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Fetusalpha-FetoproteinsInsulinFetal ProteinsMaternal-Fetal ExchangeFetal BloodReceptor, InsulinPregnancyGestational AgeBlood GlucoseInsulin ResistanceInsulin Receptor Substrate ProteinsGlucoseInsulin, Long-ActingInsulin AntibodiesHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin AntagonistsIslets of LangerhansInsulin LisproGlucose Tolerance TestDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Insulin Infusion SystemsGlucose Clamp TechniqueInsulin AspartInsulin, IsophaneInsulin, Regular, PorkHyperinsulinismAdipose TissueInsulin-Secreting CellsInsulinsGlucagonObesityInsulin, Regular, HumanC-PeptideProinsulinFastingHyperglycemiaLiverMuscle, SkeletalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Signal TransductionFatty Acids, NonesterifiedGlucose Transporter Type 4AdipocytesInsulin, Short-ActingHypoglycemiaPhosphorylationDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalDiabetes MellitusGlucose IntoleranceInsulin-Like Growth Factor ILeptinDeoxyglucoseBody WeightTriglyceridesPhosphoproteinsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesInsulinomaCells, CulturedBiphasic InsulinsKineticsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedGlycogenHomeostasisAdiponectinPostprandial PeriodRats, WistarLipidsTime FactorsPancreasGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Cell LineBody Mass IndexMetforminDietary FatsDose-Response Relationship, DrugMice, ObeseLipid MetabolismRNA, MessengerRats, Inbred StrainsThiazolidinediones3T3-L1 CellsLipolysisMuscle ProteinsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptor, IGF Type 1Rats, ZuckerMice, Inbred C57BLMetabolic Syndrome XTolbutamideInfusions, SubcutaneousEatingDietary CarbohydratesGene Expression RegulationBody CompositionBiological TransportDiet, High-FatReference Values
Bovine serumResistanceSerumSecretionKinaseGenesAltered fetal growthProliferationIntracellularSensitivityHyperinsulinemiaPancreaticTissuesHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalPlacentaObesityImprove insulinMetabolismDifferentiationPancreasEmbryonicMaternalMetabolicReceptorOvergrowthAmniotic fluidABSTRACTMaintain glucose homeostasisGeneGlucose homeostasisPregnancies complicatedAmino acidPhosphorylationInhibitionIncreasesHormonesDiabetes mellitusHomeostasisEndocrinologyGeneticHippoPregnant womenCatabolismMesenchymalUbiquitinCellsMechanismDevelopmentRenalAxisMolecularSecrete
Bovine serum3
  • The focus was on the effects of fetal bovine serum (FBS) replacement with pooled human serum (HS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • An ex vivo study showed that IGF-1 in fetal bovine serum was responsible for maintaining articular cartilage proteoglycan synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Opinions differ as to whether those breast cancers supplemented by 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, and streptomycin. (lu.se)
Resistance40
Serum2
  • We demonstrated that bradykinin (BK), through the B2 receptor, induced a dose-dependent inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation stimulated by fetal calf serum. (nih.gov)
  • In isolated rat islets mRNA amounts were significantly elevated by glucose proteins foetal serum or particular growth factors such as for example insulin GSK1838705A growth hormones and platelet-derived development elements (PDGF)19. (immune-source.com)
Secretion7
  • It is also suggested that it may play a significant role in fetal growth, by stimulating insulin secretion, and as a precursor for both polyamine synthesis and NO production. (biophilia.in)
  • Glibenclamide is known to promote insulin secretion by targeting β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • These results suggest that glibenclamide-induced autophagy plays an inhibitory role in promoting insulin secretion by activating the AMPK pathway instead of altering the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, SUs can close the K ATP channel in pancreatic β cells, followed by membrane depolarization and open the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCCs) to increase intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ), resulting in insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that glibenclamide can improve insulin secretion at low-normal glucose, which may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when attempting to maintain tight glucose control [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Also, vitamin D reduced the incidence of T1DM, enhanced insulin secretion, and relieved pancreatic inflammation in STZ-treated mice via enhancing autophagy in pancreatic β cells [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Kinase20
  • The Hippo kinase pathway is emerging as a conserved signaling pathway that is essential for organ growth and tumorigenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • The Hippo kinase pathway is emerging as a conserved signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation, apoptosis, contact inhibition, cell migration, cell differentiation, stem cell self-renewal, genetic stability, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (oncotarget.com)
  • The core of the Hippo pathway is composed of a kinase cascade that includes MST1/2 serine/threonine kinase (ortholog of Hpo in D. melanogaster ), WW45 scaffold protein (Sav), MOB (Mats) and LATS1/2 kinases (Wts). (oncotarget.com)
  • In this study, we analyzed bile canaliculi dynamics, Rho kinase (ROCK)/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway implication, efflux inhibition of taurocholate [a predominant bile salt export pump (BSEP) substrate], and expression of the major canalicular and basolateral bile acid transporters. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly increased caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activities, induced B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)/Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, tumor protein 53 and cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1 protein expression and suppressed cyclin D1 and survivin protein expression in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, numerous important cellular proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 homologous antagonist/killer, Myc proto-oncogene protein, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, DNA replication licensing factor MCM-7, retinoblastoma 1 and Annexin A1, are degenerated through the UBE3A-mediated ubiquitin proteasome pathway ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The relationship between cell proliferation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphotyrosine kinase activity and bradykinin receptor activation in rat mesangial cells was investigated. (nih.gov)
