• FUNCTION: This gene encodes a subunit of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a component of the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth in response to nutrient and energy levels. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Hamartin and tuberin heterodimerize and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the mammalian target of rapamycin. (medscape.com)
  • This process involves the molecular complex mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (infuture.eu)
  • Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
  • Analysis of phosphorylation-dependent interactions downstream of VEGFR-1 in mammalian cells, which is generally hindered by the lack of ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation, was enabled by the development of chimeric receptors. (figshare.com)
  • The pleiotropic harmful effects of EDCs act through hormone-dependent downstream signaling pathways responsible for gonad development either through direct interaction with steroid hormone receptor or via epigenetic regulation. (intechopen.com)
  • However, the signaling pathways downstream of p75 NTR that control growth cone functions, such as filopodial behavior, remain undefined. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, amino acids in multifunctional docking sites of Met have been exchanged with specific binding motifs for downstream adaptor molecules in order to investigate the signaling potential of the HGF‑Met signaling pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • C) Downstream signaling pathway of HGF-Met signal. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The growth of tissue compartments is regulated by multiple intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway that limits the growth of various organs. (molcells.org)
  • Coinciding with this, metazoans evolved complex plasma membrane machines containing adhesome proteins that link the ECM to the cytoskeleton and intracellular signalling pathways. (biologists.com)
  • The matrix enables a first-pass checkpoint for growth and developmental signals, it is the vehicle for morphogenetic gradients in development, and it is the spatial rheostat for intracellular signalling pathways. (biologists.com)
  • The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
  • Introduction Intracellular concentrations of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) are tightly regulated to avoid mutagenesis during DNA replication and repair [1]. (biomasswars.com)
  • Hamartin and tuberin are thought to act synergistically to regulate cellular growth and differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • These pathways are implicated in regulating human ESC differentiation and therefore further validate the results of our analysis. (mpg.de)
  • In addition, we identified a number of differentially expressed genes that are involved in epigenetics, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis, and metabolism that may point to underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate pluripotency and trophoblast differentiation in humans. (mpg.de)
  • Significant concordance between this data set and previous comparisons between inner cell mass and trophectoderm in human embryos indicates that the study of human ESC differentiation in vitro represents a useful model of early embryonic differentiation in humans. (mpg.de)
  • Growth, metabolism, and differentiation of chondrocytes, which are the key cellular players in this process, are regulated by systemic hormones, local factors, and cellular signaling pathways. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Local factors, including transcription factors such as SRY-box 9 protein (SOX9), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), along with signaling pathways such as the Wnt pathway, play critical roles in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. (pfmjournal.org)
  • These factors regulate gene expression, cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Chondrocyte growth, metabolism, and differentiation are complex processes. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Activation of mTOR-dependent pathways regulates the specification and differentiation of CD4 + T effector cell subsets. (jci.org)
  • Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
  • These findings elaborate on the regulation of mTORC1 during energetic stress and interactions between prosurvival and prodeath pathways. (medscape.com)
  • TrxR, mainly by donating electrons from NADPH to maintain the endogenous substrate thioredoxin (Trx) protein in a reduced state, regulates various redox-based signaling pathways involved in antioxidant defense, protein repair and transcriptional regulation. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The regulation of chondrocyte function is mediated by several systemic, local, and cellular signaling pathways. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a crucial and integrative role in the mammalian endocrine regulation to maintain homeostasis. (intechopen.com)
  • The dysfunction is associated with issues with apoptosis and normal cellular metabolic regulation, all regulated through OPA1. (thermofisher.com)
  • To further analyze neurotrophin regulation of growth cone behaviors, we examined the role of p75 NTR in regulating filopodial dynamics in peripheral and CNS neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • not unique for the embryonic system but are shared by other ogenesis regulation must consider different scales of multi-cellular modeling areas. (lu.se)
  • Activation of AMPK by low energy supply and phosphorylation of LKB1 results in an inhibition of mTOR , thus decreasing energy-consuming processes, in particular translation and, thus, cell growth. (sdbonline.org)
  • mTOR reacts to amino acids and plays a crucial role in many metabolic signalling pathways in mammalian cells, including those associated with cancer. (infuture.eu)
  • Homozygous knockout mice for this gene exhibit embryonic lethality. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • We show that the conditional depletion of the m 6 A reader protein Ythdf2 in mice causes lethality at late embryonic developmental stages, with embryos characterized by compromised neural development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peli1 regulates the activation of a metabolic kinase, mTORC1, through its interaction with mTORC1 inhibitory proteins TSC1 and TSC2. (medscape.com)
