intestine, and lack of absorption of vitamin B12 complexes in the terminal ileum. (medscape.com)
Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, damage to the white matter of the spinal cord and brain, and peripheral neuropathy. (msdmanuals.com)
It is indicated for the reduction of cytotoxicity when used in combination with 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colorectal cancer and for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency when folic acid cannot be replaced orally. (janusinfo.se)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a cause of megaloblastic anemia, in which red blood cells are larger than normal and the ratio of nucleus size to cell cytoplasm is increased. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
There are other potential causes of megaloblastic anemia, including folate deficiency or various inborn metabolic disorders. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Pernicious anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, and it should be treated with vitamin B12. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Comment: Concomitant consumption of green tea with folic acid is not recommended in pregnant women, megaloblastic anemia, or when a reduction in folic acid may have clinical consequences. (medscape.com)
Additionally, neurologic deficits such as neuropathy and ataxia may be present, as well as megaloblastic anemia. (opanutrition.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia, which is a condition caused by impaired DNA synthesis, resulting in symptoms such as pallor and fatigue. (opanutrition.com)
B12 is vital for the production and maturation of red blood cells, helping prevent a specific type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia, which can lead to fatigue and weakness. (detoxvalue.com)

and malabsorption of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia. (wikipedia.org)
Problems with Digestion and absorption Problems with digestion may include fat malabsorption due to biliary stenosis or cholecystectomy, coeliac disease or Vit B12 malabsorption leading to pernicious anemia . (brainmass.com)
Inclusion cri- consumption of a strictly vegetarian diet, teria were being healthy and aged 20-80 pernicious anaemia and malabsorption syn- years. (who.int)

B12 is even more difficult to absorb when our stomach does not produce enough acid. (mytorontonaturopath.com)
Type A gastritis primarily affects the fundus (body) of the stomach and is more common with pernicious anemia. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach releases B12 from protein during digestion. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
with other factors of Vitamin B Complex present in the Liver-Stomach Concentrate. (rxlist.com)
If you take heartburn drugs, they can reduce acid production in the stomach, which is needed to absorb vitamin B12. (doctorshealthpress.com)
It is generally caused by inadequate dietary intake, yet can also be a result of conditions affecting the stomach or intestines that impede the absorption of the vitamin. (opanutrition.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by conditions or surgeries that affect the stomach or intestines, certain medications or inadequate dietary intake. (opanutrition.com)
Those with pernicious anemia are at an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. (opanutrition.com)
So people with low stomach acid or low IF levels (as in pernicious anemia) may suffer from a deficiency. (curejoyinc.com)
The deficiency in glucocorticoid causes an increased release of sodium and decreased release of potassium in the urine, sweat, saliva, stomach and intestines. (rarediseases.org)
When the food is swallowed, a substance in saliva called R-protein - a protein that protects B12 from being destroyed by stomach acid - travels to the stomach along with the food. (spiritofchange.org)
Specific cells in the stomach lining, called parietal cells, secrete two substances that are important to B12 absorption. (spiritofchange.org)
One is stomach acid - it splits food and B12 apart, allowing the vitamin to bind to the saliva's R-protein. (spiritofchange.org)
Another potential contributor to B12 deficiency is low levels of stomach acid. (spiritofchange.org)
In this study of 216 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, stomach pathologies which could cause vitamin B12 deficiency (atrophic gastritis, HP, PA) and the responses to oral replacement therapy were investigated. (clin-lab-publications.com)

First, your physician will request a vitamin B12 blood test to determine if your vitamin B12 blood (cobalamin) levels are indeed low. (b12patch.com)
Confirm that the patient has cobalamin deficiency. (medscape.com)
Use higher doses of cobalamin in patients with vitamin B12-associated CNS impairment. (medscape.com)
Provide concurrent treatment with folic acid and cobalamin in patients who demonstrate evidence for folic acid deficiency but also are being evaluated for pernicious anemia until the latter diagnosis has been ruled out, because although folic acid will restore blood counts, it will not prevent the development of subacute combined system degeneration in patients with pernicious anemia. (medscape.com)
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity. (msdmanuals.com)
Mount Sinai: "Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin). (mentorpro.org)
Vitamin B12 , also known as cobalamin , is a water-soluble vitamin essential for various critical functions in the human body. (detoxvalue.com)
Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin, and it is responsible for many vital body functions3. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and/or folic This was a population-based cross-sectional acid deficiency can cause a characteristic study with cluster random sampling on megalo blastic anaemia. (who.int)
While deficiency healthy individuals in Shiraz carried out of cobalamin and folic acid produce anae- between October 2004 and July 2005. (who.int)

