Pathways glucose co transporter glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

This pathway is dysfunctional in type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
Her research focuses on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors. (researchsquare.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major medical problem worldwide, and its development is highly affected by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors 1 . (researchsquare.com)
We aimed to determine whether chemerin reduces vascular insulin signaling and whether there is interplay between chemerin/ChemR23, insulin resistance, and vascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). (gla.ac.uk)
These findings show that CIG can improve the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of HFD-STZ-induced diabetic mice through the PI3K-Akt/PKB signaling pathway, and CIG might be a potential medicine or functional food for type 2 diabetes mellitus remedies. (rsc.org)
Conversely, reactive oxygen species may favor the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, mainly through the induction of insulin resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
The toxic effects of free radicals on biomolecules lead to the accumulation of damage in various cellular locations and to the deregulation of redox-sensitive metabolic and signaling pathways, and are also believed to be involved in pathological conditions such as ATS, hypertension, inflammation, diabetes, cancer and other human pathologies. (biomedcentral.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of diabetes. (ddw-online.com)
This altered glucose metabolism state is associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM (Figure 1), although other parameters including excess adiposity, inflammation and dyslipidemia are risk factors associated with the development of insulin resistance, loss of pancreatic function, worsening of hyperglycemia and progression to diabetes (1). (ddw-online.com)
Type 2 diabetics, but also prediabetics, are at increased risk for a wide range of debilitating diseases and diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of kidney failure and blindness and of nontraumatic lower limb amputation. (ddw-online.com)
Despite beneficial effects of current glucose-lowering treatments, disease-related morbidity and mortality remain considerable in T2DM patients, galvanising the search for innovative medications that target the multiple metabolic abnormalities as well as inflammatory processes and other pathways predisposing to diabetes-associated disorders. (ddw-online.com)
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus can affect and disrupt the levels of PGC1α and NRF2 proteins in the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2 Inhibitors) initially entered the market to treat hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), however the discovery of the cardiovascular benefits in patients with HF, regardless of the presence or absence of T2DM positioned it as a new pillar in clinical management. (iberoamjmed.com)
Los inhibidores del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) ingresaron inicialmente al mercado para tratar la hiperglucemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2), sin embargo, el descubrimiento de los beneficios cardiovasculares en pacientes con IC, independientemente de la presencia o ausencia de DMT2, lo posicionó como un nuevo pilar en manejo clínico. (iberoamjmed.com)
Diabetes is a disorder affecting 15 million Americans and 250 million people worldwide in which the body's cells fail to take up glucose from the blood. (biologywriter.com)
Some 15% of diabetes patients suffer from type 1 or juvenile diabetes, in which an individual cannot take up glucose because he or she lacks the hormone insulin. (biologywriter.com)
Unfortunately, the picture is not so bright for the 85% of diabetics who suffer from type 2 diabetes. (biologywriter.com)
Are defects in the IRS proteins responsible for type 2 diabetes? (biologywriter.com)
When the IRS genes are deliberately taken out of action in so-called "knockout" mice, type 2 diabetes results. (biologywriter.com)
This would explain why obese people so frequently develop type 2 diabetes. (biologywriter.com)
A high point will come Sunday when the session, "Changing the Paradigm in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Diabetes," will feature a presentation by Mikhail Kosiborod, MD, on the ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway, which was published last fall. (ajmc.com)
Consistent data showing that the class of type 2 diabetes (T2D) therapies, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, may prevent heart failure will be explored in the Saturday session, "The Intersection of Heart Failure and Diabetes. (ajmc.com)
This review summarized the associations between various types of diabetes and cancers and updated available evidence of underlying mechanisms between diabetes and cancers. (frontiersin.org)
The risk of cancers appears to be increased in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, the underlying mechanisms between various types of diabetes and cancers have not yet been summarized. (frontiersin.org)
Mutation in ZnT8 has been associated with type 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
In type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin production, in type 2 diabetes, resistance of the effect of insulin is predominant. (scirp.org)
The role of zinc deficiency which could at least potentially exacerbate the cytokinine-induced damage in autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in type 1 diabetes is still not clear. (scirp.org)
It has been shown that there appears to be a complex interrelationship between zinc and type 1 and 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
