Peripheral visual field defects. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glaucoma causes peripheral field defects. (wikipedia.org)
The main classification of visual field defects is into Lesions to the eye's retina (heteronymous field defects in Glaucoma and AMD) Lesions of the optic nerve (heteronymous field defects) Lesions in the chiasm (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Visual field testing in glaucoma. (ucsfhealth.org)
Defects in the peripheral visual field may be an indication of internal eye conditions, including retinal detachment and glaucoma, or may be the result of problems with the brain or vascular system. (vision-surgery.com)
Aqueous humor cytokine levels are associated with the severity of visual field defects in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the central visual pathways during the early and advanced stages of bilateral normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). (mdpi.com)
In this study we evaluate the association between a p53 variant functionally known to influence apoptosis (codon 72 Pro/Arg) and the subset of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with early loss of central visual field. (wvu.edu)
The glaucoma patients were divided into two groups according to location of initial visual field defect (either paracentral or peripheral). (wvu.edu)
These results suggest that the p53 codon 72 PRO/PRO genotype is potentially associated with early paracentral visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. (wvu.edu)
Glaucoma is characterized by increased pressure within the eye, known as intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve and affect the transmission of visual signals to the brain. (panrum.com)
It is important for individuals to be aware of the signs and symptoms of glaucoma, such as gradual loss of peripheral vision, tunnel vision, blurred vision, and eye pain. (panrum.com)
Congenital Glaucoma is due to a developmental defect in the eye's drainage mechanism. (winderfamilyvision.com)
The most helpful advice concerning Glaucoma is to keep in mind the importance of early detection through routine eye examination, faithful use of prescribed medications, and close monitoring by an eye doctor of the optic nerve, visual fields and pressures. (winderfamilyvision.com)
For instance, Glaucoma-induced optic nerve damage is associated with a specific visual field defect. (drpriya.com)
Loss of nerve fibres causes visual field defects & optic disc changes in glaucoma. (medicowesome.com)
You need to treat the glaucoma or else the visual field loss will spread & eventually a small island of central tubular vision & a temporal island (more resistant to damage) will be all that is left. (medicowesome.com)
Chronic glaucoma is a disease affecting the optic nerve (neuropathy), which is characterised by a progressive loss of visual field. (icoftalmologia.com)
In parallel to loss of visual field or peripheral vision, once glaucoma has advanced, the patient finds light and dark adaptation difficult. (icoftalmologia.com)
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of latanoprost and travoprost as primary therapy in patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) after peripheral iridotomy. (tmu.edu.tw)

Unlike RCD, which typically start with night blindness and progressive visual field constriction while central vision is preserved until late stages, CRD is characterized by a primary decrease in central vision leading to earlier legal blindness. (orpha.net)
Visual field defects include central scotomas and peripheral concentric constriction. (arizona.edu)
Mild & generalized constriction of central & peripheral field. (medicowesome.com)
Such perimeters are used to diagnose and determine pathologies that cause peripheral vision constriction (e.g. retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa) or affect peripheral and central vision, such as intracranial pathologies. (zionmarketresearch.com)
Classic signs of retinitis pigmentosa are usually present including disc pallor, pigment clumping, peripheral field constriction, and attenuated retinal vessels. (arizona.edu)

The principal cause of reduced vision was identified for eyes with presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18. (bmj.com)