The vitamin B12 blood screening is the most important test for diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency, and if you respond well to vitamin B12 supplements, then further testing is not usually required. (b12patch.com)
Some people may be adequately treated by taking large doses of vitamin B12 supplements by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency usually results from inadequate absorption, but deficiency can develop in vegans who do not take vitamin supplements. (msdmanuals.com)
In such cases, crystalline vitamin B12 (such as that available in vitamin supplements) can be absorbed, but food-bound vitamin B12 is not liberated and absorbed normally. (msdmanuals.com)
A teenager who does not eat animal products - such as milk, eggs, or meat - and does not take vitamin B12 supplements may develop this condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Eating a proper diet and taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements, as prescribed. (healthylife.com)
What Drugs, Substances, or Supplements Interact with B12? (rxlist.com)
B12 may interact with other drugs or supplements. (rxlist.com)
Vitamin B12 supplements are usually given by injection at first. (wales.nhs.uk)
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements: "Vitamin B12. (mentorpro.org)
If you are over the age of 50 your doctor might recommend you take vitamin B12 supplements, to compensate for lack of vitamin absorption from food sources. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Diagnosis and treatment of Vitamin B12 deficiency involves blood tests, injections, oral supplements, dietary modifications, and regular monitoring. (opanutrition.com)
And just a note: if by the end of this article you're a bit paranoid about your own vitamin deficiencies, skip the supplements aisle and instead check out our complete guide to getting all your nutrients from food. (popsci.com)
High levels of folic acid from supplements or fortified food could also mask your B12 deficiency. (curejoyinc.com)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur in vegans who do not take supplements or as a result of an absorption disorder. (merckmanuals.com)
Research is clear that people who consume plant-based diets must take B12 supplements in amounts typically provided by standard multivitamins. (spiritofchange.org)
Bioavailability studies indicate that folic acid supplements are well absorbed and are a reliable way to guard against dietary deficiencies. (jandevrieshealth.co.uk)
Despite the widespread availability of B12 in various foods and supplements, deficiencies persist, and understanding its implications, causes, and prevention is critical for public health. (detoxvalue.com)
B12 supplements are available in various forms, including oral tablets, sublingual lozenges, and injections. (detoxvalue.com)

Sometimes, your physician might require a bone marrow biopsy in order to determine other potential causes of pernicious anemia or general red blood cell disorders. (b12patch.com)
Thus, pernicious anemia must be differentiated from other disorders that interfere with the absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 (see DDx and Workup ). (medscape.com)
Its deficiency may lead to a wide spectrum of hematologic and neuropsychiatric disorders that can often be reversed by early diagnosis and prompt therapy. (medscape.com)
Vitamin B-12 deficiency can be excluded by a normal MMA level in persons with lymphoid disorders who have low unexplained vitamin B-12. (medscape.com)
Other factors like age, veganism, alcohol abuse and eating disorders also contribute to Vitamin B12 deficiency. (opanutrition.com)
However, the condition may be more common in people with certain autoimmune diseases - diseases in which your immune system reacts against your body's own organs or tissues - such as Addison's disease, vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia), or thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. (avrf.org)
Adequate levels of B12 can support cognitive functions, potentially reducing the risk of age-associated neurodegenerative conditions and mood disorders like depression. (detoxvalue.com)
On the other hand, the failure of the adequate bone marrow response to anemia usually correlates with a low reticulocyte count and is associated with bone marrow-related disorders. (medscape.com)

Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. (medlineplus.gov)
Or they cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine. (medlineplus.gov)
This is usually caused when the body doesn't absorb vitamin B12 from food. (healthylife.com)
Both are needed to absorb vitamin B12. (healthylife.com)
Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 . (brainmass.com)
Inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the intestinal tract can be caused by pernicious anemia. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Commonly referred to as the "energy vitamin", B12 is a vitamin that is vital to your body's metabolic processes. (mytorontonaturopath.com)
Risk factors for developing Vitamin B12 deficiency include long-term use of proton pump inhibitors, vegetarian diet, and other conditions that interfere with the body's ability to absorb the vitamin. (opanutrition.com)
Scout still needed treatment, though, for a different and surprising reason: The object had inhibited a step in her body's absorption of vitamin B12. (spiritofchange.org)
However, hundreds of millions of Americans who do consume B12 may also be at risk because of conditions that could be hampering their body's absorption of B12. (spiritofchange.org)
Without saliva, B12 will not bind to the saliva's R-protein, and the body's ability to absorb it is inhibited. (spiritofchange.org)

Vitamin B12 can be difficult to absorb through oral supplementation or when we do not consume enough B12 foods (esp. (mytorontonaturopath.com)
Usually, if test results are positive, then vitamin B12 supplementation begins immediately. (b12patch.com)
The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on the prevention or progression of Alzheimer's disease remain unclear. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Supplementation with a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 did not decrease the risk of breast cancer. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
In a study, children with poor eyesight reported improvements in their vision after B12 supplementation. (curejoyinc.com)
Vitafol ® -OB is indicated to provide vitamin, mineral, supplementation prior to conception, throughout pregnancy, and during the postnatal period for the lactating and non-lactating mother. (nih.gov)
Vitamin D supplementation should be used with caution in those with hypercalcemia or conditions that may lead to hypercalcemia such as hyperparathyroidism and those who form calcium-containing kidney stones. (nih.gov)

