OrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
HexosesPentosesPentose Phosphate PathwayBacteriaPentosephosphatesTransaldolaseXyloseGram-Negative BacteriaTransketolaseGlucoseGram-Positive BacteriaGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePhosphogluconate DehydrogenaseHexosephosphatesCarbohydrate MetabolismRiboseBacteria, AnaerobicMolecular Sequence DataArabinoseCarbohydratesBacterial ProteinsEscherichia coliRNA, Ribosomal, 16SFermentationGlycolysisRibosemonophosphatesPhylogenySugar AlcoholsDNA, BacterialDeoxy SugarsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsFructoseBacteria, AerobicGluconates6-AminonicotinamideGalactoseGlucosephosphatesMethylglucosidesCarbon IsotopesRibulosephosphatesNADPGlucose-6-PhosphateDNA, RibosomalCulture MediaSequence Analysis, DNAXylitolMonosaccharidesCarbonAnaerobiosisKineticsGram-Negative Anaerobic BacteriaHexokinaseGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseCitric Acid CycleDeoxyglucoseAmino Acid SequenceOxidation-ReductionWater MicrobiologyAmino SugarsMethylglycosidesGlyceraldehyde 3-PhosphateGenes, BacterialSucrose3-O-MethylglucoseGene Expression Regulation, BacterialBiological TransportBiofuelsSoil MicrobiologyGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaBacterial Physiological PhenomenaCarbon DioxideAnti-Bacterial AgentsSugar PhosphatesFructosephosphatesBase SequenceRNA, BacterialHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSpecies SpecificityXyluloseMutationAldose-Ketose IsomerasesCarbohydrate EpimerasesAldehyde-LyasesAerobiosisMannoseColony Count, Microbial
XyloseMetabolismFermentableRiboseGlucose and fructoseMonosaccharidesPolysaccharidesAnaerobicGalactoseHydrolysisSimple sugarsFermentationFungiFructoseMicroorganismsSubstrateAcetic acidEnzymeHeterotrophicCarbohydrateDerivativesEthanolBiochemicalAminoPathwaysBiomassMicrobiologyStarchDegradeGenerateCarbonProteinsOrganic matterSpeciesFundamentalHydrogenBeetProductionCellUptakeImportantLeafFaster
Xylose10
  • The activity of D-xylose isomerase was first observed by Mitsuhashi and Lampen in 1953 in the bacterium Lactobacillus pentosus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most pentoses and some hexoses are all substrates for D-xylose isomerase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence D-xylose isomerase is used to produce these rare sugars which have very important applications in biology despite their low abundance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xylose isomerase can be isolated from red Chinese rice wine, which contains the bacterium Lactobacillus xylosus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This bacterium was mistakenly classified as a L. plantarum, which normally grows on the sugar L-arabinose, and rarely grown on D-xylose. (wikipedia.org)
  • xylose, arabinose, galactose and mannose) which are further convened to organic acids, alcohols, CO2 and H2O and uronic acids are broken down to pentoses and CO2. (agriinfo.in)
  • 1 unit of Xylanase equals to the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes xylan to get 1 μmol of reducing sugar (Calculated as xylose) in 1 min at 50℃ and pH5.0. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • The experimental data included four different cases: glucose, xylose, sugar mixture, and wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH) fermentations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The substrate uptake rate of C. saccharolyticus on single sugar-defined media was higher on glucose compared to xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism5
  • 366 This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions and fructose and mannose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
  • In this context, the exploration of temporal interplay between populations with different lifestyles (comprising metabolism, motility, sporulation, etc.) becomes of primary importance to interpret the changes in fundamental quantities in a microbial community, such as the protein-to-RNA ratio that ultimately impacts the overarching community phenotype(s). (nature.com)
  • Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
  • Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
Fermentable4
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
  • These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • In Ethanol & Alcohol production process, the starches from agricultural products are converted in fermentable sugars with the help of enzymes. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
Ribose2
Glucose and fructose2
Monosaccharides4
Polysaccharides3
  • Hemicelluloses are water-soluble polysaccharides and consists of hexoses, pentoses, and uronic acids and are the major plant constituents second only in quantity of cellulose, and sources of energy and nutrients for soil microflora. (agriinfo.in)
  • and (4) polysaccharides, large polymers of simple sugars. (oregonstate.education)
  • MECHANISMHemicellulose comprises a group of heterogenous polysaccharides made up of hexose, pentose and their derivatives. (sunsonenzymes.com)
Anaerobic3
  • Various microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes both aerobic and anaerobic are involved in the decomposition of hemicelluloses. (agriinfo.in)
  • Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are group of microbes which produce H 2 photoheterotrophically under a variety of anaerobic environmental conditions in presence of light and at expense of broad range of substrates [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Galactose1
Hydrolysis3
  • On hydrolysis hemicelluloses are converted into soluble monosaccharide/sugars (eg. (agriinfo.in)
  • Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
  • Pretreatment which alters structure and compositions of lignocellulosic feedstock and makes it more feasible for enzymatic hydrolysis becomes essential in the cellulosic sugar utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
Simple sugars1
  • Simple sugars are also subdivided into aldose, a sugar that contains an aldehyde structure, or ketose, a sugar that contains a ketone group. (oregonstate.education)
Fermentation4
  • A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
  • Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
  • Normal microbial fermentation odour. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • A few years ago, there has been a growing awareness of the medical benefits of secondary metabolites extracted from marine microorganisms by microbial fermentation [ 1 , 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
Fungi2
  • The cellulolytic microorganisms responsible for degradation of cellulose through the excretion of enzymes (cellulase & Cellobiase) are fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. (agriinfo.in)
  • A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
Fructose1
  • Fructose, or "fruit sugar," is found in ripened fruits and honey and is also formed by digestion of disaccharide sucrose. (oregonstate.education)
Microorganisms2
  • In order to perform studies of such design and test if previously defined quantitative data about the functioning of microorganisms (i.e., protein-to-RNA ratio) is applicable to real world consortia, we must first sample microbial communities across transition events and employ quantification techniques that are absolute. (nature.com)
  • Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate3
  • The cellulosic and hemicellulose substrate can be hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars by chemical and/or biological methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 47.5% and 64.2% higher hydrogen volume than the DLH and NDLH substrates, respectively appeared as a function of significantly higher monomeric sugar contents of the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate and lesser/zero amounts of toxic derivatives including pH reducing agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversion to monomeric sugars of the cellulosic substrate is the first step in such processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Acetic acid1
  • In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
Enzyme2
  • Starch sugar is the sugar produced by starch as the raw material and the enzyme preparation is widely used in the preduction of starch sugar. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • The observation could be described with a modified diauxic model including a second enzyme system with a higher affinity for glucose being expressed when pentose saccharides are consumed. (biomedcentral.com)
Heterotrophic2
  • Glucose is the essential carbon source for growing and cultivating heterotrophic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli , for laboratory and production purposes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Shallow aquifers are often characterized as oligotrophic environments in which a heterotrophic microbial lifestyle is supported by surface-derived allochthonous organic matter ( Ghiorse and Wilson, 1988 ), at least in aquifers that are not subject to subsurface anthropogenic contamination. (frontiersin.org)
Carbohydrate3
  • One method of classifying carbohydrates is based on the number of carbon atoms per each molecule of a carbohydrate and on the number of molecules of sugar in the compound. (oregonstate.education)
  • Based on the number of carbon atoms, a carbohydrate can be classified as triose (3 C), tetrose (4 C), pentose (5 C), and hexose (6 C). The suffix " ose " at the end of a biochemical name flags the molecule as a "sugar. (oregonstate.education)
  • Glucose is the form of carbohydrates found in circulating blood (blood sugar) and is the primary carbohydrate used by the body for energy production. (oregonstate.education)
Derivatives1
  • A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. (lookformedical.com)
Ethanol2
  • Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,[7] and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)
Biochemical1
  • the disease-causing bacterium was isolated and its morphological, physiological and biochemical characters were determined. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Amino3
  • Sugars, water-soluble nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, lipids, starches and some of the hemicellulases are decomposed first at rapid rate, while insoluble compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins etc. which forms the major portion of organic matter are decomposed later slowly. (agriinfo.in)