Genetic variants in the calpain-10 gene and the development of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. (uchicago.edu)
Linkage of calpain 10 to type 2 diabetes: the biological rationale. (uchicago.edu)
Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (uchicago.edu)
Calpain-10 gene and protein expression in human skeletal muscle: effect of acute lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (uchicago.edu)
Association of the calpain-10 gene with type 2 diabetes in Europeans: results of pooled and meta-analyses. (uchicago.edu)
Common polymorphisms of calpain-10 are associated with abdominal obesity in subjects at high risk of type 2 diabetes. (uchicago.edu)
Patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the type 2 diabetes gene calpain-10. (uchicago.edu)
Association of the calpain-10 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Mexican population. (uchicago.edu)
Meta-analysis and a large association study confirm a role for calpain-10 variation in type 2 diabetes susceptibility. (uchicago.edu)
Variants within the calpain-10 gene on chromosome 2q37 (NIDDM1) and relationships to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and impaired acute insulin secretion among Scandinavian Caucasians. (uchicago.edu)
Variation within the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene calpain-10 and polycystic ovary syndrome. (uchicago.edu)
Geographic and haplotype structure of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants at the calpain-10 locus. (uchicago.edu)
Studies of association between the gene for calpain-10 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. (uchicago.edu)
Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, represent major health risks in industrialized countries. (aspetjournals.org)
Our findings suggest that the activation of the AMPK pathway might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. (aspetjournals.org)
In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. (karger.com)
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are also more common across type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. (karger.com)
Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to many extraskeletal outcomes, including higher risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, autoimmunity, pregnancy complications, and many other pathologies. (karger.com)
A decade ago, researchers reported on the existence of 195 published methods that prevented or delayed the development of type 2 diabetes in mice (Roep et al 2004). (independentsciencenews.org)
The reason is largely a simple one, as we showed when we recently analyzed the reputed contributions of mouse experiments to human type 2 diabetes research ( Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013 ). (independentsciencenews.org)
Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is the fastest-growing disease in the United States, currently affecting approximately 26 million Americans, and estimated to quadruple in prevalence to affect one-third of Americans by 2050 (CDC 2011a). (independentsciencenews.org)
Type 2 diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (CDC 2011b). (independentsciencenews.org)
The pre-diabetes stage includes impairment of fasting glucose and glucose tolerance, often evolving into a specific metabolic syndrome that includes abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood glucose. (independentsciencenews.org)
The eventual development of full-blown type 2 diabetes is signaled by overt hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells. (independentsciencenews.org)
In other words, type 2 diabetes is a systemic disease occurring at several sites in the body. (independentsciencenews.org)
Compounding the problem of replicating human type 2 diabetes in mice without knowing its fundamental causes is the difficulty that mice differ in many respects from humans, including in functions related to glucose metabolism. (independentsciencenews.org)
In our paper, we describe in detail decades of type 2 diabetes research primarily using mice, and the many discrepancies compared to human-based research findings (Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013). (independentsciencenews.org)
The importance of interspecies differences in studying human type 2 diabetes in mice is exemplified by examining the rate-limiting step in human glucose metabolism, which is insulin-dependent glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. (independentsciencenews.org)
Similar immutable barriers to the use of mice to study human type 2 diabetes exist at every level from gene structure and gene regulation to disease manifestations and phenotypes. (independentsciencenews.org)
However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Several normal variations (polymorphisms) of the SLC2A10 gene have been associated with an increased risk of peripheral artery disease in people with type 2 diabetes , a disorder in which resistance to the hormone insulin leads to excess glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia). (medlineplus.gov)
Problems with blood vessels, including peripheral artery disease, are common in type 2 diabetes, and are believed to be related to the effect of hyperglycemia on TGF-β signaling. (medlineplus.gov)
Islet autoantibodies are markers of type 1 diabetes, and an increase in number of autoantibodies detected during the preclinical phase predicts progression to overt disease. (nih.gov)
To refine the effect of age in relation to islet antibody type on progression from single to multiple autoantibodies in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes. (nih.gov)
It is divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which account for 5-10% and 90-95% of DM cases resepectively. (xiahepublishing.com)
W ith the increasing global epidemic of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, all major pharmaceutical companies are focusing on new molecules for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. (docksci.com)