Folic acid may obscure pernicious anemia in that the blood picture may revert to normal while neurological manifestations remain progressive. (rxlist.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a condition caused by inadequate intake or absorption of the vitamin, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and neurological issues. (opanutrition.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause neurological issues that affect the nervous system, such as headaches. (opanutrition.com)
Folic acid, especially in doses above 0.1 mg daily, may obscure pernicious anemia, in that hematologic remission may occur while neurological manifestations remain progressive. (nih.gov)
The use of folic acid doses above 1 mg daily may precipitate or exacerbate the neurological damage of vitamin B12 deficiency. (nih.gov)
In essence, vitamin B12 is indispensable for maintaining overall health, especially neurological and hematological well-being. (detoxvalue.com)
B12 is crucial for processes like red blood cell formation and DNA synthesis, and its deficiency can lead to anemia and neurological complications. (detoxvalue.com)
Evaluation was made of the demographic characteristics of the patients, diseases, drugs used, dietary habits, previous use of vitamin B12 replacement therapy, family history of vitamin B12 deficiency, laboratory test values, and neurological symptoms present at the time of presentation. (clin-lab-publications.com)
Data from the Tufts University Framingham Offspring Study suggest that 40 percent of people between the ages of 26 and 83 have plasma B12 levels in the low normal range - a range at which many experience neurological symptoms. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Long before anemia sets in, B12 deficiency causes several other problems, including fatigue, lethargy, weakness, memory loss and neurological and psychiatric problems. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
12 deficiency but leave the neurological symptoms unaltered [ 5 ]. (who.int)

Symptomatic patients are mostly females and signs of atrophic gastritis are those associated with iron deficiency: fatigue, restless legs syndrome, brittle nails, hair loss, impaired immune function, and impaired wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause fatigue , anemia , and depression . (doctorshealthpress.com)
Common symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency include fatigue, lethargy, yellow skin, and a sore tongue. (opanutrition.com)
The indications of Vitamin B12 deficiency vary from person to person, but some of the most commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling, difficulty walking, mood changes, memory loss, disorientation, and dementia. (opanutrition.com)
Symptoms of anemia - like fatigue or shortness of breath - happen because your organs aren't getting what they need to work the way they should. (webmd.com)
I'm a registered dietitian, and I teach nutrition and food science to college students, but still I missed the B12 deficiency that was causing my puppy's fatigue. (spiritofchange.org)
One primary symptom of B12 deficiency is fatigue - a level of tiredness or exhaustion so deep that it affects daily life activities. (spiritofchange.org)
Consequently, its deficiency may lead to fatigue. (detoxvalue.com)

Although autoimmune atrophic gastritis impairs iron and vitamin B12 absorption, iron deficiency is detected at a younger age than pernicious anemia. (wikipedia.org)
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to atrophic gastritis, and this was determined with biopsy in 41.7% of the patients. (clin-lab-publications.com)
The incidence of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia is higher than expected in vitamin B12 deficiency. (clin-lab-publications.com)
Thus, it can be concluded that it is appropriate to investigate patients with vitamin B12 deficiency with respect to atrophic gastritis and PA, and oral replacement therapy should be the first stage in the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. (clin-lab-publications.com)
INTRODUCTION: Pernicious anemia (PA) caused by vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis (AMAG). (bvsalud.org)

Iron therapy is contraindicated in patients with hemochromatosis and patients with iron storage disease or the potential for iron storage disease due to chronic hemolytic anemia (e.g., inherited anomalies of hemoglobin structure or synthesis and/or red cell enzyme deficiencies, etc.), pyridoxine responsive anemia, or cirrhosis of the liver. (nih.gov)

Go to Anemia , Iron Deficiency Anemia , and Chronic Anemia for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
Anemia, particularly the iron deficiency kind, has been linked to mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. (psychcentral.com)
Most of these cases are due to an iron deficiency. (psychcentral.com)
A Japanese study from 2018 with 11,876 participants identified a link between self-reported depression and self-reported iron-deficiency anemia. (psychcentral.com)
The most common form of this condition, iron deficiency anemia, has the added impact of insufficient iron. (psychcentral.com)
A 2013 study revealed a link between iron deficiency and diagnoses like mood and developmental conditions. (psychcentral.com)
It's theorized that iron deficiency in childhood is linked to the abnormal myelination (covering) of neurons and altered neurotransmitters that contribute to child and adolescent-onset psychiatric conditions. (psychcentral.com)
For example, iron-deficiency anemia results from inadequate amounts of iron in your body. (psychcentral.com)
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurs when you don't have enough iron to make the blood hemoglobin you need to transport oxygen. (psychcentral.com)
For example, iron deficiency anaemia happens when the body does not contain enough iron. (wales.nhs.uk)
Women are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because of blood loss from their periods and higher blood supply demands during pregnancy . (webmd.com)
Iron-deficiency anemia, as the name suggests, is when the body doesn't produce enough iron. (webmd.com)
Iron Deficiency Anemia Iron deficiency anemia results from low or depleted stores of iron, which is needed to produce red blood cells. (merckmanuals.com)
Poor dietary iron intake (or excessive loss of iron from the body) leads to iron-deficiency anemia, the most common cause of anemia in children. (naset.org)
Iron-deficiency anemia can affect children at any age, but it is most commonly seen in children under 2 years of age, and in teens, particularly in adolescent girls who have started menstruating. (naset.org)
During the first 6 months of life, babies are usually protected against developing iron deficiency due to the stores of iron built up in their bodies while they are in the uterus. (naset.org)
The growth spurt that occurs during puberty is also associated with an increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia. (naset.org)
In a recent report on iron deficiency in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) noted that, according to a 1996 survey, less than half of 1- to 2-year-olds and just over one fourth of teen girls were meeting the recommended daily intake of iron. (naset.org)

