AmmoniumNitrateLevels of perchlorateRegulate perchlorate in drinkChlorideSaltsPowderKClOIodide uptakeSulfurOxidizerInorganic saltManganeseUptakeSynthesisMixtureNitratesIodine1997SolubilityChemicalsEthanolRocketThyroid functionDosesConcentrationsAplastic anemiaChlorineEnvironmental ProtecChemicalMixturesOxygenAmountsExplosivesExposureOxidantsReactWidelyInfantsPollutionNaturallyWater
Ammonium14
- It has been used as a solid rocket propellant, although in that application it has mostly been replaced by the higher performance ammonium perchlorate. (wikipedia.org)
- The activation energy of ammonium perchlorate is 123.8 kJ/mol below 240 °C, 79.1 kJ/mol above 240 °C, and 307.1 kJ/mol between 400 and 440 °C (Mendiratta et al. (cdc.gov)
- 1996). The production volume of ammonium perchlorate far outpaces the other salts (Mendiratta et al. (cdc.gov)
- The terms perchlorates or perchlorate salts refer to the inorganic compounds that contain the perchlorate anion bonded to a positively charged group such as ammonium or an alkali or alkaline earth metal. (cdc.gov)
- Five perchlorates are manufactured in large amounts: magnesium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and lithium perchlorate. (cdc.gov)
- One of the perchlorate salts, ammonium perchlorate, is produced in large amounts because it is used in rocket fuels. (cdc.gov)
- The solid booster rocket on the space shuttle is almost 70% ammonium perchlorate. (cdc.gov)
- Ammonium perchlorate was the main propellant in solid rocket boosters of the space shuttles that NASA flew from 1981-2011. (astronomy.com)
- Chemicals such as potassium and magnesium perchlorate (used in flares) and ammonium perchlorate (used as solid rocket fuel) were handled at the facility. (scvhistory.com)
- Ammonium perchlorate, which is an oxidizer, has been used as the largest component in solid rocket engines for decades, and potassium perchlorate remains an important ingredient in road flares and fireworks. (alston.com)
- ammonium perchlorate grinding mill manufacture in india. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
- ammonium perchlorate grinding by hammer mill crusher in India ammonium perchlorate grinding by hammer millcrusher machine Crusher machine Shenbang stone crushing equipment is designed to achieve maximum productivity and. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
- This led to the evolution of ammonium perchlorate, which is still used today in American nuke-tipped rockets and the Space Shuttle. (enviroreporter.com)
- The four-ion probe measures ammonium, calcium, chloride and potassium. (greenhousecanada.com)
Nitrate8
- More than 1,000 years ago, most likely in China, someone made the serendipitous discovery that a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate burns with startling speed and flash. (acs.org)
- Potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, and potassium perchlorate are all important oxidizers. (fireworks.com)
- The flare composition is a pyrotechnic mixture of metal powders and oxidizers containing silver iodide, strontium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, aluminum powder, and magnesium powder. (cdc.gov)
- The oxidizing substances are potassium nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate. (mc2stemhub.org)
- Copper extraction from chalcopyrite: Comparison of three nonsulfate oxidants, hypochlorous acid, sodium chlorate and potassium nitrate, with ferric sulfate. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
- If one does not have a ball mill there is another option for grinding coarse potassium nitrate into a free flowing, fine powder. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
- Ethanol forms explosive products in reaction with the following compound : ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), iodine + phosphorus (forms ethane iodide), magnesium perchlorate (forms ethyl perchlorate), mercuric nitrate, nitric acid + silver (forms silver fulminate) silver nitrate (forms ethyl nitrate) silver(I) oxide + ammonia or hydrazine (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), sodium (evolves hydrogen gas). (libertynatural.com)
- They thought by mixing saltpetre (Potassium nitrate), charcoal, sulphur and other ingredients then pouring into empty bamboo shoots and adding fire they thought that this would do the job. (epicfireworks.com)
Levels of perchlorate3
- Perchlorates can form naturally in the atmosphere, leading to trace levels of perchlorate in precipitation. (cdc.gov)
- As a result, six water production wells for the community that had low levels of perchlorate were shut down in 1997. (scvhistory.com)
- 2] Intake of very high levels of perchlorate can be of concern for sensitive populations - in particular, pregnant women - because it can lower iodide uptake in such a way that it decreases production of hormones needed for fetal brain development. (alston.com)
Regulate perchlorate in drink4
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has refused to regulate perchlorate in drinking water, in a decision that is supported by a wide range of scientific studies showing perchlorate exposure is not harmful. (alston.com)
- Massachusetts and California hastily rushed to regulate perchlorate in drinking water, setting respective MCLs of 2 micrograms per liter in 2006[4] and 6 micrograms per liter in 2007,[5] in the face of multiple scientific studies showing that perchlorate in drinking water is harmless at those levels, and even at much higher levels. (alston.com)