This article summarizes the milestones in the development of canagliflozin, leading to its first approval for use in adults with type 2 diabetes. (docksci.com)
The published evidence on the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a promising investigational agent for managing type 2 diabetes is evaluated. (docksci.com)
Canagliflozin (Invokana), an oral selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is under global development with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (docksci.com)
Conclusion Canagliflozin and other investigational SGLT2 inhibitors have a novel mechanism of action that may offer a future alternative treatment pathway for managing type 2 diabetes. (docksci.com)
BOSTON-When considering type 2 diabetes, one often thinks ofthe synonymous terms of glucose, insulin and pancreas--but a team of researchersfrom Boston Children's Hospital would like the medical research community toinsert a new word into that vernacular: intestine. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Their paradigm-shifting findings couldhave tremendous impact on the way patients with type 2 diabetes are treated inthe future. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
We focus on bariatric surgery because we believe it is thebest treatment for type 2 diabetes," says Stylopoulos. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Using positronemission tomography (PET) scans, the team observed the intestine using anddisposing of glucose, regulating blood glucose levels in the rest of the bodyand helping to resolve type 2 diabetes. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The team observed that type 2 diabetes was resolved in 100percent of the rats that underwent gastric bypass surgery. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Sixty-four percentof type 2 diabetes was resolved by the intestine, and the researchershypothesize that the other 36 percent may be due to weight loss or otherfactors. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
It may also provide new insights into the molecular pathways that go awry in common forms of conditions such as obesity and diabetes, which represent major public health concerns [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
The final pathway of β cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and clinical type 1 diabetes is unknown. (cardiff.ac.uk)
However, both epitopes were major targets for circulating effector CD8+ T cells from HLA-A2+ patients with type 1 diabetes. (cardiff.ac.uk)
This study provides direct evidence that autoreactive CTLs are present in the circulation of patients with type 1 diabetes and that they can kill human β cells. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Our findings suggest that autoreactive CTLs are important targets for immune-based interventions in type 1 diabetes and argue for early, aggressive insulin therapy to preserve remaining β cells. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Insulin resistance, an important feature of type 2 diabetes, is manifested as attenuated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in response to insulin binding. (diabetesjournals.org)
A drug that promotes the initiation of IR signaling by enhancing IR autophosphorylation should, therefore, be useful for treating type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
These results suggest, therefore, that small nonpeptide molecules that directly sensitize the IR may be useful for treating type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
It is estimated that diabetes affects 6% of the population in the U.S. and 3% of the population in northern Europe, with type 2 diabetes representing 90% of the cases ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Two metabolic defects that seem to be central to the pathology of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin secretion and the reduced ability of insulin to act on the major insulin-sensitive tissues ( 2 - 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
A new analysis of UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) data shows that a simple blood test which estimates the degree of insulin resistance at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes can help to predict the development of heart failure and death many years later. (ox.ac.uk)
The UKPDS was a landmark randomised, multicentre trial of glycaemic therapies in 5,102 people with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
This hypothesis is also supported by another observation that increased insulin levels predate the development of type 2 diabetes in people with heart failure. (ox.ac.uk)
We have recently shown that several PDEs, the insulin receptor and the insulin-sensitive glucose-transporter GLUT4 are expressed in inner ear sensory epithelia and now we wants to examine in more detail the role of these systems to understand the molecular connection between diabetes and inner ear dysfunction using cell and animal models and also performing clinical research. (lu.se)
Data-driven subgroups of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and the relationship with cardiovascular diseases at genetic and clinical levels in Chinese adults. (cdc.gov)
Association of Met420del Variant of Metformin Transporter Gene SLC22A1 with Metformin Treatment Response in Ethiopian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. (cdc.gov)
The Predisposition for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome. (cdc.gov)
RS3480 Polymorphism of FNDC5/Irisin Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Maya-Mestizo Women. (cdc.gov)
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors General treatment of diabetes mellitus for all patients involves lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise. (msdmanuals.com)