Many people who have vitamin B12 deficiency also are deficient in the B vitamin folate . (b12patch.com)
Although it's uncommon, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (with or without anaemia) can lead to complications, particularly if you have been deficient in vitamin B12 or folate for some time. (wales.nhs.uk)
A study conducted in 2010 among middle-class men in Pune, India revealed that 81% were vitamin B12 deficient. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Researchers discovered that half of the participants were vitamin B12 deficient. (doctorshealthpress.com)
However 1/5 of the deficient subgroup had stable/gained weight suggesting other possible causes of deficiency such as the use of antacid medication. (bmj.com)
Many B12 deficient people have so-called "normal" levels of B12. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
In fact, many of my patients that are B12 deficient are following a Paleo diet where they eat meat 2-3 times a day. (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Dementia can be seen as a symptom of pernicious anemia-an autoimmune disorder caused by low levels of vitamin B12. (doctorshealthpress.com)
People with dementia aren't absorbing enough vitamin B12 from the foods they eat, which can lead to various forms of dementia. (doctorshealthpress.com)
In Japan and Europe, the lower limit for B12 is between 500-550 pg/mL, the level associated with psychological and behavioral manifestations such as cognitive decline, dementia and memory loss. (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Pernicious anemia can also occur after gastric bypass surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to pernicious anemia may occur. (cdc.gov)
With anemia from low iron, extra symptoms can occur. (healthylife.com)
When vitamin B12 is low, extra symptoms can occur. (healthylife.com)
Researchers have reported that these symptoms may occur when vitamin B12 levels are just slightly lower than normal and are considerably above the levels normally associated with anemia. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
folic deficiency may occur. (medscape.com)
While a deficiency could occur due to the lack of B12 foods in the diet, as in the case of vegetarians or vegans, more insidiously, it could also occur when your body cannot absorb it effectively. (curejoyinc.com)
This explains why B12 deficiency can occur even in people eating large amounts of B12-containing animal products. (thehealthyskeptic.org)

A deficiency in vitamin B12 can cause weakness and other adverse effects. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

National Health Service UK: "Complications - Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia. (mentorpro.org)
Deficiency is a serious medical condition that can impact an individual's overall health and even lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. (opanutrition.com)
Prevention and early treatment of Vitamin B12 deficiency is essential in order to avoid potentially life-threatening complications. (opanutrition.com)
In some cases, complications from a vitamin B12 deficiency can also lead to severe problems. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

B12 intramuscular injections are quick and relatively painless, and are absorbed into your bloodstream, thereby by-passing the digestive tract and ensuring good bioavailability. (mytorontonaturopath.com)
Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. (wales.nhs.uk)
Then, depending on whether your B12 deficiency is related to your diet, you'll either require B12 tablets between meals or regular injections. (wales.nhs.uk)
The good news is that pernicious anemia is eaily treatable with B12 injections. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)

Bariatric Multivitamins 45 Mg Iron-800 Mcg-120 Mcg Capsule is a supplement designed specifically for individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery, providing essential vitamins and minerals including iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12. (imedix.com)
Anemia can be caused by deficiency in the nutrients folic acid and vitamin B12, both of which are necessary for normal blood production. (naset.org)
Along with folic acid and vitamin B6, B12 helps in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (detoxvalue.com)

Prenatal multivitamins are used to provide the additional vitamins and minerals needed before, during, and after pregnancy. (everydayhealth.com)
The need for this vitamin more than doubles during pregnancy. (healthylife.com)
This medication is a multivitamin, mineral, and fatty acid product used to treat or prevent vitamin deficiency before, during, and after pregnancy. (kaiserpermanente.org)
People at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency include strict vegetarians, elderly people, breastfed infants, and people with increased vitamin B12 requirements associated with pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, malignancy, or liver or kidney disease. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
During pregnancy, B12 should be used only if prescribed. (rxlist.com)
This medication is a multivitamin product used to treat or prevent vitamin deficiency due to poor diet, certain illnesses, or during pregnancy. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Some forms - like the mild anemia that happens during pregnancy - aren't a major concern. (webmd.com)
During pregnancy, B12 is crucial for the development of the nervous system of the fetus, making adequate intake essential for expecting mothers. (detoxvalue.com)