Visual field loss may occur due to many disease or disorders of the eye, optic nerve, or brain. (wikipedia.org)
The eye examination may show anomaly of the optic nerves (paleness, large cups) that, however, is not severe enough to result in the visual impairment exhibited by the child. (childrenshospital.org)
The fundus appearance is varaible ranging from normal in the early stages, with only subtle temporal optic nerve pallor, macular pigment migration and atrophy or a bull's-eye maculopathy, to peripheral retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, intra retinal pigmentation migration, arteriolar attenuation, and optic disc pallor as disease progresses. (orpha.net)
Late stage findings include peripheral retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, intraretinal pigment migration, arteriolar attenuation, and optic disc pallor. (orpha.net)
Brain tumor and its treatment can affect the visual system at different levels, from the optic nerves (through compression or infiltration), to subcortical structures like the superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) to optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual cortices ( 1 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
A particular blind spot is known as the blind spot, or physiological blind spot, or punctum caecum in medical literature is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through it. (fortworth2020.com)
Humphrey computerised visual fields are useful even if there appears to be no contact between the optic pathways and pituitary mass. (bmj.com)
One of three individuals with compound heterozygous mutations had a pigmentary retinopathy with pallor of the optic nerve but no visual abnormalities. (arizona.edu)
Onset of visual impairment occurs at ages of 10-14 years with optic pallor evident on fundoscopy. (arizona.edu)
These signs include increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve changes detected during an eye examination, changes in the visual field, and structural abnormalities of the eye. (panrum.com)
Optic nerve damage produces certain characteristic defects in the individual's peripheral (side) vision, or visual field. (winderfamilyvision.com)
Initially, detection is based often on intraocular pressure readings, but also includes observation of the optic nerve as well as evaluation of optic nerve function using visual field tests. (winderfamilyvision.com)
A group of disorders characterized by progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic appearance of optic disc & a specific pattern of irreversible visual field defects that are associated frequently but invariably with raised intraocular pressure (IOP). (medicowesome.com)
Visual field defects are initially observed in Bjerrums area & correlate with optic disc changes. (medicowesome.com)
The swinging light test may highlight a relative afferent pupillary defect if the optic nerve is involved. (statmed.org)
This follows a characteristic pattern (generally loss of peripheral visual field) and has the objective sign of changes in the appearance of the optic nerve. (icoftalmologia.com)
CACG was defined as the presence of chronically elevated IOP, glaucomatous optic neuropathy, and a corresponding visual field defect in eyes with occludable angle and peripheral anterior synechiae on gonioscopy. (tmu.edu.tw)
In his neuro-ophthalmology practice, Dr. Aung manages patients with double vision, diseases of the optic nerve, vision loss and visual field defects, encompassing diseases and conditions such as papilledema, thyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, optic neuritis, pupil abnormalities as well as strokes or brain tumors with visual symptoms. (scripps.org)

Laser therapy, such as selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) or laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), can be effective in lowering intraocular pressure and preventing further vision loss. (panrum.com)
19 mmHg after peripheral iridotomy and without previous antiglaucoma medication were consecutively recruited. (tmu.edu.tw)
Conclusions: Both latanoprost and travoprost significantly reduced IOP in our sample of CACG patients after peripheral iridotomy. (tmu.edu.tw)
In addition to performing cataract surgery, Dr. Aung performs many procedures including selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and laser capsulotomies. (scripps.org)

A 34-year-old female was noted to have advanced retinitis pigmentosa with attenuation of retinal vessels, choroidal atrophy, peripheral pigmentary deposits, and macular anomalies. (arizona.edu)
Symptoms develop progressively and slowly with neurologic (eg, mild peripheral intermittent neuropathy, tinnitus, anosmia) and ophthalmic (eg, failing vision, night blindness as a result of progressive retinitis pigmentosa) manifestations. (medscape.com)
Peripheral polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa , and ichthyosis are the major clinical components. (medscape.com)

b) "Blind" means having a visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the individual's better eye with correction, or having a limitation of the individual's field of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance not greater than twenty (20) degrees. (animallaw.info)

Macular degeneration and other diseases affecting the macula cause central field defects. (wikipedia.org)
It contains the part of the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) representing the macular (central) vision. (radiopaedia.org)
Lesions of the occipital pole result in a contralateral homonymous defect of macular vision (HMV) 4 . (radiopaedia.org)
Homonymous defect of macular vision in ischemic stroke. (radiopaedia.org)
The full-field ERG shows general photoreceptor dysfunction with the rods most severely involved while pattern ERGs shows variable macular involvement. (arizona.edu)