My lab discovered 1 that a second form of clathrin in humans is specialized for trafficking the GLUT4 glucose transporter to an insulin-sensitive storage compartment in the cell. (nature.com)
She has also been involved in research on the GLUT4 transporter and its role in the regulation of glucose tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, to investigate the molecular mechanism of action, the phosphorylation and protein expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream proteins, such as insulin receptor (INSR), protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) have been detected. (rsc.org)
Calpain system regulates muscle mass and glucose transporter GLUT4 turnover. (uchicago.edu)
Both stimuli converge on the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface. (edu.au)
GLUT4 protein levels were reduced by ∼40% in white TBC1D1−/− muscle, and TBC1D1−/− mice showed impaired exercise endurance together with impaired exercise-mediated 2-deoxyglucose uptake into white but not red muscles. (edu.au)
These findings indicate that the RabGAP TBC1D1 plays a key role in regulating GLUT4 protein levels and in exercise-mediated glucose uptake in nonoxidative muscle fibers. (edu.au)

In this study, we examined AA effects on metabolism in wild-type (WT) mice and GLUT10 G128E mice fed with a normal diet (CD) or HFD, as we previously showed that GLUT10 G128E mice are highly sensitive to HFD-induced T2DM 9 . (researchsquare.com)
In addition, CIG can significantly enhance the expression level of the PI3K-Akt/PKB pathway related proteins in skeletal muscle, which is the key pathway of insulin metabolism. (rsc.org)
Fig. 2: Fructose metabolism enhances hypoxic cell survival and decreases pyruvate kinase activity. (nature.com)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
We investigated the role of TBC1D1 in glucose metabolism by generating TBC1D1−/− mice and analyzing body weight, insulin action, and exercise. (edu.au)
Glucose-6-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
Association of the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 rs1746661 single nucleotide polymorphism with reduced brain glucose metabolism in elderly humans. (cdc.gov)

My focus is a protein called clathrin, which is involved in many intracellular trafficking pathways. (nature.com)
The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
However, glucose transporter expression in the endometrium, and also glucose and protein concentration in ULF was influenced by preovulatory estradiol concentrations and conceptus presence. (usda.gov)
Tissues waste away as glucose-starved cells are forced to consume their own protein. (biologywriter.com)
Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)
Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
For example, Vassilopoulos and colleagues 2009 reported that mice do not possess the protein that in humans mediates transport of circulating glucose into cells by means of membrane-bound vesicles. (independentsciencenews.org)
In humans, this step is facilitated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) protein and requires the action of the CHC22 protein. (independentsciencenews.org)
this type of protein moves the simple sugar glucose across cell membranes and helps maintain proper levels of glucose within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
First, we identified 2 naturally processed epitopes from the human preproinsulin signal peptide by elution from HLA-A2 (specifically, the protein encoded by the A*0201 allele) molecules. (cardiff.ac.uk)
GSD type 1b is a similar condition with a defective G-6-P transporter protein. (medscape.com)
The G-6-P transporter protein is found in the liver and kidney. (medscape.com)

In recent years, the big news on the first day of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Scientific Session and Exposition has involved a therapy—usually an expensive cholesterol drug with a name almost no one could pronounce: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. (ajmc.com)
Canagliflozin belongs to a class of agents-the sodium- glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors-whose novel mechanism of action offers potential advantages over other antihyperglycemic agents, including a relatively low hypoglycemia risk and weight-loss-promoting effects. (docksci.com)
Other studies are under way to establish if treatments which have been shown to particularly effective at reducing heart failure (e g. sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors) can induce insulin sensitisation, which might help explain their cardioprotective role. (ox.ac.uk)