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system mistakes red blood cells for foreign invaders and begins destroying them. (naset.org)
Common forms of inherited hemolytic anemia include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. (naset.org)

Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the synthesis of DNA. (brainmass.com)
Since B12 is very important in maintaining healthy nerve cells, red blood cells, and the synthesis of DNA, B12 deficiency should be treated quickly. (brainmass.com)
B12 plays an important role in supplying essential methyl groups for protein and DNA synthesis. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Vitamin B12 , an essential nutrient, plays a pivotal role in numerous bodily functions, from DNA synthesis to red blood cell formation. (detoxvalue.com)
B12 plays a role in DNA synthesis, which is crucial for the formation of new cells. (detoxvalue.com)
B12 plays a significant role in DNA synthesis, which is fundamental for cell division and repair. (detoxvalue.com)
Vitamin B12 works together with folate in the synthesis of DNA and red blood cells. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
B12 deficiency occurs in four stages, beginning with declining blood levels of the vitamin (stage I), progressing to low cellular concentrations of the vitamin (stage II), an increased blood level of homocysteine and a decreased rate of DNA synthesis (stage III), and finally, pernicious anemia (stage IV). (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Biomarkers of folate and vitamin B12 and breast cancer risk: report from the EPIC cohort. (mentorpro.org)
ABSTRACT To assess the serum folate and vitamin B12 status in healthy Iranian adults, we designed a population-based cross-sectional study of 1200 individuals aged 20-80 years. (who.int)
The mean serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in men. (who.int)

Administering vitamin B12 orally, intramuscularly, or intranasally is effective for preventing and treating dietary vitamin B12 deficiency. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Vitamin B-12 deficiency is thought to be related to improper absorption rather than a decreased amount of dietary vitamin B-12, as many persons who consume large amounts of the vitamin still have a deficiency. (medscape.com)
Every three ounces of trout provides you with 5.4 mcg of vitamin B12, which is 90% of the recommended dietary amount (RDA). (doctorshealthpress.com)

a test measuring the amount of the hormone gastrin in your blood may help doctors diagnose the cause of vitamin B12 deficiency . (b12patch.com)
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition that is the primary cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. (opanutrition.com)
Following a vegan diet is also a common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

Older age, weight loss and poor nutrition can contribute to Vitamin B12 deficiency in these patients with OG cancer. (bmj.com)

Sometimes, B12 deficiency occurs as a secondary side effect of a primary illness like fibromyalgia, Crohn's disease, or celiac disease. (b12patch.com)
Impaired IF production in pernicious anemia occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, which secrete IF, or the development of auto-antibodies targeted against IF itself. (medscape.com)
Aplastic anemia occurs when something interferes with the production of new blood cells, leading to a blood cell count that is too low. (psychcentral.com)
Vitamin B12 or B9 (commonly called folate) deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly. (wales.nhs.uk)
Though severe B12 deficiencies are rare today, vegans are perhaps the most at risk because the vitamin occurs mostly in animal products. (popsci.com)
Anemia also occurs when the body isn't able to produce enough healthy red blood cells. (naset.org)
Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient numbers of blood cells. (naset.org)
Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when a person lacks a substance that is necessary to absorb and process vitamin B12. (naset.org)

Some childhood cancers can cause anemia of this type, such as with certain types of leukemia in which abnormal cells crowd out the bone marrow cells needed to produce blood cells. (naset.org)
however, in the setting of stress erythropoiesis, as in a high erythropoietin level (eg, in persons with severe anemia), reticulocytes are prematurely released from bone marrow to the blood circulation, increasing the number of days that reticulocytes stay in the blood circulation (maturation time of reticulocytes in days) and resulting in a spuriously high reticulocyte count. (medscape.com)

Axis-Shield will be holding a free event on The Challenges of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Diagnosis at the Manchester Conference Centre on Wednesday 3rd April 2019 and would be delighted if you could join them. (pernicious-anaemia-society.org)
Diagnosis is usually made by measuring serum vitamin B12 levels. (msdmanuals.com)
In this piece I share what I have learned about B12 deficiency since my diagnosis. (911weknow.com)
However in pernicious anaemia there is an insidious onset and so there may be a profound degree of anaemia at the time of diagnosis. (gpnotebook.com)
A diagnosis of pernicious anemia (PA) was made in 4 (1.9%) patients (patients with AIFA positivity or APCA accompanied by corpus atrophy). (clin-lab-publications.com)
From the time of diagnosis, the patients in the study were prescribed 1,000 µg/day vitamin B12. (clin-lab-publications.com)
Experts who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of B12 deficiency, like Sally Pacholok R.N. and Jeffery Stewart D.O., suggest treating all patients that are symptomatic and have B12 levels less than 450 pg/mL. (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Overview of Vitamins Vitamins may be Fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) Water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) The B vitamins include biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (B2), thiamin (B1). (msdmanuals.com)
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin that is commonly found in a variety of foods, such as fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, and dairy products. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Moreover, although B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, your liver could store it, unlike other vitamins, in amounts that could last you a good 3-5 years even after you stop consuming B12-rich foods. (curejoyinc.com)
Folic acid is a water soluble vitamin which the body cannot store for long. (jandevrieshealth.co.uk)