In optometry, ophthalmology, and neurology, a visual field test is used to determine whether the visual field is affected by diseases that cause local scotoma or a more extensive loss of vision or a reduction in sensitivity (increase in threshold). (wikipedia.org)
The visual field refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point. (medlineplus.gov)
You press a button when you see small flashes of light in your peripheral vision. (medlineplus.gov)
This eye exam will show whether you have a loss of vision anywhere in your visual field. (medlineplus.gov)
The peripheral vision is normal. (medlineplus.gov)
In the Snellen eye Chart Test, the larger the denominator of the visual acuity measurement, the poorer the vision. (proprofs.com)
As well as vision problems, the participants had reported serious cognitive defects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Typical presentation includes decreased visual acuity, central scotoma, photophobia, color vision alteration, followed by night blindness and loss of peripheral visual field. (orpha.net)
Cone rod dystrophy (CRD) is characterized by primary cone involvement or, occasionally, by concomitant loss of both cones and rods, explaining the predominant symptoms of CRDs: decreased visual acuity, color vision defects, photoaversion and decreased sensitivity in the central visual field, later followed by progressive loss in peripheral vision and night blindness. (orpha.net)
An assessment of the quality of your vision is called the Visual Acuity test, or VA. This test determines how well your eye makes images and is measured for distance and near vision with standardized eye charts, at standardized testing distances, under specific lighting. (vision-surgery.com)
Children with brain tumors can present visual impairments like decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (CS), loss of color vision, and visual field loss such as hemianopias ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
That summer I rolled about 20 times, and by September, was noticing what could have been permanent visual disturbances such as random, bright, flashing specks of light in my peripheral vision and a more noticable rainbow colored field slightly overlapping my vision when smoking weed (something I see as more of a frightening brain defect than a cool hallucination). (erowid.org)
Amblyopia , A disorder of the visual system that is characterized by poor or indistinct vision in an eye that is otherwise physically normal, or out of proportion to associated structural abnormalities. (fortworth2020.com)
The dual blood supply explains the phenomenon of a macula-sparing hemianopia that occurs with occlusion of the PCA in which the anterior portions of the primary visual cortex representing peripheral vision are affected while the occipital pole is spared. (radiopaedia.org)
There are often no early visual symptoms, although vision may be disturbed for a few seconds. (msdmanuals.com)
Later, visual field testing may show peripheral vision loss with arcuate defects that follow the nerve fiber bundle defects. (msdmanuals.com)
Visual field testing tests for horizontal and vertical range of peripheral vision. (drpriya.com)
The pie is your field of vision, cherry is the blind spot and if you eat the pie, you can no longer see it, hence the eaten part is the area where there is vision loss. (medicowesome.com)
Visual field defects could limit their peripheral vision, making them more prone to accidents, such as bumping into obstacles. (amplifyeye.care)
Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure and assess the region (visual field) in which stimuli projected on a curved surface can create the illusion of vision in a straight-ahead position with the ears. (zionmarketresearch.com)
Such instruments may assess the central and peripheral visual field and typically the areas of vision (scotomas) missing or depressed. (zionmarketresearch.com)
As the disease advances, defects in visual field become more perceptible, slowly increasing until central vision is affected late in the disease. (icoftalmologia.com)
Nowadays, widespread usage of colours increases the need for accurate estimation of colour vision defects and their effect on performing daily activities and study/work tasks. (who.int)
To determine the prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Assiut university students and to iden- tify their relationship with self-reported visual function and perceived difficulties in performing daily activities. (who.int)
Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire consisting of: personal characteristics, prior awareness of colour vision defects, dif- ficulties in daily colour vision activities, and visual function. (who.int)
Students with colour vision defects had significantly higher odds ratios for difficulties in daily activities and study/work tasks related to colour perception. (who.int)
Students with colour vision defects had significantly lower mean values of general health, role difficulties, and colour vision scores compared to students with normal colour insight. (who.int)
Male sex and family history of colour vision defects were risk factors. (who.int)
A non-negligible percentage of Egyptian university students had colour vision defects, which had a nega- tive impact on performing daily activities, executing study/work tasks, and choice of study/work specialties. (who.int)
Colour vision defects affected quality of life with regard to general health, role difficulties and colour vision. (who.int)

