• A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
  • In methane fermentation of waste waters containing high concentrations of organic polymers, the hydrolytic activity relevant to each polymer is of paramount significance, in that polymer hydrolysis may become a rate-limiting step for the production of simpler bacterial substrates to be used in subsequent degradation steps. (fao.org)
  • Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
  • However, some challenges have been identified for syngas fermentation to be commercialized, including gas mass transfer limitations, long retention times due to slow cell growth, and lower alcohol production rates and broth concentrations. (banksolar.ru)
  • In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. (scielo.br)
  • Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
  • New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. (scielo.br)
  • In separate hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates of Arundo donax (giant reed), spruce and a wheat straw/hay mixture, the maximum specific D-xylose consumption rate was 0.36, 0.23 and 1.1 g/g DW inoculum/h, and the final ethanol titer was 4.2, 3.9 and 5.8% (v/v), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Arundo hydrolysate, GS1.11-26 produced 32% more ethanol than the parent strain Ethanol Red, due to efficient D-xylose utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Higher H 2 yields were associated with fermentation at acidic pH as a consequence of the lower synthesis of other reduced by-products such as formate and ethanol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dark fermentation is a potential carbon neutral process for production of H 2 from organic substrates by mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,[17] alcohols, and organic acids. (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • Unfortunately, baker's yeast is unable to efficiently metabolize pentose sugars, particularly D-xylose, which accounts for up to 35% of total sugars in xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass such as hard woods and straw [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
  • In Ethanol & Alcohol production process, the starches from agricultural products are converted in fermentable sugars with the help of enzymes. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • R. planticola was chosen to receive this gene as it already had metabolic pathways to breakdown pentose sugars such as xylose, which is a main component of agricultural and forest residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The production of bioethanol from lignocellulose hydrolysates requires a robust, D-xylose-fermenting and inhibitor-tolerant microorganism as catalyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The strain uses glucose and D-xylose with high consumption rates and partial cofermentation in various lignocellulose hydrolysates with very high ethanol yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although there are various species of bacteria, filamentous fungi and other yeast species that are naturally capable of efficiently metabolizing D-xylose, they lack the other crucial advantages of the yeast S. cerevisiae , which have made it the most prominent industrial microorganism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mathematical expressions were developed to describe hydrogen production by C. saccharolyticus consuming glucose, xylose, and arabinose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The experimental data included four different cases: glucose, xylose, sugar mixture, and wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH) fermentations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The substrate uptake rate of C. saccharolyticus on single sugar-defined media was higher on glucose compared to xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 unit of Xylanase equals to the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes xylan to get 1 μmol of reducing sugar (Calculated as xylose) in 1 min at 50℃ and pH5.0. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
  • Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. (hindawi.com)
  • Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • This has been further compounded by depletion of fossil reserves, growing organic waste production, and global warming threats have combined to increase interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas fuel resources [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Total biomass production and waste materials in palm oil industry. (banksolar.ru)
  • Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)
  • Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • In contrast, in the defined sugar mixture and WSH, the pentoses were consumed faster than glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequently, the cultures entered a lag phase when all pentoses were consumed after which glucose uptake rate increased. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The observation could be described with a modified diauxic model including a second enzyme system with a higher affinity for glucose being expressed when pentose saccharides are consumed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The previously observed co-consumption of glucose and pentoses with a preference for the latter was herein confirmed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, once all pentoses were consumed, C. saccharolyticus most probably expressed another uptake system to account for the observed increased glucose uptake rate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the observation indicates a regulation system that has fundamental research relevance, since pentose and glucose uptake in C. saccharolyticus has only been described with ABC transporters, whereas previously reported diauxic growth phenomena have been correlated mainly to PTS systems for sugar uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In addition, global warming has led to an increase in temperature of water, which has affected the normal lifecycles of bacteria and algae, mainly by increasing the duration of bloom seasons. (ncsu.edu)
  • Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process. (hindawi.com)
  • Mangrovibacterium diazotrophicum DSM 27148 is a mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from mangrove sediment. (dsmz.de)
  • Levilinea saccharolytica KIBI-1 is an anaerobe, mesophilic, Gram-negative bacterium that was isolated from sludge in a mesophilic UASB reactor. (dsmz.de)
  • Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. (scielo.br)
