• Czerny T, Schaffner G, Busslinger M. DNA sequence recognition by Pax proteins: bipartite structure of the paired domain and its binding site. (medecinesciences.org)
  • Chromosome replication is triggered when a nucleoprotein complex, termed the orisome, assembles, unwinds the duplex DNA, and recruits the proteins required to establish new replication forks. (mdpi.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • EVs released from HLSCs were enriched with miRNAs and expressed Alix and several RNA-binding proteins, including Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a member of the Argonaute family known to be involved in the transport and the processing of miRNAs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Second, this MAP infection triggers a specific humoral response, as Sardinian T1D Olcegepant hydrochloride patients display high frequencies of antibodies (Abs) against mycobacterial proteins (heparin-binding hemagglutinin, glycosyl transferase) [17], whole MAP lysates (70% Ab+ T1D patients vs 7.6% Ab+ healthy controls) [16] and. (healthweblognews.info)
  • Paired box gene 2, also known as Pax-2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PAX2 protein attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and regulates the activity of other genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • On the basis of this role, the PAX2 protein is called a transcription factor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After birth, the PAX2 protein is thought to protect against cell death during periods of cellular stress. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Variants in the PAX2 gene lead to the production of a nonfunctional PAX2 protein that is unable to aid in development, causing incomplete formation of certain tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We show that a member of the FK506-binding protein family, FKBP8, is an essential antagonist of SHH signaling in CNS development. (silverchair.com)
  • In invertebrates, such as Drosophila , Hh binds its receptor Patched (Ptc) and thereby activates Smoothened (Smo),another transmembrane protein. (silverchair.com)
  • Each reporter protein mRNA is synthesized on error free sequence verified plasmid DNA based (non-PCR product) template with built-in constant poly-157A tail and enzymatically Cap1 caped, providing close to 100% capping efficiency and therefore superior mRNA stability and translatability. (pharna.com)
  • Drug discovery and development efforts have produced several recombinant DNA and recombinant protein-based cytokines as therapy to treat a number of disorders including anemia (using recombinant erythropoietin), neutropenia (G-CSF), thrombocytopenia (IL-11), cancer (IL-2), bone disorders (interferon gamma), hepatitis and multiple sclerosis (interferon alpha/beta). (pharna.com)
  • PARP inhibitors can trap the PARP-1 protein at a single-stranded break/DNA lesion and disrupt its catalytic cycle, ultimately leading to replication fork progression and consequent double-strand breaks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binds to protein and other compounds containing SH group. (medscape.com)
  • Pax2 is a paired box transcription factor expressed in a spatially and temporally restricted manner and its absence results in major developmental defects of the central nervous system, eyes, ears and urogenital system. (unige.ch)
  • In fact, a small-molecule was recently identified with the ability to disrupt Pax2 mediated transcription by blocking Pax2 from binding to DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
  • Mutations within PAX2 have been shown to result in optic nerve colobomas and renal hypoplasia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Renal coloboma syndrome is caused by variants (also known as mutations) in the PAX2 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [4] [7] Sequenced DNA that exhibits mutations in the FOXC2 gene are considered confirmed clinical diagnoses. (mdwiki.org)
  • For example, Pax2 is highly expressed in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Wilms' tumor (WT), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately half of those affected with renal coloboma syndrome do not have an identified variant in the PAX2 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Increases excretion of water by interfering with chloride-binding cotransport system, which in turn inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • 0.05) associated with differential DNA methylation of 31 CpGs annotated to 29 genes. (bmj.com)
  • Several of the identified genes, for example, RYR1 , ALLC , PTPRN2 , LRRC3B , PAX2 and VTRNA2-1 , are genes previously linked to either pesticide exposure or lung-related diseases. (bmj.com)
  • We found that Bcl11b was present at multiple, specific regions in most of the genes that were dysregulated in our transcriptomic analyses (see Fig. 8 for a representative selection of binding profiles). (jak-inhibitors.com)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • Replication of DNA is initiated at multiple sites along the genome, known as replication origins, which form bidirectional replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • This is a heavy metal coordination complex that exerts its cytotoxic effect by platination of DNA, a mechanism analogous to alkylation, leading to interstrand and intrastrand DNA crosslinks and inhibition of DNA replication. (medscape.com)
  • Why the kidneys and eyes are specifically affected by PAX2 gene variants is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • No Pax2/5/8 expression was observed in the less centralized CNS of bivalve, polyplacophoran, and gastropod embryos, thus arguing for a loss of Pax2/5/8 involvement in CNS development in these lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If the estrogen receptor (ER) is present in breast cancer cells, estrogen enters into tumor cells and binds with ER, promoting mRNA and DNA synthesis of tumor cells, stimulating tumor cell growth. (lookchem.com)
  • Research has proven that mRNA mimetics have superior translational efficiency than recombinant DNA. (pharna.com)
  • We recently reported that Pax2 is expressed in pancreatic endocrine cell lines and adult islets of Langerhans and activates glucagon gene expression. (unige.ch)