  • Such continuous sensing of signal intensity might involve cycling of receptors through the endocytic pathway. (nature.com)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • Members of the RYK/Derailed family have recently been shown to regulate axon guidance in both Drosophila and mammals by acting as Wnt receptors. (biologists.com)
  • Although the signalling pathways induced by VEGF have been well-studied, the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be determined, particularly with respect to the relative contribution of the individual receptors. (figshare.com)
  • In this review, we summarized key regulatory factors and signaling pathways involved in chondrocyte functions, to understand how they affect chondrocyte growth and development. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The encoded protein may regulate the assembly, localization, and substrate binding of the mTORC1 complex. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • miR-34a negatively regulates mTORC1 and may also contribute to abnormal corticogenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). (medscape.com)
  • mTORC1, for example, regulates protein synthesis and thus cell growth and division. (infuture.eu)
  • Misregulation of miRNAs appears to play a fundamental role in many cancers and replacement of down regulated miRNAs in tumor cells results in a positive therapeutic response. (iptoday.com)
  • The growth of individual tissue compartments is mainly related to the proliferation of the cells that comprise that compartment, whereas intercellular communication mediated by various morphogens and growth factors is responsible for coordination of growth between neighboring tissue compartments. (molcells.org)
  • Most of the tumors represent hamartomas and, in many organs, resemble embryonic cells, suggesting that the defect occurs at an early stage in life. (medscape.com)
  • In a new study, the researchers show which molecular processes take place in the embryo while it is dormant: embryonic cells continue to divide during diapause, albeit very slowly. (infuture.eu)
  • The number of cells, including embryonic stem cells, doubles only every two to three weeks. (infuture.eu)
  • To answer the question of what prevents the embryonic cells from dividing at a normal pace, the researchers first examined the molecular composition of the uterine fluid. (infuture.eu)
  • It also remains unclear whether the amino acids are actually responsible for the resumption of embryonic development or whether the embryo itself also secretes molecules that act on maternal cells and signalling pathways. (infuture.eu)
  • The association of potential effector proteins with the VEGFRs were assessed in both yeast and mammalian cells, and the identity of the interacting residues was probed using site-directed mutagenesis and peptide competition experiments. (figshare.com)
  • Nucleotide reductase is an enzyme specifically expressed in replicating cells or rapidly growing tumor cells, and treatment of cells with TrxR inhibition and compounds such as adriamycin results in inhibition of nucleotide reductase and inhibition of cell growth. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The resting zone, a source of stemlike progenitor cells that restores the reservoir of proliferative chondrocytes, is located farthest from the primary ossification center and assumes responsibility for preserving the architectural integrity of the growth plate [ 4 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Animal cells are generally cultured in basal media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) which provides the various factors essential for cell growth. (nature.com)
  • The culture supernatant of animal cells, also known as 'conditioned medium' (CM), contains various factors secreted by the cells themselves, such as growth factors and cytokines. (nature.com)
  • Other embryonic cells are unaffected. (harvard.edu)
  • Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)
  • Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • In mouse embryos, cells seem prepatterned to become certain cell lineage because the first cleavage plane has been related with further embryonic-abembryonic axis at the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
  • Blastocysts were then classified according to the allocation of the labeled cells in the embryonic and/or abembryonic part of the blastocyst. (bioone.org)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Conditional Met KO mice were generated using Cre‑loxP methodology and characterization of these mice indicated that the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is essential in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various tissue types and cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • HGF was cloned as a growth factor for hepatocytes ( 1 , 2 ), is identical to scatter factor (SF) and was originally discovered as a fibroblast-derived cell motility factor for epithelial cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In brief, CA-AhR-expressing plasmid and AhR-expressing plasmid were each transfected into neural stems cells in the developing cerebrum by in utero electroporation on embryonic day 14.5. (waseda.jp)
  • 2005). Notch1 and syndecan-1 potent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. (lu.se)
  • Building on the newer pathways for pathogenesis includes the E3 ubiquitin ligase Peli1 as an important regulator of T-cell metabolism and antitumor immunity. (medscape.com)
  • The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. (lookformedical.com)
  • The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. (lookformedical.com)
  • It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION . (lookformedical.com)
  • response with DNA metabolism by regulating the salvage of deoxyribonucleosides. (biomasswars.com)
  • Thus, LKB1 regulates multiple biological pathways involved in cell growth and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scientists at Mirna have shown that miR34a functions as a key tumor suppressor and affects multiple cancer-related genes and pathways, such as those involved in cell viability, cell senescence and apoptosis. (iptoday.com)
  • More than 900 miRNAs are encoded in the human genome and comprise approximately 2% of all mammalian genes. (iptoday.com)
  • Since each miRNA appears to regulate the expression of tens to hundreds of different genes, miRNAs can function as "master-switches," efficiently regulating and coordinating multiple cellular pathways and processes. (iptoday.com)
  • By coordinating the expression of multiple genes, miRNAs are responsible for guiding proper embryonic development, immunity, inflammation, as well as cellular growth and proliferation. (iptoday.com)