SGLT2=sodium-glucose co-transporter-2. (medscape.com)
SGLT2 are mainly located in the proximal tubule of the kidney and are involved in the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the glomeruli into the body. (docksci.com)
Inhibition of SGLT2 lowers blood glucose in an insulinindependent manner as a consequence of blocking reabsorption of filtered glucose in the glomeruli, thereby increasing urinary excretion of glucose and, in turn, potentially reducing body weight. (docksci.com)
Tell me, why did we think a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) [inhibitor] would do anything in acute heart failure? (medscape.com)

The novel innovation and significance resides within its potential to provide (1) an expanded understanding of the mechanism through which a maternal high fat diet reprograms primate gene expression and (2) a simple intervention (essential nutrient supplementation with neither diet nor behavioral modification) with tremendous potential impact given the current obesity epidemic and the lack of efficacious therapeutics. (nih.gov)
We have previously showed that genetic polymorphisms in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) gene are associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in non-diabetic population, and GLUT10 G128E mice (carrying human orthologous GLUT10 G128E variant) are highly sensitive to HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. (researchsquare.com)
Gene expression analyzes were performed for LV collagens I (Col1a1) and III (Col3a1), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (Mmp2) and 9 (Mmp9), and transforming growth factor-ß1 (Tgfb1). (bvsalud.org)
When researchers look for IRS gene mutations in inherited type 2 diabetics, they don't find them. (biologywriter.com)
Variation in the calpain-10 gene affects blood glucose levels in the British population. (uchicago.edu)
The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2), which encodes cyclooxygenase-2, was found to upregulate the expression of TGF-β2 ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
GSD type Ib differs from GSD type Ia in that it is not explained by mutations of the phosphohydrolase gene. (medscape.com)
Veiga-da-Cuhna and colleagues provide evidence that all non-1a cases can be explained by mutations of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase gene. (medscape.com)
A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)

The image below illustrates the metabolic pathways for carbohydrates. (medscape.com)
Metabolic pathways of carbohydrates. (medscape.com)
With an enzyme defect, carbohydrate metabolic pathways are blocked, and excess glycogen accumulates in affected tissues. (medscape.com)
Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
Citation: Troein C, Ahre´n D, Krogh M, Peterson C (2007) Is Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways an Optimal Strategy for Fitness? (lu.se)

Thus, attempts to apply mouse glucose transport studies to humans are impeded due to species differences in the GLUT 4 trafficking pathway. (independentsciencenews.org)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Before gastric bypass, intestines typically do not contain aspecific transporter called GLUT-1, which is responsible for removing glucosefrom circulation and utilizing it within the organ. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
After gastric bypass, theresearchers found that the intestine reprograms itself to contain GLUT-1,taking glucose from circulation and disposing of it, swiftly stabilizing bloodglucose levels in the rest of the body. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
GLUT-1 is a glucose transporter, and its job is to putglucose inside a cell. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

The combination of these defects results in an inability of the body to maintain glucose homeostasis leading to hyperglycemia and other metabolic disturbances ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Insulin and exercise stimulate glucose uptake into skeletal muscle via different pathways. (edu.au)

This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
0.01 mM and plasma glucose 0.19 mM [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In four early-stage clinical trials involving a total of over 500 patients, the use of canagliflozin for varying periods was associated with significant mean reductions in HbA1c (absolute reductions of 0.45-0.92%) and fasting plasma glucose (decreases ranged from 16.2% to 42.4%) and weight loss ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 kg. (docksci.com)
Researchers assessed insulin resistance in UKPDS participants using the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA ) calculator which estimates steady state beta cell function (HOM2_%B) and insulin resistance (HOMA2_IR) from simultaneous measurements of fasting plasma glucose and insulin. (ox.ac.uk)