  • PAX2 encodes for the transcription factor which appears to be essential in the organization of the midbrain and hindbrain regions, and at the earliest can be detected on either side of the sulcus limitans, which separates motor and sensory nerve nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pax2/5/8 is expressed in regions where sensory cells develop subsequently during ontogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, Pax2/5/8 is expressed in multimodal sensory systems in mollusks such as the esthetes and the ampullary system of polyplacophorans as well as the eyes of cephalopods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pax2/5/8 -expressing cells are present in regions where the future sensory cells such as the polyplacophoran esthetes are situated and hence Pax2/5/8 expression probably predates sensory cell development during ontogeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA methylation plays a key role in VV by regulating gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • A potential mechanism might be through epigenetic mechanisms, like DNA methylation. (bmj.com)
  • Therefore, we assessed associations between occupational exposure to pesticides and genome-wide DNA methylation sites. (bmj.com)
  • Blood DNA methylation levels were measured using Illumina 450K arrays. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions We show for the first time that occupational exposure to pesticides is genome-wide associated with differential DNA methylation. (bmj.com)
  • We have shown here that the Pax2 gene is expressed during pancreas development as early as embryonic day 10.5. (unige.ch)
  • However, Tamoxifen Z isomer enters into the cell, competitively binding with ER to form receptor complexes, inhibiting that estrogen plays an role, and inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cells. (lookchem.com)
  • PC1 and PC2 bind to each other via their respective C-terminal tails to form a receptor-channel complex and regulate each other's function. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Due to its role in these diseases, Pax2 is an attractive therapeutic target and a number of methods for inhibiting its activity have been investigated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elevated levels of replicative stress in gynecological cancers arising from uncontrolled oncogenic activation, loss of key tumor suppressors, and frequent defects in the DNA repair machinery are an intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation. (bmj.com)
  • EG1 is an inhibitor of Pax2 transcription activation with a small molecule that targets the DNA binding domain. (csnpharm.cn)
  • was a linear correlation between titers of anti-MAP3865c and anti-ZnT8 Abs targeting these two homologous epitopes, and pre-incubation of sera with ZnT8 epitope peptides blocked binding to the corresponding MAP3865c peptides. (healthweblognews.info)
  • PAX2 is believed to be a target of transcriptional suppression by the tumor suppressor gene WT1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tumor-shed antigen CA125 blocks complement-mediated killing via suppression of C1q-antibody binding. (ncbcs.org)
  • The central feature of this transcription factor gene family is the conserved DNA-binding paired box domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pax family members possess a DNA-binding domain encoded by the paired box. (thermofisher.com)
  • Our results, along with those on Otx - and Hox -gene expression, demonstrate that the cephalopod condition is similar to that in mouse and fruit fly, with Otx being expressed in the anterior-most brain region (except for the vertical lobe) and a Pax2/5/8 expression domain separating the Otx -domain from a Hox -gene-expressing posterior brain region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathologically, Pax2 has been demonstrated to activate hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene promoter, and both have been indicated as playing a role in human prostate cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mollusks, Pax2/5/8 is only expressed in derivatives of the ectoderm and hence an ancestral role in molluscan ectoderm differentiation is inferred. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The overexpression studies, in particular, have used plasmid DNA and viral vectors to define the role of specific caspases. (pharna.com)
  • Our findings indicate that Alix binds to Ago2 and miRNAs, suggesting that it plays a key role in miRNA enrichment during EV biogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The transcription factor gene PAX2 is important in the regionalized embryological development of the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression at the MHB from the four-somite stage onwards is directed by the two late enhancers in the proximal and distal regions of Pax2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of particular interest, Bcl11b bound to several regions within the Zbtb7b locus, including the distal regulatory element, which has been reported to be the target of TCR signal(s) responsible for CD4 lineage commitment TCL 42. (jak-inhibitors.com)
  • Transgene expression of the mid-hindbrain and developing kidney is directed by Pax2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pax2 expression in these diseases appears fuel cell cycling, inhibit cell death, and confer resistance to chemotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its absence, as assessed in Pax2(1Neu) mutant mice, results in a two- to threefold increase in the average pancreas volume occupied by the islets in both heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice with a gene-dependent dosage effect. (unige.ch)
  • Involved in DNA damage response and in transcriptional regulation through histone methyltransferase (HMT) complexes. (abcam.co.jp)
  • In DNA damage response is required for cell survival after ionizing radiation. (abcam.co.jp)
  • Its localization to DNA damage foci requires RNF8 and UBE2N. (abcam.co.jp)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
  • There are three distinct MHB-specific enhancers in the upstream region of Pax2. (wikipedia.org)
  • PAX2 encodes paired box gene 2, one of many human homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster gene prd. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the presence of active caspases and DNA fragmentation is helpful in identifying possible apoptosis, they should not be employed as an exclusive means to demonstrate this process as apototic cell death can occur without DNA fragmentation or caspase activity. (geneontology.org)
  • Type I Cytokine Receptors include interleukin receptors, colony stimulating factor receptors, and hormone receptors whereas Type II Cytokine Receptors include inter feron receptors and cytokine receptors that bind to interleukin-10 family. (pharna.com)
  • Accordingly, in ecdysozoan and vertebrate model organisms, orthologs of Pax2/5/8 are among others involved in the formation of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary, the auditory/geosensory organ systems, and the excretory system. (biomedcentral.com)