  • Treatments with pertussis-toxin, inhibition of phospholipase C and protein kinase C inhibitors and chelation of free cytosolic calcium did not change the bradykinin-induced inhibition of phosphotyrosine kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Western blot analysis of phosphotyrosinated proteins demonstrated that BK reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins among which we identified the 125-focal adhesion kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that, in proliferating rat mesangial cells, B2 receptor stimulation is able to induce, via a pertussis insensitive pathway, the inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity and mesangial cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • The PTK2 gene encodes a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase. (faksignaling.com)
  • The lcn2-induced phenotypic changes of astrocytes occurred through a Rho-ROCK (Rho kinase)-GFAP pathway, which was positively regulated by nitric oxide and cGMP. (jneurosci.org)
  • Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)
  • This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
  • Herein, we showed that glibenclamide promoted insulin release and further activated autophagy through the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in MIN-6 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy is either positively mediated by the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway [ 12 ], or negatively mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Vimentin phosphorylation by a protein kinase causes the breakdown of intermediate filaments and activation of an ATP and myosin light chain dependent contractile event. (thermofisher.com)
  • Subsequently, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways can be activated, resulting in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis ( 13 , 14 ). (snmjournals.org)
Genes13
  • A transcriptome-wide analysis in mice found that a protein-restricted (PR) diet during gestation resulted in differential gene expression in approximately 1% of the fetal genes analyzed (235/22,690). (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, increased expression was seen in genes involved in the p53 pathway, apoptosis, negative regulators of cell metabolism, and genes related to epigenetic control. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also collected placenta and cord blood samples at delivery to examine fetal tissue DNA methylation of the genes that modify fetal growth and stress response such as insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) and corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The etiology of HCM is extremely heterogeneous, including malformation syndromes, inborn errors of metabolism, neuromuscular disorders, and in the majority of the cases mutations in cardiac sarcomere protein genes [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of genes through miRNA is regulated by endogenous regulatory pathways, resulting in high stability and biocompatibility ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, when metabolic gene expression networks were analysed using pathway based analysis, it was apparent that expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, insulin signalling and glucose transport were markedly reduced in cultured cells. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • No changes in metabolic or insulin signalling genes were observed. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
  • Understanding these genes and their pathways can lead to the breakthrough of new medications target structured gene delivery and advancement of safer antidiabetic medications. (immune-source.com)
  • Desk I Genes involved with beta cell proliferation Up to now five REG protein have already been reported in human beings that participate in gene family. (immune-source.com)
  • In a series of experiments on roundworms, mice and human brain tissue, they found that a protein called REST, which controls the expression of many genes related to neural firing, also controls life span. (quantamagazine.org)
  • The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
  • The referenced data of the signaling pathway was chosen by aggregating references from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. (researchsquare.com)
Altered fetal growth2
  • The decreased placental System L activity in human IUGR and the increased placental activity of this transporter system in some cases of fetal overgrowth may directly contribute to changes in fetal amino acid availability and altered fetal growth in these pregnancy complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether maternal OCM nutrient intakes and levels modified fetal DNA methylation and in turn altered fetal growth patterns in pregnancies with and without GDM. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation6
  • Among the main stimulatory factors are the pituitary tropic hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulate the growth and function of their respective target cells, and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system, that, through its mitogenic effects, can stimulate the proliferation of these cells. (mdpi.com)