  • SUGARS containing an amino group. (lookformedical.com)
  • GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
Pathways2
  • Efficient growth and associated production and yield of desired products depend on the efficient sugar transport capabilities, sugar catabolism through the central carbon catabolism, and the efficient carbon flux through specific biosynthetic pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Overall, these results highlight the complex nature of organic matter transformation in NRZs and the microbial metabolic pathways that interact to mediate redox status and elemental cycling. (frontiersin.org)
Biomass1
  • Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)
Microbiology1
  • While the field of microbiology has adapted to the study of complex microbiomes via modern meta-omics techniques, we have not updated our basic knowledge regarding the quantitative levels of DNA, RNA and protein molecules within a microbial cell, which ultimately control cellular function. (nature.com)
Starch1
  • In the plant cell, carbohydrates could be present in the cell content as sugar or starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall structure (e.g., cellulose). (oregonstate.education)
Degrade1
  • When subjected to microbial decomposition, hemicelluloses degrade initially at faster rate and are first hydrolyzed to their component sugars and uronic acids. (agriinfo.in)
Generate3
  • generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
  • generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
  • On the other hand, thermophiles have shown great potential for H 2 generation, mainly because of the more favorable thermodynamics of the reaction at elevated temperatures which allows to generate a limited variety of by-products and to reach the theoretical yield of 4 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbon5
  • Nitrogenase mediated hydrogen production in purple non sulfur bacteria has also been reported as strongly affected by carbon to nitrogen ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nevertheless, due to the high number of sugar transporters, E. coli uses preferentially few systems to grow in glucose as the sole carbon source. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This sugar is the primary carbon and energy source for large-scale biotechnological processes and provides faster and optimum growth compared with other carbon sources. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • E. coli preferentially uses glucose in the presence of sugar mixtures, preventing using other carbon sources. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins3
  • Signal transduction : overview, receptors and G-proteins, specific signaling mechanism in bacteria and proteins. (iasexamportal.com)
  • The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Among them, 97 proteins are involved in sugar transport ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
Organic matter1
  • In this study, we sought to better understand how natural organic matter fuels microbial communities within anoxic biogeochemical hot spots (NRZs) in a shallow alluvial aquifer at the Rifle (CO) site. (frontiersin.org)
Species2
Fundamental1
  • Moreover, the observation indicates a regulation system that has fundamental research relevance, since pentose and glucose uptake in C. saccharolyticus has only been described with ABC transporters, whereas previously reported diauxic growth phenomena have been correlated mainly to PTS systems for sugar uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrogen1
  • This study examined comparative potential of dilute acid and pre-ammonia pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat straw (WS) for hydrogen production by purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus -PK. (biomedcentral.com)
Beet1
  • Each of these antibodies binds strongly to isolated sugar beet arabinan samples in ELISAs. (megazyme.com)
Production1
  • Fourth, unlike traditional chemical catalysts which require a set feed gas composition to yield desired product ratios or suite, microbial processes have freedom to operate for the production ofthe same suite of products across a wider range of CO:H2 ratios in the feed gas [ 16 ]. (banksolar.ru)
Cell1
  • Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. (lookformedical.com)
Uptake2
  • Subsequently, the cultures entered a lag phase when all pentoses were consumed after which glucose uptake rate increased. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, once all pentoses were consumed, C. saccharolyticus most probably expressed another uptake system to account for the observed increased glucose uptake rate. (biomedcentral.com)
Important2
Leaf2
  • In our contribution, we discuss the potential, the advances and the limitation of the coupled isotope approach based on leaf wax-derived n -alkane and hemicellulose-derived sugar biomarkers (δ 2 H n -alkanes - δ 18 O sugars ). (copernicus.org)
  • The virulence of Xcc to cabbage was estimated after bacteria were introduced into the leaves by leaf clipping as described previously (Qian et al. (mirnamimics.com)
Faster1