- On June 18, the EPA formally announced it would not regulate perchlorate, and formally withdrew a 2011 Obama administration decision to regulate perchlorate in drinking water. (alston.com)
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced on March 31, 2022 that it does not intend to regulate perchlorate in drinking water, retaining its July 2020 decision.The EPA concluded that. (yanxachem.com)
Chloride2
- Potassium perchlorate is prepared industrially by treating an aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate with potassium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
- When these ignite, they become sodium chloride or potassium chloride. (oneshottactical.com)
Salts5
- Perchlorates are high melting point inorganic salts that are soluble in water at environmentally significant concentrations. (cdc.gov)
- Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of these five perchlorate salts is located in Table 4-2. (cdc.gov)
- Being a negative ion, perchlorate (ClO 4 - ) forms various salts, but it has detrimental health effects. (astronomy.com)
- Then, last September, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter demonstrated very high concentrations of perchlorate salts within recurring slope lineae (RSL), features on the planet's surface that were formed from relatively recent water flows. (astronomy.com)
- However, Dead Sea salts are not perchlorate salts, and Mars' surface water is far more briny than the Dead Sea - even more briny than Antarctica's Don Juan Pond, where salinity is 44 percent. (astronomy.com)
Powder5
- Flash compositions used in firecrackers usually consist of a mixture of aluminium powder and potassium perchlorate. (wikipedia.org)
- Potassium Perchlorate is the most commonly used oxidizer in colored pyrotechnic compositions and flash powder. (skylighter.com)
- Thermal electrochemical cells are reserve-type cells that can be activated by heating with a pyrotechnic heat source such as zirconium and barium chromate powders or mixtures of iron powder and potassium perchlorate. (dtic.mil)
- To continuously increase the administration process by virtue of the rule of "sincerely, good religion and excellent are the base of company development", we commonly absorb the essence of linked goods internationally, and continually build new solutions to fulfill the requires of shoppers for 2 4-Dinitrotoluene Crystals, Tribasic Calcium Phosphate , Aluminum Powder , Psan , Potassium Perchlorate . (yanxachem.com)
- Depending on the generator, it may contain a combination of chemicals, which may include sodium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, barium peroxide, or iron powder, that when activated give off oxygen as a byproduct of a chemical reaction. (airsafenews.com)
KClO2
- KClO 4 ] Same formula as our regular Perchlorate [KClO 4 ] , but with a little more Chunk. (skylighter.com)
- Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen, with the molecular formula KClO its pure form, it is a white crystalline substance. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
Iodide uptake2
- Studies involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate begins to temporarily inhibit the thyroid gland's ability to absorb iodine from the bloodstream ("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known goitrogen). (wikipedia.org)
- Adding potassium perchlorate may block iodide uptake by the thyroid and deplete intrathyroidal iodine stores. (medscape.com)
Sulfur2
- As an oxidizer, potassium perchlorate can be used safely in the presence of sulfur, whereas potassium chlorate cannot. (wikipedia.org)
- Shimizu states that this composition produces the loudest report obtainable with a pottasium perchlorate/aluminum/ sulfur composition. (pyrodata.com)
Oxidizer3
- Like other perchlorates, this salt is a strong oxidizer although it usually reacts very slowly with organic substances. (wikipedia.org)
- The occult-obsessed, drug-addicted man, with a serious and apparently acted-out Oedipus complex, was also key in implementing the idea to start using potassium perchlorate as a rocket fuel oxidizer. (enviroreporter.com)
- It is layers upon layers of organic salt, combined with the oxidizer potassium perchlorate that is burnt a layer at a time slowly that releases a gas that gives the whistling sound that is in most fireworks. (epicfireworks.com)
Inorganic salt1
- Potassium perchlorate is the inorganic salt with the chemical formula KClO4. (wikipedia.org)
Manganese1
- May form explosive mixture with manganese perchlorate + 2,2-dimethoxypropane. (libertynatural.com)
Uptake3
- perchlorate ions, a common water contaminant in the USA due to the aerospace industry, has been shown to reduce iodine uptake and thus is classified as a goitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Perchlorate can block the thyroid's uptake of iodide, an essential dietary nutrient, if it is present in the bloodstream at high enough concentrations. (alston.com)
- In case of radiation emergencies, current preventive measures include the distribution of pharmacologic doses of potassium iodide that would reduce the risk of significant uptake of 131 I by the thyroid gland. (oregonstate.edu)
Synthesis1