  • The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple non-sulfide bacterium (PNSB), and some strains have been proven to promote plant growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • of exopolysaccharide production, strains grown overnight in NYGB medium were washed and resuspended in 10 mM MgCl2 (OD600 nm=0.1). (mirnamimics.com)
  • MECHANISMHemicellulose comprises a group of heterogenous polysaccharides made up of hexose, pentose and their derivatives. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Raoultella planticola is a Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Raoultella. (wikipedia.org)
  • generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
  • generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
  • On the other hand, thermophiles have shown great potential for H 2 generation, mainly because of the more favorable thermodynamics of the reaction at elevated temperatures which allows to generate a limited variety of by-products and to reach the theoretical yield of 4 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although years of intense R&D have made methods of bioethanol production (typically using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) technologically mature, there remain some serious questions regarding its sustainability. (banksolar.ru)
  • The purpose of the present work was to develop such a strain from a prime industrial yeast strain, Ethanol Red, used for bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An industrial yeast strain for bioethanol production with lignocellulose hydrolysates has been developed in the genetic background of a strain widely used for commercial bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microorganisms such as acetogens, carboxytrophs and methanogens are able to utilize the CO2 + H2, and/or CO available in such syngas as their sole source of carbon and energy for growth as well as the production of biofuels and other valuable products. (banksolar.ru)
  • Moreover, the use of ethanol blends has improved air quality in large urban centers, reducing emissions of carbon monoxide from 50 g/km driven to less than 5.8 g/km driven. (scielo.br)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At high P H2 the cellular redox state was balanced by rerouting the flow of carbon and electrons to ethanol and formate production allowing unaltered glycolytic flux and growth rate, but resulting in a decreased H 2 synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. (scielo.br)
  • This book focuses on the latest conversion techniques for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of interest to the chemical scientists and technologists. (banksolar.ru)
  • The main application for biogas is electricity generation, thermal applications like cooking, heating, and lighting, and production of biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Fourth, unlike traditional chemical catalysts which require a set feed gas composition to yield desired product ratios or suite, microbial processes have freedom to operate for the production ofthe same suite of products across a wider range of CO:H2 ratios in the feed gas [ 16 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • Ph.D. research conducted at Oregon State University, supervised by Elaine Ingham, obtained a sample of the genetically modified organism for assessing ecological effects through the German Institut für Biotechnologie and, testing it in non-sterile (ordinary) soil, found that the modified bacteria caused small amounts of alcohol in the soil. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the distribution of the end metabolites can vary depending on the growth conditions allowing the accumulation of significant amounts of ethanol and formate with consequent reduction of H 2 yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the disease-causing bacterium was isolated and its morphological, physiological and biochemical characters were determined. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • With the H 2 production in mind, acidic pH and low P H2 should be preferred for a high yield-oriented process, while a high productivity-oriented process can be achieved at alkaline pH and high P H2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to establish an economically viable biological process for H 2 production the yield needs to be maximized [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yield is directly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and size of the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), seed production and more. (allindianpatents.com)
  • It increased ethanol consumption and reduced significantly oil dependence. (scielo.br)
  • However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)
  • This company realized that, because R. planticola is an aggressive and abundant soil bacterium, it could be genetically modified to destroy crop residue and also create ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings imply that, depending on the PNSB's growing conditions, it may interact with various soil bacteria and facilitate their infiltration into plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. (scielo.br)
  • At the beginning of 21st century, the use of ethanol as fuel was resumed chiefly motivated by high oil prices in the international market and the development of flex-fuel technology. (scielo.br)
  • Climate and other environmental conditions introduce variability into both total production and in quality of the product obtained over different seasons. (allindianpatents.com)
  • A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
  • The aim of this study was to quantify uptake of pentose and hexose monosaccharides in an industrial substrate and to present a kinetic growth model of C. saccharolyticus that includes sugar uptake on defined and industrial media. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the first phase of the program, ethanol was added to gasoline. (scielo.br)
  • Flex-fuel cars can run either on 100% hydrous ethanol or on different blends of ethanol and gasoline. (scielo.br)
  • Nowadays, gasoline contains a blending of 27% of anhydrous ethanol. (scielo.br)
  • Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. (hindawi.com)
  • Using enzyme preparation in the beer production process can improve the proportion of the auxiliary materials, reduce the production cost and improve the flavor of beer. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Unfavourable conditions are those that limit a plant in achieving its potential maximum production. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Exopolysaccharides were precipitated from culture supernatants by ethanol, dried and weighed as reported previously (Vojnov et al. (mirnamimics.com)