A new study expand on previous knowledge of the biological role of vitamin B12 as a key part of photoreceptor proteins. (neurosciencenews.com)
We will also consider the role of vitamin B12 in the body, and consider what signs to look out for. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Background: To determine the role of vitamin B12 deficiency in pernicious anemia and the efficacy of oral vitamin B12 replacement therapy given regardless of the etiology, and to compare the endoscopic and pathological findings in patients diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency. (clin-lab-publications.com)

People with pernicious anemia may have gastric polyps. (medlineplus.gov)
[ 1 ] Other conditions that can result in impaired IF production include gastrectomy and a rare congenital autosomal recessive disorder that manifests with IF deficiency without gastric atrophy. (medscape.com)
27% of patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma (AC) had a deficiency. (bmj.com)

The liver stores large amounts of vitamin B12. (msdmanuals.com)
Large amounts of vitamin B12 seem to be nontoxic but are not recommended for regular use (ie, as a general tonic). (msdmanuals.com)
Common ones are low amounts of iron, folic acid (a B vitamin), and vitamin B12. (healthylife.com)
HIV-infected persons and vegetarians who are not taking in proper amounts of B12 are also prone to deficiency. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Liver vitamin B12 stores can normally sustain physiologic needs for 3 to 5 years if B12 intake stops (eg, in people who become vegans) and for months to 1 year if enterohepatic reabsorption capacity is absent. (msdmanuals.com)
Inadequate vitamin B12 intake is possible in vegans but is otherwise unlikely. (msdmanuals.com)
Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver and muscle of animals, and is also passed on to eggs and milk, so these are good sources for non-vegans. (stackexchange.com)
As vegans, our best bet is synthesized B12. (stackexchange.com)
For vegetarians or vegans, certain plant-based foods are fortified with B12, such as plant-based milk alternatives and cereals. (detoxvalue.com)
One study2 looked at the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

The human body stores several years' worth of vitamin B12 in the liver, so nutritional deficiency of this vitamin is extremely rare. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Pancreatic enzymes cleave this B12 complex (B12-R protein) in the small intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
B12 absorption is a complex multistep process that begins in the mouth and ends at the far end of the small intestine. (spiritofchange.org)

Food-bound vitamin B12 is released in the stomach's acid environment and is bound to R protein (haptocorrin). (msdmanuals.com)
Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Many people with niacin deficiency also have deficiencies of protein, riboflavin (a B vitamin). (merckmanuals.com)
Vitamin B12 has a role in removing a dangerous protein known as homocysteine from the blood. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Apparently, by removing this protein, the Vitamin B12 also helps to prevent osteoporosis ! (bensnaturalhealth.com)

If you have a low vitamin B12 level for a long time, you can have nervous system damage. (medlineplus.gov)
Vitamin B12 is essential to maintain a healthy brain and nervous system and to produce myelin sheath around our nerves. (911weknow.com)
Vitamin B12 and folate perform several important functions in the body, including keeping the nervous system healthy. (wales.nhs.uk)
You also need B12 for your nervous system to work in the right way. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)
B12 is essential for the maintenance of the nervous system, including the formation of the myelin sheath, which surrounds and protects nerve fibers. (detoxvalue.com)
Adequate B12 levels can help prevent major birth defects related to the baby's spine and central nervous system. (detoxvalue.com)

Other times, vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms are overlooked because of underlying conditions such as depression or diabetes. (b12patch.com)
For example, depression and anemia together might suggest a vitamin B12 deficiency. (brainmass.com)
Anemia and Depression: Is There a Link? (psychcentral.com)
If you live with depression, anemia may be partly to blame. (psychcentral.com)

The main type of B12 deficiency actually decreases the number of red blood cells to a dangerous level, causing many of the above symptoms plus seizures, loss of bladder control, and intestinal bleeding. (popsci.com)
Slower, long-term blood loss, such as intestinal bleeding due to inflammatory bowel disease, can also cause anemia. (naset.org)

Vitamin B12, in addition to supporting energy pathways in the body, is also used to reduce serum homocysteine levels (which, when elevated, indicates higher risk of heart disease). (mytorontonaturopath.com)
Before diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency or pernicious anemia , your doctor will run a vitamin B12 blood test for vitamin B12 levels in your blood, in addition to measuring your red blood cells and homocysteine levels. (b12patch.com)
High homocysteine levels in your blood may indicate vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, or vitamin B6 deficiency. (b12patch.com)
Some evidence suggests that lowering homocysteine levels with prescription-strength folic acid and vitamins B12 and B6 for six months following coronary angioplasty reduced the risk of revascularization of target lesions and overall adverse cardiac events. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Along with other B vitamins, B12 helps regulate homocysteine levels in the blood. (detoxvalue.com)

Thus, when these parietal cells become destroyed, the B12 vitamins will not be absorbed in the correct way they should be. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)