Although there is no cure, a diet that avoids fasting to maintain normal glucose level is the mainstay of life-long treatment. (medscape.com)
We examined 994 relatives with normal glucose tolerance who were positive for a single autoantibody, followed prospectively in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention. (nih.gov)
TBC1D1−/− mice showed normal glucose and insulin tolerance, with no difference in body weight compared with wild-type littermates. (edu.au)

Although this pathway has been implicated in obesity and tumour promotion, the exact mechanism that drives these pathologies in the intestine remains unclear. (nature.com)
Also supporting this view is the recent finding that high blood levels of fatty acids (a common result of obesity) interfere with the IRS-1 signalling pathway, preventing it from activating the glucose transporter in muscle cells. (biologywriter.com)
Specifically, he and his colleaguesare focused on discovering ways to "reverse engineer" weight loss surgery,especially Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), which is currently considered themost effective treatment option for severe obesity. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
In recent years, as patients who have obesity and type 2diabetes are increasingly turning to procedures like RYGB, scientists havedocumented the link between weight loss surgery and the reversal of type 2diabetes-although the mechanism of action at play here is not the weight lossthat results from this surgery, as most people may expect. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Hence, we under- and growing public health challenge worldwide resulting from took our meta-analysis to estimate the effect of anthropometric rapid urbanization, excessive energy intake, developing obesity, risk factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome to inform re- and sedentary lifestyle habits (2). (cdc.gov)

While genetic factors have been associated with T2DM in population studies 2 , the effect sizes of identified variants are typically very small. (researchsquare.com)
However, the recent ACCORD and ADVANCE trials in patients with longstanding T2DM have shown that aggressive glucose control in such patients has no clear benefits, or may even increase CVD events (3). (ddw-online.com)
Current widespread treatments for T2DM include metformin (suppressor of hepatic glucose production), sulfonylureas (insulin secretagogues), and the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone (PPAR agonist). (ddw-online.com)

In VSMCs, chemerin, via oxidative stress- and ChemR23-dependent mechanisms, decreased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, glucose transporter 4 translocation to the membrane, and glucose uptake. (gla.ac.uk)

The results showed that CIG significantly improved oral glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. (rsc.org)

It is a complex and multifactorial disease, characterized by many years (often decades) of sequential disruptions in glucose homeostasis. (independentsciencenews.org)
Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection. (ersjournals.com)

By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

They found that two proteins called IRS-1 and IRS-2 (the names refer not to taxes, but to insulin receptor substrate ) snuggle up against the insulin receptor inside the cell. (biologywriter.com)
The TGF-β signaling pathway is also involved in bone and blood vessel development and the formation of the extracellular matrix, an intricate lattice of proteins and other molecules that forms in the spaces between cells and defines the structure and properties of connective tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
Two Rab guanosine triphosphatases-activating proteins ( GAPs ) have been implicated in this process: AS160 for insulin stimulation and its homolog, TBC1D1, are suggested to regulate exercise-mediated glucose uptake into muscle. (edu.au)
Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)

Genetic mutation promotes biological evolution and results in biodiversity ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Adenine induced significant apoptosis in HT29 cells, whereas Caco-2 cells exhibited less apoptotic responses. (hindawi.com)
It is required for normal cell processing such as cell division and apoptosis participating in multiple biochemical pathways such as transcription and cell division. (scirp.org)
RyR2 and calpain-10 delineate a novel apoptosis pathway in pancreatic islets. (uchicago.edu)

We investigated the impacts of AA on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation in wild type (WT) and GLUT10 G128E mice. (researchsquare.com)
However, GLUT10 has some structural differences from other glucose transporters, and its role in the movement of glucose or other substances is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)
The level of GLUT10 appears to be involved in the regulation of a process called the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. (medlineplus.gov)

Dashing about, they activate a variety of processes, including an enzyme that turns on the glucose transporter machinery. (biologywriter.com)
These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
To investigate why this happens, Stylopoulos and his teamspent one year studying rats, and observed that after gastric bypass surgery,the small intestine changes the way it processes glucose. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)
At the cellular level we explore signaling systems, with the focus on the cAMP / cGMP-degrading enzymes (PDEs) and insulin signaling pathways. (lu.se)

Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
Critically, at high glucose concentration, β cell presentation of preproinsulin signal epitope increased, as did CTL killing. (cardiff.ac.uk)
We show that maximal growth is achieved when pathway activation is a more or less steeply graded function of the nutrient concentration. (lu.se)

Just as you can't start a car without inserting the key into the ignition switch, so a cell cannot start transport glucose in from the blood until the insulin "key" has been inserted into its insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)

The major hexose transporter, Htr1 (mediates the active uptake of hexoses by sugar:H+ symport. (lbl.gov)

Although 4 other cases were reported of excess glycogen storage in the livers of autopsy patients, it was not until 1978 when Narisawa et al were able to differentiate GSD type Ia and type Ib, recognizing type Ia was due to a deficiency in the G6Pase enzyme, and type Ib was due to deficiency in the G6P transporter. (medscape.com)
So while pharmaceutical companies like Merck and American Home Products are rushing to develop an enzyme drug that turns on the IRS pathways more efficiently, researchers are still pounding away at the problem, striving to clarify the picture. (biologywriter.com)
Although at least 14 unique GSDs are discussed in the literature, the 4 that cause clinically significant muscle weakness are Pompe disease ( GSD type II , acid maltase deficiency), Cori disease ( GSD type III , debranching enzyme deficiency), McArdle disease ( GSD type V , myophosphorylase deficiency), and Tarui disease ( GSD type VII , phosphofructokinase deficiency). (medscape.com)
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) is the specific enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke disease. (medscape.com)
The lac operon of E. coli is but one example of how enzyme and transporter production can be made conditional on the presence of a nutrient to catabolize. (lu.se)

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulin (IAA), insulinoma-associated antigen 2, and zinc transporter 8 and islet cell antibodies were tested every 6 to 12 months. (nih.gov)

GSD type I, also known as Von Gierke disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder, divided into two subtypes: type Ia and type Ib. (medscape.com)
Glycogen storage diseases ( GSD ) are a group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders caused by genetic mutations that lead to the inability to breakdown and metabolize glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)
GSD type Ib is an autosomal recessive condition. (medscape.com)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

CCX832 treatment of db/db mice decreased body weight, insulin, and glucose levels as well as vascular oxidative stress. (gla.ac.uk)
Resected samples showed two thirds tumor tissue necrosis as well as high expression of serine/threonine kinase Akt and low expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which activates anti-oxidant response and protects against oxidative stress in viable cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
In this review we deal in the molecular mechanisms, the epigenetic effects and modulation of the oxidative stress pathway of ketogenic diets, that underlie its possible role, in the treatment of infantile gliomas, as a complementary approach to conventional cancer therapy. (frontiersin.org)

P rediabetes is presently defined as moderately elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG), and is estimated to affect 79 million adult Americans, or 35% of the adult population. (ddw-online.com)
What has insulin got to do with inability to take up glucose from the blood? (biologywriter.com)
These individuals have normal or even elevated levels of insulin in their blood, but still don't take up glucose. (biologywriter.com)
Kidney Blood Press Res (2021) 46 (2): 152-161. (karger.com)
Intestinal epithelial cells participate in mechanical protection of the mucosal barrier via their tight junctions, preventing the transfer of intestinal chemicals and microorganisms from the intestine to the blood along the paracellular pathway. (xiahepublishing.com)
In diabetic mice, TLK16998, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, lowered blood glucose levels for up to 6 h. (diabetesjournals.org)
Appropriate monitoring and control of blood glucose levels is essential to prevent. (msdmanuals.com)

Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)

Von Gierke disease (GSD type Ia and Ib) was first reported in 1929 based on the autopsy findings in 2 children who had excessive hepatic and renal glycogen accumulation. (medscape.com)

Despite the significant effort in the last century to eradicate or minimize vitamin D deficiency among the population, especially children, there is still a high prevalence for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency worldwide [ 1, 2 ]. (karger.com)
One form, Von Gierke disease ( GSD type Ia , glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency ), causes clinically significant end-organ disease with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)