- The reduction of the iodide pool by perchlorate has dual effects - reduction of excess hormone synthesis and hyperthyroidism, on the one hand, and reduction of thyroid inhibitor synthesis and hypothyroidism on the other. (wikipedia.org)
Mixture1
- Thomas Petronglo was found to have a metal can with an explosive mixture of potassium perchlorate and aluminum, with a fuse sticking out of the device, according to the indictment in the case. (catcountry1073.com)
Nitrates1
- The oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates, or perchlorates. (fireworks.com)
Iodine1
- What Role Do Halides, Perchlorates and other Chemicals, Play in Iodine Deficiency, Thyroid Disorders, Fertility Issues and Cancer? (welladjusted.co)
19971
- In 1997, perchlorate was detected in water sources nationwide due to advances in groundwater testing. (alston.com)
Solubility2
- This procedure is complicated by the low solubility of both potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate, the latter of which may precipitate onto the electrodes and impede the current. (wikipedia.org)
- Due to its high solubility and mobility, perchlorate was moved by groundwater a considerable distance, eventually reaching the nearby off-site water production wells. (scvhistory.com)
Chemicals1
- Corrosive ammunition uses a primer with chemicals like sodium perchlorate or potassium chlorate. (oneshottactical.com)
Ethanol2
- Ethyl alcohol 190 Proof) Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Ethanol has an explosive reaction with the oxidized coating around potassium metal. (libertynatural.com)
- Ethanol ignites and then explodes on contact with acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode), disulfuric acid + nitric acid, phosphorous(III) oxide platinum, potassium-tert-butoxide+ acids. (libertynatural.com)
Rocket5
- The oxygen and energy contained in perchlorate make it a potential energy source on Mars, both for generating electricity and for rocket propulsion. (astronomy.com)
- Perchlorate, the explosive ingredient in solid rocket fuel, has leaked from military bases and defense and aerospace contractors' plants in at least 22 states, contaminating drinking water for millions of Americans. (space4peace.org)
- The Environmental Working Groups new report is an anlaysis of data originally released in 2005, when the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released its long anticipated report on the human health effects of perchlorates, a byproduct of rocket fuel. (space4peace.org)
- This is bad news for military sites and rocket fuel plants around the country, including Henderson, Nevada, where EPA well monitoring has found perchlorates at a level 30,000 times higher than that . (space4peace.org)
- EPA releases draft report highlighting widespread water contamination of a toxic rocket fuel byproduct known as perchlorate. (space4peace.org)
Thyroid function4
- Perchlorates can inhibit thyroid function, cause birth defects and lower IQs, and are considered particularly dangerous to children. (space4peace.org)
- 8] Another study looked at adults who were given 3 milligrams per day of perchlorate for six months, and the dosage had "no effect on thyroid function. (alston.com)
- A Boston University study of mothers and infants found that although perchlorate and thiocynate, another iodide inhibitor, were ubiquitous in the environment and present in breast milk, infants were not harmed: "[T]hese results do not support the concern that maternal and infant environmental perchlorate and thiocyanate exposures affect infant thyroid function. (alston.com)
- One study of manufacturing plant workers exposed to 0.004 to 167 milligrams of particulate perchlorate per day found that "thyroid function was not affected by these levels of absorbed perchlorate," and that "no clinical evidence of thyroid abnormalities was found in any exposure group. (alston.com)
Doses3
- Treatment of thyrotoxicosis (including Graves' disease) with 600-2,000 mg potassium perchlorate (430-1,400 mg perchlorate) daily for periods of several months or longer was once common practice, particularly in Europe, and perchlorate use at lower doses to treat thyroid problems continues to this day. (wikipedia.org)
- Although 400 mg of potassium perchlorate divided into four or five daily doses was used initially and found effective, higher doses were introduced when 400 mg/d was discovered not to control thyrotoxicosis in all subjects. (wikipedia.org)
- Study after study has found that perchlorate exposure in doses both similar to, and significantly greater than, the Massachusetts and California MCLs has no negative health effects. (alston.com)
Concentrations1
- Although high concentrations of perchlorate will maintain water in a liquid state, it would be toxic to drink and wouldn't support microbial life. (astronomy.com)
Aplastic anemia2
- Because potassium perchlorate is a drug that potentially causes aplastic anemia, limit it to patients whose condition cannot be controlled by methimazole alone. (medscape.com)
- Along with hypothyroid conditions, perchlorate has also been implicated in aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis, conditions characterized by a life-threatening deficiency of blood cells. (astronomy.com)
Chlorine1
- The terms perchlorate or perchlorate anion refer to a negatively charged group of atoms consisting of a central chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. (cdc.gov)