The Schilling test involves swallowing harmless, radioactive doses of vitamin B12 and tracking its progress in your body. (b12patch.com)
Some vitamins and minerals can cause serious or life-threatening side effects if taken in large doses. (everydayhealth.com)
According to a new study, high doses of certain B vitamins could help to reduce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia when coupled with antipsychotic treatments. (neurosciencenews.com)
High doses of vitamin D can lead to elevated levels of calcium that reside in the blood and soft tissues. (nih.gov)

Some plants (spirulina, for example) has been touted as a plant-based B12 alternative but is inadequate for most people. (stackexchange.com)
The absolute reticulocyte count and corrected reticulocyte percentage, as a marker of RBC production, provide an initial evaluation as to whether anemia is due to loss of RBCs or inadequate production. (medscape.com)

This type of anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12, which is required to produce healthy red blood cells. (psychcentral.com)
Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia where there is a vitamin B12 deficiency. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)
This is how this type of anemia is often caused. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)
When a person has this type of anemia, the heart has to work a lot harder in order to pump enough blood for nourishments to the tissues inside the body. (diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com)
With this type of anemia, your body may not create enough blood cells, or they may not work the way they should. (webmd.com)

8) Methylmalonic acid (MMA) test - With vitamin B12 deficiency, methylmalonic acid levels go up. (b12patch.com)
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels are commonly used to evaluate for vitamin B-12 deficiency. (medscape.com)
Active Vitamin B12 levels considered 'borderline deficiency' are sent for Methylmalonic acid (MMA) analysis. (bmj.com)
They also recommend treating patients with normal B12, but elevated urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA), homocysteine and/or holotranscobalamin (other markers of B12 deficiency). (thehealthyskeptic.org)

If you have certain conditions that interfere with food absorption, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease, it could possibly lead to a vitamin B12 deficiency. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Crohn's disease can cause surgical resection, which impedes the absorption of B12 and can lead to a deficiency. (opanutrition.com)
A pain-free treatment for vitamin B 12 deficiency is now on the market for patients with Crohn's disease. (drugtopics.com)

Contact your provider if you have symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
A large intake of folic acid may mask the signs and symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency (Pernicious Anaemia). (jandevrieshealth.co.uk)

Treatment consists of oral or parenteral vitamin B12. (msdmanuals.com)
At the end of the study, as oral replacement therapy was seen to be effective to a great extent, even in patients with PA, it was concluded that for patients not responding to oral replacement therapy, it would be appropriate to apply parenteral vitamin B12 treatment. (clin-lab-publications.com)

Possible causes of strawberry tongue include lack of vitamin B-12 and folic acid, benign migratory glossitis, or scarlet fever. (americanceliac.org)
Some genetic conditions that could contribute to this include sickle cell and some hemolytic anemias being passed down. (webmd.com)
Implicated pathways include NRF2 and vitamin A homeostasis. (cdc.gov)

This study investigates the prevalence of preoperative Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with OG cancer. (bmj.com)
The prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency increases with age. (bmj.com)
However the study population has a higher prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency than the general population (65-74 years age 1 in 6 vs 1 in 20). (bmj.com)
The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was considerably higher than folate deficiency. (who.int)

Cyanocobalamin is contraindicated in patients with sensitivity to cobalt or to cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12). (nih.gov)

The most common complaint received by the Pernicious Anaemia Society relates to the treatment of the disease. (pernicious-anaemia-society.org)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in the elderly. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Both vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency are more common in older people, affecting around 1 in 10 people aged 75 or over and 1 in 20 people aged 65 to 74. (wales.nhs.uk)
[ 2 ] According to the Framingham Offspring Study, vitamin B-12 deficiency may be more common than was previously believed. (medscape.com)
It is unclear why increased serum MMA levels are more common (5%-15%) in elderly persons with low or normal serum vitamin B-12 levels. (medscape.com)
Though vitamin B12 deficiency is fairly common across the world, it's often difficult to diagnose this deficiency just through symptoms. (curejoyinc.com)
2 Dizziness or lightheadedness is a classic symptom of low blood pressure, and low blood pressure is a common fallout of vitamin B12 deficiency. (curejoyinc.com)
Pale and yellowish skin is one of the most common signs of a B12 deficiency. (curejoyinc.com)
Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.S. It affects almost 6% of the population. (webmd.com)
Doctors can just as easily be blind to it in people - even though B12 deficiency is a common health problem that affects an estimated 6% to 20% of the U.S. population. (spiritofchange.org)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is not as common as deficiencies of some other vitamins. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is known to cause pernicious anemia and it's quite common. (suzycohen.com)
However, B12 deficiency is far more common than most health care practitioners and the general public realize. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Most surprising to the researchers was the fact that low B12 levels were as common in younger people as they were in the elderly. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Why is B12 deficiency so common? (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue is another symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency. (curejoyinc.com)
Once again, this is a symptom that needs to be discussed with your doctor because conditions such as diabetes and vitamin B12 deficiency/pernicious anaemia can cause this type of sensory disturbance in the nerves that feed information back to the brain. (meassociation.org.uk)