Symptoms of long COVID include visual disturbances and cognitive impairment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers at the SAVIR-Center in Magdeburg, Germany, treated two females with long COVID symptoms using noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to understand if neuromodulation could enhance blood flow and reverse visual impairment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
What are the symptoms of cortical visual impairment? (childrenshospital.org)
Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work, or other activities that involve tedious visual tasks. (fortworth2020.com)
Less specific symptoms such as headache, and subtle signs of pituitary hormone deficiency with peripheral endocrine organ hypofunction characterised by amenorrhoea, loss of libido, and lethargy, are also common. (bmj.com)

Two arcuate scotomas run in different arcs and meet to form a sharp right angled defect in the horizontal meridian! (medicowesome.com)

Visual acuity measurements and ocular examinations were conducted at a community site within each estate. (bmj.com)
Brain dysfunction must explain the abnormal visual responses, as abnormal ocular structures, abnormal eye movements, and refractive error do not. (childrenshospital.org)
It is now widely accepted that "cortical blindness" is not an appropriate diagnostic term for children with early, acquired visual impairment due to non-ocular causes. (childrenshospital.org)
It should be suspected if there is a history of ocular trauma with older children, as they are unlikely to comment on visual changes. (statmed.org)
Patients with ocular trauma, bandages, pre-existing blindness or other 2 = Forced deviation, or total gaze paresis not overcome by the disorder of visual acuity or fields should be tested with reflexive oculocephalic maneuver. (medscape.com)

Lesions of the visual pathway cause characteristic forms of visual disturbances, including homonymous hemianopsia, quadrantanopsia, and scotomata. (wikipedia.org)
Inappropriate pituitary hormone secretion and visual field deficits are the most characteristic presenting features of pituitary adenomas. (bmj.com)

Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is diagnosed when children show abnormal visual responses that aren't caused by the eyes themselves. (childrenshospital.org)
CVI is the most common cause of permanent visual impairment in children. (childrenshospital.org)
The term "cortical" is misleading because the visual impairment is due to abnormality of bilateral, post-chiahydrocephalus shunt failure, se smal visual pathways, including damage to cortical (gray matter), subcortical (white matter), or both. (childrenshospital.org)
Thus, "cerebral visual impairment" is preferred to "cortical blindness. (childrenshospital.org)
Follow up and optimisation of pituitary hormone replacement is also relatively straightforward, but management of visual impairment, reduced fertility, coarsened facial features, arthritis, obesity, headaches, and obstructive sleep apnoea is often much more troublesome. (bmj.com)

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Diagnosis Using Nerve Ultrasonography Overview The conventional diagnostic modality for diabetic peripheral neuropathy is via the use of nerve conduction studies (NCS), however, this investigation does not evaluate or demonstrate the structure of the nerve. (globalrph.com)
A step like defect along the horizontal meridian results from asymmetric loss of nerve fiber bundles in the superior and inferior hemifields. (medicowesome.com)
The isopters & shapes are not accurate but acceptable for understanding what the visual field defects & nerve fibre overlay looks like. (medicowesome.com)
If a patient has an isolated peripheral nerve paresis deviation or total gaze paresis are not present. (medscape.com)

Both patients had similar ophthalmic findings, including decreased visual acuity with early onset night blindness, numerous dense white dots/flecks occurring mainly outside the vascular arcades, a diffuse and/or disrupted ellipsoid line as shown with optical coherence tomography, and non-recordable rod and combined responses along with decreased cone responses after 30 min of DA. (molvis.org)
Onset of visual complaints is in the third or fourth decades with night blindness and visual field defects. (arizona.edu)