Environmental Protec1
- Bush Administration puts gag order on the Environmental Protection Agency, mandating complete silence regarding military perchlorate pollution and human health impacts. (space4peace.org)
Chemical4
- Information regarding the chemical identity of the most widely used perchlorates is located in Table 4-1. (cdc.gov)
- Scientists warn that the chemical, known as perchlorate, could cause thyroid deficiency in more than 2.2 million women of childbearing age. (space4peace.org)
- Perchlorate is both a naturally occurring and manufactured chemical. (alston.com)
- By 2011, perchlorate had been detected in 4% of water systems tested nationwide, exposing between 5 and 16 million people to the chemical. (alston.com)
Mixtures2
- Otherwise such mixtures simply deflagrate with an intense purple flame characteristic of potassium. (wikipedia.org)
- Potassium helps to oxidize firework mixtures. (fireworks.com)
Oxygen1
- Having four oxygen atoms per molecule also makes perchlorate useful to life-support systems. (astronomy.com)
Amounts1
- To this day, those are the only two states that have set MCLs for perchlorate, though 10 others have established guidance on acceptable amounts of perchlorate in drinking water. (alston.com)
Explosives1
- Perchlorates are also used in explosives. (cdc.gov)
Exposure4
- In addition, perchlorate exposure has been found to be more widespread, so that waste sites are only a part of the potential perchlorate sources. (cdc.gov)
- But exposure to environmental perchlorate causes the opposite of hyperthyroidism, namely hypo thyroidism - an underactive thyroid. (astronomy.com)
- The EPA's decision to refrain from setting a nationwide MCL under the Safe Drinking Water Act for perchlorate evidences sound governance, which is fully supported by numerous scientific studies that show low-dose exposure to perchlorate presents no risk to human health. (alston.com)
- Still other studies have looked at workers who experienced prolonged exposure to perchlorate, and found no negative health effects. (alston.com)
Oxidants1
- The greater reactivity of chlorate is typical - perchlorates are kinetically poorer oxidants. (wikipedia.org)
React4
- Perchlorates are powerful oxidizing agents and at elevated temperatures can react explosively (Schilt 1979). (cdc.gov)
- Perchlorates are stable at normal temperatures, but when they are heated to a high temperature, they begin to react. (cdc.gov)
- Because perchlorates can react quickly at high temperatures, people did not expect to find them in the environment. (cdc.gov)
- But at normal Earth temperatures, perchlorates react much more slowly. (cdc.gov)
Widely1
- Perchlorate has also been widely detected in milk, lettuce, produce and other foods. (space4peace.org)
Infants2
- It is imperative that we reduce the perchlorate in our drinking water and protect Californians, especially pregnant women, the unborn, infants, and young children from this threat to their health,' said Feinstein of the bill. (space4peace.org)
- Multiple studies have also found that drinking water containing perchlorate is not harmful to mothers and infants, a particularly vulnerable population. (alston.com)
Pollution3
- To date, only one Senator has had the backbone to propose legislation that would hold the military (and other perchlorate polluters) responsible for this excessive pollution of the U.S. food and water supply. (space4peace.org)
- California's Senator Feinstein demands the military clean up perchlorate pollution as a matter of public safety. (space4peace.org)
- Indeed, Parsons' innovations in the use of perchlorate have led to pollution problems across the state. (enviroreporter.com)
Naturally1
- High levels of perchlorates occur naturally in some locations, such as regions of west Texas and northern Chile. (cdc.gov)
Water7
- Perchlorates are found in the environment in two forms, either as a solid or dissolved in water. (cdc.gov)
- Following the perchlorate could lead us to underground water, which in turn could lead to native microorganisms, a long-sought milestone in space biology. (astronomy.com)
- Perchlorates, which are a common pollutant near military sites, have recently been found in the water at concerning levels in 22 states as well as in 93% of lettuce and milk . (space4peace.org)
- The EPA has responded to the report by announcing a new drinking water standard of 24.5 ppb for perchlorate. (space4peace.org)
- Since its initial widespread detection, government and private sector officials have battled over whether the EPA should establish a maximum contaminant level, or MCL, for perchlorate under the Safe Drinking Water Act and, if so, what level is safe to consume. (alston.com)
- For example, one Nevada study examined people who consumed drinking water that contained 4 to 24 micrograms of perchlorate per liter, and found "no evidence that perchlorate-containing drinking water at the given level increased the prevalence of acquired hypothyroidism or of any other thyroid condition. (alston.com)
- Another study analyzed 23,000 newborns in Nevada, comparing those living in areas with water that contained 9 to 15 micrograms of perchlorate per liter to those living in areas with no perchlorate in the water, and found no difference between the two groups. (alston.com)