Moreover, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 2-4 times higher in diabetics (2). (ddw-online.com)
The simplest hypothesis to explain the lack of sensitivity to insulin among type 2 diabetics is that they have somehow lost their insulin receptors - insulin keys can't do their job if there are no locks to unlock. (biologywriter.com)
Researchers found in the mid-1990s that type 2 diabetics had normal insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)
This study investigated the relationship of zinc and glucose in diabetics. (scirp.org)

Genes mainly involved in coding adhesion molecules and growth factors have also been found to be upregulated in other types of CAFs, including colon ( 12 ) and pancreatic ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Dr. Allen's group uses GC/MS (Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometric Detection) for quantifying the total lipid content in samples obtained from algae biofuels companies who are developing cost-effective ways to optimize growth and harvesting techniques to convert the lipid fraction of the algae biomass into various types of biofuels. (liberty.edu)

The small intestine converts dietary fructose into glucose and organic acids. (nature.com)
High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose. (lbl.gov)

Alternatively, such findings may simply reflect the limitations of current anti-diabetic therapies, due to off-target effects that counter the potential benefits of glucose lowering. (ddw-online.com)

Total calcium level decreases during pregnancy, due to hemodilution, while the ionized calcium level remains stable [2 ]. (who.int)

In this position paper, the members of the Biotransformation, Mechanisms, and Pathways Focus Group (BMPFG) steering committee reflect on the diverse roles and responsibilities of scientists trained in the biotransformation field in pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations. (aspetjournals.org)
Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)

Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are inherited disorders due to enzymatic defects that prevent breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)

Your body manufactures insulin after a meal as a way to alert cells that higher levels of glucose are coming soon. (biologywriter.com)
While the total calcitriol levels double in the first trimester, free calcitriol levels do not increase until the third trimester, and remain so into lactation [2, 4] . (who.int)
Conversely, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels decrease early on and increase back to mid-normal range by term [2 ]. (who.int)
The changes in calcitriol levels led to the description of pregnancy as a state of absorptive hypercalciuria [1 , 2 ]. (who.int)

The small intestine uses glucose, but not as a main source of fuel. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

Anticancer activity of adenine in colon cancer cells is attributable to the activation of apoptotic signaling and in turn the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (hindawi.com)
Thus, the identification of a compound that activates the AMPK pathway would contribute significantly to the treatment and management of such syndromes. (aspetjournals.org)
In service of this goal, we have screened a variety of naturally occurring compounds and have identified one compound, cryptotanshinone, as a novel AMPK pathway activator. (aspetjournals.org)

In conclusion, increased preovulatory concentrations of estradiol are mediated through an upregulation of the steroidogenic pathway, and HighE2 animals had increased sperm transport and improved embryo quality, but not increased embryo survival to maternal recognition of pregnancy. (usda.gov)
Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)

solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8. (lbl.gov)
Rattus norvegicus solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3-like (LOC100909595), transcript variant X1, mRNA. (genscript.com)

Interestingly, there also is a GSD type 0, which is due to defective glycogen synthase. (medscape.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms12

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Diabetes96

GLUT47

Metabolism11

Protein12

Inhibitors3

SGLT24

Gene9

Metabolic pathways5

GLUT5

Hyperglycemia1

Skeletal muscle1

Plasma glucose4

Normal glucose3

Obesity5

T2DM3

Translocation1

Tolerance1

Homeostasis2

Glycolytic1

Proteins4

Mutation1

Apoptosis3

GLUT103

Processes4

Enzymes2

Concentration3

Transport glucose1

Mediates1

Enzyme5

Islet cell1

Autosomal recessive3

Tissues1

Oxidative4

Blood7

Paracellular1

Hepatic1

Deficiency2

Diabetics4

Pancreatic1

Lipid1

Fructose2

Therapies1

Decreases1

Mechanisms3

Defects1

Levels4

Small intestine1

AMPK3

Concentrations3

Solute2

Glycogen1