  • More than 30 mammalian genes comprise the TGFβ superfamily of growth factors. (nature.com)
  • The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Consistently, expression of genes enriched in neural development pathways is significantly disturbed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
  • The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
  • Current research is focused on the mechanisms that regulate SMAD activity to evoke cell-type-specific and context-dependent transcriptional programmes. (nature.com)
  • However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidum), and amygdala, is a highly complex and evolutionarily advanced brain structure. (intechopen.com)
  • The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors exert multiple functions in mammalian cerebral cortex development. (waseda.jp)
  • The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the bHLH-Per-Arnt-Sim subfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor reported to regulate nervous system development in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but the functions that AhR signaling pathway may have for mammalian cerebral cortex development remains elusive. (waseda.jp)
  • Plant PDK1 plays an important role in regulating PIN-mediated auxin transport, and is thus involved in various developmental processes, such as embryonic development, lateral root formation, vasculature patterning, apical hook formation, gravitropism and phototropism. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
  • This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)
  • N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification in mRNAs was recently shown to be dynamically regulated, indicating a pivotal role in multiple developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
  • Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
  • Various growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins upregulate HGF gene expression, including basic fibroblast growth factor, oncostatin M, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • By contrast, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was demonstrated to markedly downregulate HGF gene expression ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Using transgenic and xenograft models of cancer, scientists at Mirna, as well as leading cancer researchers at academic institutions, have demonstrated that therapeutic candidates featuring the miR-34a sequence significantly inhibit tumor development, tumor growth, and metastasis. (iptoday.com)
  • Mice lacking PDPK1 die during early embryonic development, indicating that this enzyme is critical for transmitting the growth-promoting signals necessary for normal mammalian development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Outline the importance of apoptosis during embryonic development and in the maintenance of appropriate cell number. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
  • We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
  • During the divergent development that gives rise distinct tissues with defined size and shape from a uniform germ layer continuum, each compartment maintains a unique growth rate relative to its neighboring compartments ( Stanger, 2008 ). (molcells.org)
  • The matrix is essential for early embryonic development and it regulates nearly every facet of cell behaviour. (biologists.com)
  • Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying normal growth plate function has provided valuable insights into the genetic defects that impact growth and foundation for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for individuals with growth disorders. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Xenopus laevis embryonic protein UVS.2, which is expressed during dorsoanterior development. (embl.de)
  • The first lineage specification during mammalian embryo development can be visually distinguished at the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
  • Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) signaling is crucial for alveolar myofibroblast (MYF) proliferation and its deficiency is associated with risk of BPD, but posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating PDGFRα synthesis during lung development remain largely unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The development of the rodent lung starts from the specification and proliferation of tracheal and lung cell progenitors from the foregut endoderm at embryonic day 9.5. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HGF‑Met signaling pathway contributes in a paracrine manner to the development of epithelial organs, exerts regenerative effects on the epithelium, and promotes the regression of fibrosis in numerous organs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present results indicate that over-activation of AhR perturbs neuronal migration and morphological development in mammalian cortex, supporting previous observations of impaired dendritic structure, cortical dysgenesis, and behavioral abnormalities following perinatal dioxin exposure. (waseda.jp)
  • These data revealed previously unreported interactions between VEGFRs and WW domain-containing proteins - interactions that could have important implications for the mechanisms regulating VEGF expression. (figshare.com)
  • Core ECM proteins make up ∼1.5% of the mammalian proteome. (biologists.com)
  • This domain is found mostly among developmentally-regulated proteins. (embl.de)
  • A widespread module in developmentally regulated proteins. (embl.de)
  • Par4, a homologue of human LKB1, has been found to control Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic polarity by regulating activities of anillin family scaffold proteins [ 8 ],[ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests unoccupied p75 NTR negatively regulates filopodia length. (jneurosci.org)
  • Growth hormone (GH), sex hormone, thyroid hormone, as well as glucocorticoids affect chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The results extend the findings from other researchers that sonic hedgehog regulates the proliferation and cell survival necessary for forming a face in chick embryos. (harvard.edu)
  • Glioblastoma (GBM), a very aggressive and incurable tumor, often results from constitutive activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). (sdbonline.org)
  • LKB1 itself is a constitutively active kinase, which is regulated by posttranslational modifications and direct binding to phospholipids of the plasma membrane. (sdbonline.org)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