Case Report: Visual Rehabilitation in Hemianopia Patients. (frontiersin.org)
Visual field loss is frequent in patients with brain tumors, worsening their daily life and exacerbating the burden of disease, and no supportive care strategies exist. (frontiersin.org)
In this case series, we sought to characterize the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a home-based visual rehabilitation program in hemianopia patients using immersive virtual-reality stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
Two patients, one with homonymous hemianopia and the other with bitemporal hemianopia, consecutive to pediatric brain tumors, with no prior visual rehabilitation performed 15 min of home-based audiovisual stimulation every 2 days for 6 weeks (case 2) and 7 weeks (case 1) between February and August 2020. (frontiersin.org)
This is the first report of a home-based virtual-reality visual rehabilitation program for adult patients with hemianopia consecutive to a pediatric brain tumor. (frontiersin.org)
Hemianopia patients present difficulties in detecting stimuli in the defective visual field and show defective scanning and exploration ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Patients with hemianopia naturally develop oculomotor strategies (more saccades toward the blind field) to compensate for visual field loss ( 8 , 9 ), but visual rehabilitation procedure must still be developed to optimize/improve visual perception in the blind field and enhance the quality of life. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we report, for the first time, the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a visual rehabilitation procedure consecutive to a pediatric brain tumor in two young adult patients with hemianopia. (frontiersin.org)
Visual Field Defects in Patients with Pituitary Tumors Overview Automated perimetry is a standardized technique for assessing the visual field, commonly using the Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) with the 24-2 or 30-2 test patterns. (globalrph.com)
For the vast majority of patients, diagnosis can be made on clinical grounds, although improved blood testing for the gene defect is now available with high sensitivity and specificity. (medlink.com)
The p53-PRO/PRO genotype was more frequent in the U.S. POAG patients with early visual field defects in the paracentral regions compared with those in the peripheral regions or control group (p = 2.7×10−5). (wvu.edu)
a retrospective case-series of 54 patients with PCA infarcts found that of the 43 with visual field defects, 6 had HMV while 4 had macula-sparing hemianopia 4 . (radiopaedia.org)
Visual acuity varies widely and may be normal even among older patients. (arizona.edu)
In 33 (58%) patients, neurologic or ophthalmologic signs developed, and 18 (32%) had confirmed peripheral neuropathy, which for 78% was irreversible at 12 months after the end of TB treatment despite linezolid withdrawal. (cdc.gov)
Skeletal defects (noticed in some patients) are not related directly to phytanic acid levels. (medscape.com)

An explanation for the development of bitemporal visual-field defects in association with pituitary tumors has been a subject of renewed interest. (medscape.com)

An exaggerated "physiological" trophic response to prolonged hypothyroidism presenting with visual field defects is well described but is, like pituitary carcinoma, very rare. (bmj.com)

The diagnosis of CRD is based on clinical history, fundus examination, autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography and full field electroretinogram. (orpha.net)
On examination, peripheral visual fields may be reduced, and central acuity may be reduced to hand movements if the macula is detached. (statmed.org)

On the other hand, brain abnormalities such as those caused by tumors can be detected by a visual field test. (drpriya.com)

Prevalence of birth defects was 553.4/10,000 live births, with no difference by trimester of infection. (cdc.gov)

Sudden onset, painless and progressive visual field loss , described as a curtain or shadow progressing to the centre of the visual field from the periphery should also raise suspicion of detachment. (statmed.org)

If the macula is involved, central visual acuity and visual outcomes become much worse. (statmed.org)

The study found that noninvasive neuromodulation using NIBS improved visual field loss in under 4 days. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, in others, treatment is needed because of progressive neurologic compromise or visual loss. (medlink.com)
It is a reversible cause of visual loss, provided it is recognised and treated before the macula is affected. (statmed.org)
If left untreated and symptomatic, retinal detachment will inevitably lead to permanent visual loss. (statmed.org)
The danger of losing visual field without being aware of such loss for a long time: the silent thief of sight. (icoftalmologia.com)
Visual fields (upper and lower quadrants) are tested by 0 = No visual loss confrontation, using finger counting or visual threat as appropriate. (medscape.com)

This test is widely used by optometrists and ophthalmologists to assess a person's visual acuity and determine if they need corrective lenses. (proprofs.com)