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have reported that women with breast cancer tend to have lower vitamin B12 levels in their blood serum than do women without breast cancer. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Association of Serum Vitamins with Eczema in US Adults (NHANES 2005-2006). (mentorpro.org)
The mean serum folate was 4.61 (SD 2.40) ng/mL and the mean serum vitamin B12 level was 265.6 (SD 170.9) pg/mL. (who.int)

12231 Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia Describe the two roles of vitamin B12 in metabolism in humans. (brainmass.com)

Vegetarians are more prone to develop B12 deficiency. (911weknow.com)
Furthermore, since non-vegetarian food such as meat, eggs, fish, and dairy products are rich in vitamin B12 , vegetarians are at a high risk of developing B12 deficiency . (doctorshealthpress.com)

People with severely low levels of B12 may need more shots in the beginning. (medlineplus.gov)
Low levels of this vitamin are often seen among elderly women, especially those who have poor diets. (healthylife.com)
Not only does anemia reduce your energy levels, but it can also affect the way you think and feel. (psychcentral.com)
Hypoxia (reduced oxygen levels) from anemia affects multiple areas of your body, including your brain. (psychcentral.com)
Some patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease have been found to have abnormally low vitamin B12 levels in their blood. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
However, another study found no association between vitamin B12 levels and breast cancer risk. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
In persons with HIV infection, who typically have low levels of vitamin B-12-binding proteins, the vitamin B-12 level may be low, but, again, the MMA level is normal in this scenario. (medscape.com)
Because most patients with folate deficiency have normal MMA levels, and the remainder have only mild elevations, vitamin B-12 deficiency can be differentiated from folate deficiency with the combined use of homocysteine and MMA levels. (medscape.com)
Thanks to sailors with skin lesions, we all know the importance of getting enough vitamin C. It doesn't take much to be sufficient, but without at least low levels of certain nutrients in our diet, we humans can waste away. (popsci.com)
This kind is more commonly called pernicious anemia, since it causes a massive drop in blood iron levels as well. (popsci.com)
So if you have any of the following risk factors, it might be wise to keep an eye out for the symptoms and get your B12 levels checked periodically. (curejoyinc.com)
When your body has low levels of the vitamin, you may lose your balance, especially when you move too fast. (curejoyinc.com)
If you're feeling dizzy too often, you might want to make a trip to the doctor and take a blood test to detect your B12 levels. (curejoyinc.com)
When the B12 levels in your body dip, red blood cells become fragile and start breaking down into bilirubin. (curejoyinc.com)
MMA levels above the normal range for age indicate deficiency. (bmj.com)
Results Active Vitamin B12 ±MMA levels were available for 89 patients. (bmj.com)
It's evident from these benefits that maintaining proper B12 levels is crucial for a multitude of physiological processes and overall well-being. (detoxvalue.com)
The post looks at some effective ways that people can increase vitamin B12 levels in cases where a deficiency does develop. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Vitamin B12 deficiency means the circulating levels of the vitamin in the body are lower than what is considered normal or healthy. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
At the 40-day follow-up examination, a significant increase was observed in the vitamin B12 levels of 92.5% of the patients. (clin-lab-publications.com)
This is why most studies underestimate true levels of deficiency. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Yet it is well-established in the scientific literature that people with B12 levels between 200 pg/mL and 350 pg/mL - levels considered "normal" in the U.S. - have clear B12 deficiency symptoms. (thehealthyskeptic.org)

Folate ( folic acid ) should not be used instead of vitamin B12 because folate may alleviate the anemia but allow neurologic deficits to progress. (msdmanuals.com)
Studies have shown that a deficiency of vitamin B12 can lead to abnormal neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Anatomy7

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Intrinsic factor28

Megaloblastic11

Malabsorption3

Stomach15

Cobalamin10

Supplements19

Disorders8

Absorb vitamin6

Body's5

Supplementation7

Neurological11

Fatigue8

Atrophic gastritis5

Cirrhosis of th1

Iron deficiency18

Deficient7

Dementia3

Occur8

Weakness1

Complications4

Injections4

Folic acid and vitamin3

Pregnancy8

Hemolytic anemia2

Synthesis8

Folate and vitamin3

Dietary3

Cause of vitamin B12 defici3

Contribute to Vitamin B12 defici1

Occurs8

Bone marrow2

Diagnosis7

Water-Soluble4

Role of vitamin3

Gastric3

Amounts4

Vegans6

Nutritional Deficiency1

Small intestine2

Protein5

Nervous system6

Depression4

Intestinal2

Homocysteine levels5

Parietal cells1

Doses4

Inadequate2

Type of anemia5

Methylmalonic acid4

Crohn's3

Symptoms of vitamin2

Parenteral vitamin2

Include3

Prevalence4

Cyanocobalamin1

Common15

Symptom2

Serum3

Metabolism1

Vegetarians2

Levels22

Neurologic2