  • A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is usually a rate-limiting enzyme in the dN salvage pathway, capable of phosphorylating deoxycytidine (dC), deoxyadenosine (dA) and deoxyguanosine (dG) [3], [4]. (biomasswars.com)
  • Phosphorylation of serine 74 (Ser74) was shown to be critical in regulating enzyme activity [18]C[20]. (biomasswars.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential angiogenic factor for formation of the embryonic vasculature, and also has important roles in pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopthy, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. (figshare.com)
  • Therefore, to understand axon guidance, it is important to determine how guidance cues regulate growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
  • The POU domain transcription factor OCT4 is a key regulator of pluripotency in the early mammalian embryo and is highly expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (mpg.de)
  • Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
  • Our data demonstrate that neurotrophin binding to p75 NTR is necessary and sufficient to regulate filopodial dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • Furthermore, p75 NTR regulates RhoA activity to mediate filopodial dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • These observations suggest that neurotrophins regulate filopodial dynamics by depressing the activation of RhoA that occurs through p75 NTR signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • The signaling pathways activated by neurotrophins can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, which in turn determine growth cone behaviors (Gallo and Letourneau, 1998 , 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The Rho family of GTPases regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)
  • The mammalian orthologs of Derailed and SRC64B also form complexes, suggesting that Src roles in RYK signaling are conserved. (biologists.com)
  • Inhibition of TrxR activity below normal levels produces inhibition of cell growth. (pharmiweb.com)
  • This suggests that DNA replication following escape from G1 arrest in drug is more error prone and provides a potential explanation for the DNA damage observed under long-term RAF-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway inhibition. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • In addition, dCK-deficient leukemia cell lines and ABT-888 (Veliparib) murine embryonic fibroblasts exhibited increased sensitivity to IR, indicating that pharmacologic inhibition of dCK may be an effective radiosensitization strategy. (biomasswars.com)
  • An important role for PDPK1 is in the signaling pathways activated by several growth factors and hormones including insulin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1999 ) provided evidence that p75 NTR can regulate axon extension by signaling through the RhoA pathway, such that the unbound state of p75 NTR activates RhoA, whereas neurotrophin binding to p75 NTR terminates this mode of RhoA activation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
  • Impaired dendritic growth and positioning of cortical pyramidal neurons by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in the developing mouse. (waseda.jp)
  • The mechanisms by which neurotrophins regulate growth cone motility are unclear. (jneurosci.org)
  • Axonal navigation depends on growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
  • Growth cone behaviors change in a region-specific manner as axons extend to their targets ( Mason and Erskine, 2000 ), suggesting that guidance cues regulate growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
  • Expression of AND-34 regulates epithelial cell growth pattern, motility, and growth factor dependence. (molvis.org)
  • Signal duration and signal magnitude are crucial determinants of the outcome of TGFβ superfamily signalling, in particular in early embryonic patterning, in which TGFβ superfamily ligands act as morphogens that elicit distinct responses in a dose-dependent fashion. (nature.com)
  • An in-depth understanding of the pleiotropic cellular functions that can be evoked by TGFβ superfamily signalling will depend on a more quantitative knowledge of temporal and spatial characteristics of the pathway. (nature.com)
  • Figure 2: Core signalling in the mammalian TGFβ-SMAD pathways. (nature.com)
  • Describe how intervention in key signalling pathways may be used to treat inflammatory disease of the CNS. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • In the uterine fluid, the researchers found signalling substances that could regulate the cell division rate. (infuture.eu)
  • ERK5 Signalling and Resistance to ERK1/2 Pathway Therapeutics: The Path Less Travelled? (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway is frequently de-regulated in human cancer. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
  • Two cell lineages are observed on the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst: the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. (bioone.org)
  • Long bone growth plays a pivotal role in determining overall height. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Jeong began her project by asking if the versatile signaling molecule sonic hedgehog regulates growth and pattern formation of the face as it does in other developing organs and body structures. (harvard.edu)
  • 2) the deoxyribonucleoside (dN) salvage pathway generates dNTPs through sequential phosphorylation of recycled deoxyribonucleosides [2]. (biomasswars.com)
  • We demonstrate that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) self-renewal and spatiotemporal generation of neurons and other cell types are severely impacted by the loss of Ythdf2 in embryonic neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oncology-directed miRNAs include those that are key tumor suppressors in cancer, such as miR-34 and let-7 that have proven to block tumor growth in a number of different pre-clinical animal studies. (iptoday.com)
  • Therefore, both alterations in intrinsic growth rate within a compartment and perturbations in growth coordination between neighboring compartments cause tissue hypertrophy and hypotrophy, resulting in various developmental defects. (molcells.org)
  • Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. (nature.com)
  • Growth cone behaviors were not investigated in previous studies, and it is unknown whether neurotrophin-p75 NTR interactions regulate RhoA activity in growth cones. (jneurosci.org)