The nose is situated in the field of view of both eyes, but due to later processing carried out in the brain, it is not noticed during normal visual tasks. (wikipedia.org)
Reduced visual acuity might blur their world, making even simple tasks like identifying colors or shapes a challenge. (amplifyeye.care)

The diagnosis of CVI is indicated for children showing abnormal visual responses that cannot be attributed to the eyes themselves. (childrenshospital.org)

its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H 1 receptors. (nih.gov)

Anatomy of the visual pathways. (radiopaedia.org)

In the early stages of papilledema, visual acuity and pupillary response to light are usually normal and become abnormal only after the condition is well advanced. (msdmanuals.com)

Visual fields in retinal disease. (medlineplus.gov)

That portion of the central field extending from the blind spot and arching above or below fixation in a broadening path to end at the horizontal raphe nasal to fixation. (medicowesome.com)

There were no detectable congenital malformations, no auditory or visual defects or any other neurological deficits in the remaining infants at birth or 1 year later. (who.int)

Commonly used perimeters are the automated Humphrey Field Analyzer, Optopol Perimeters, Octopus, the Heidelberg Edge Perimeter, or the Oculus. (wikipedia.org)
Visual fields, measured by binocular Esterman and monocular Humphrey full-field analyses, improved in case 1. (frontiersin.org)

Blindness , Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors. (fortworth2020.com)
Progressive deterioration of visual fields is often the principle neurological criterion on which surgical management decisions are based. (bmj.com)

Special needs children, particularly those with conditions like down's syndrome, cerebral palsy, or those on the autism spectrum, have unique visual needs. (amplifyeye.care)

CONCLUSIONS: There were no signals for increased birth defects among infants in this population relative to national baseline estimates, regardless of timing of infection. (cdc.gov)

Visual pathway gliomas are the most common type of tumor encountered, but other types of low-grade and less frequently high-grade, primary central nervous system tumors may occur. (medlink.com)
Gliomas, especially those of the visual pathway, have a variable, often erratic natural history. (medlink.com)
A study conducted occurs anywhere along the visual pathway from the pho- among 267 student volunteers in Menofia University toreceptors to the visual cortex ( 5 ). (who.int)

Conclusions: Blindness and visual disability were common in this socioeconomically advanced population, with most of it easily remedied. (bmj.com)
Because of a rapidly ageing population, healthcare planners in Hong Kong must prepare for an increasing burden of visual disability and blindness. (bmj.com)
If there is unilateral ______ blindness or enucleation, visual fields in the remaining eye are scored. (medscape.com)

The normal (monocular) human visual field extends to approximately 60 degrees nasally (toward the nose, or inward) from the vertical meridian in each eye, to 107 degrees temporally (away from the nose, or outwards) from the vertical meridian, and approximately 70 degrees above and 80 below the horizontal meridian. (wikipedia.org)
In the European Union, the minimum field requirement for driving is 50 degrees to either side of the vertical meridian and 120 degrees horizontally in total, and 20 degrees above and below the horizontal meridian. (wikipedia.org)

The visual field is measured by perimetry. (wikipedia.org)

This is because field defects may reflect previous impingement, potential vascular shunting, or displacement of the chiasm following decompression. (bmj.com)

The POAG group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the severity of visual field defects. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy19

Organisms1

Diseases37

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology23

Phenomena and Processes17

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care9

Glaucoma19

Constriction5

Presenting visual acuity1

Optic18

Iridotomy4

Retinitis pigmentosa3

Subtends an angular distance1

Macular5

Vision30

Symptoms5

Scotomas1

Ocular5

Characteristic2

Impairment5

Nerve4

Night blindness2

Patients15

Bitemporal1

Pituitary1

Examination2

Abnormalities1

Prevalence1

Onset1

Acuity and visual1

Loss6

Corrective lenses1

Tasks2

Diagnosis1

Selective1

Pathways1

Papilledema1

Retinal disease1

Nasal1

Congenital1

Humphrey2

Neurological2

Cerebral Palsy1

Baseline1

Pathway3

Blindness3

Horizontal2

Perimetry1

Vascular1

POAG1