  • Rather, antagonists of GPR40 appear to activate gene expression networks involved in cell proliferation - in particular an elevation in the ERBB2 signalling pathway. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The high proliferation and differentiation capacity of fetal MSCs and the role of fetal pancreatic-derived MSCs (FPMSCs) in islet generation make them good candidates for diabetes treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • cell proliferation Certain transcription elements (and as well as the notch sign transduction pathway for stem cell maintenance28. (immune-source.com)
  • IGF-1 is a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin and can promote chondrocyte proliferation, enhance matrix production, and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic product that inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through several pathways. (ac.ir)
Intracellular3
  • NOX4 has a role as a redox messenger in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways leading (or contributing) to mitochondriogenesis, cell survival, and differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells. (novusbio.com)
  • It is believed to be involved with the intracellular transport of proteins between the nucleus and plasma membrane. (thermofisher.com)
  • Rapid detection of intracellular SH2D1A protein in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their family members. (lu.se)
Sensitivity5
  • Forced expression of lcn2 or treatment with LCN2 protein increased the sensitivity of astrocytes to cytotoxic stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • IR is present in all phenotypes, and insulin sensitivity varies according to the PCOS phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, recognizing the strong influence of IR on the occurrence and development of PCOS, accurate assessment of insulin sensitivity in the early stages of PCOS, and effective intervention on IR are essential to reduce the risk of long-term complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In insulin-producing β cells, excess autophagy degrades insulin granules, resulting in decreased insulin contents and systemic glucose intolerance, whereas in insulin-responsive cells, activating autophagy decreases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and improves insulin sensitivity [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The results support the theory that adiponectin might be part of a feedback mechanism improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health in pre-eclamptic patients. (who.int)
Hyperinsulinemia4
  • this patient underwent insulin therapy after the onset of persistent hyperglycemia due to parenteral nutrition (PN), supporting the hypothesis of a role of iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia in the development of HCM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In neonates with congenital hyperinsulinism, fetal hyperinsulinemia increases the storage of glucose and lipids with a consequent hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myocardial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly, in maternal diabetes, hyperglycemia can produce fetal hyperinsulinemia that can persist until the neonatal period. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are also cases of hyperinsulinemia secondary to an excessive infusion of insulin, as in the case report presented. (biomedcentral.com)
Pancreatic2
  • are laminin-like diffusible chemotactic protein involved with pancreatic morphogenesis and are likely involved in the legislation of duct-cell and foetal GSK1838705A islet cell migration. (immune-source.com)
  • [ 4 ] Pancreatic endocrine functions generally remain intact, although cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have been reported. (medscape.com)
Tissues3
  • Emerging evidence indicates that the placenta controls the development and function of several fetal tissues through nutrient sensing, modulation of trophoblast nutrient transporters and by altering the number and cargo of released extracellular vesicles. (bvsalud.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • NOX-4 is also expressed in fetal tissues, placenta, glioblastoma and vascular cells. (novusbio.com)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal1
  • This rise in stress hormones impairs the "braking" mechanism in the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (comeandreason.com)
Placenta5
  • This occurs because the placenta is the interface between the maternal and fetal environments 1-2 . (tamhsc.edu)
  • Researchers have found that maternal obesity causes an increase in cytokines and mediators of the inflammatory signaling pathway leading to chronic inflammation state of the placenta. (tamhsc.edu)
  • The next mechanism analyzed how the placenta reacts to high levels of circulating insulin from the mother, which crosses the placenta. (tamhsc.edu)
  • The second mechanism showed that obesity and subsequent exposure of the placenta to high levels of insulin leads to insulin insensitivity in the placenta 5 . (tamhsc.edu)
  • Identification of early transcriptome signatures in placenta exposed to insulin and obesity. (tamhsc.edu)
Obesity6
  • BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that maternal obesity reduces placental transport capacity for lysophosphatidylcholine-docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA), a preferred form for transfer of DHA (omega 3) to the fetal brain, but only in male fetuses. (bvsalud.org)
  • We hypothesized that ether and plasmalogen PC and PE containing DHA and ARA are reduced in maternal-fetal unit in pregnancies complicated by obesity and these differences are dependent on fetal sex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), characterized by hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy, increases the risk of fetal macrosomia, childhood obesity and cardiometabolic disorders later in life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolomics may identify biological pathways predisposing children to the risk of overweight and obesity. (nature.com)
  • Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • It may also provide new insights into the molecular pathways that go awry in common forms of conditions such as obesity and diabetes, which represent major public health concerns [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
Improve insulin1
  • Thus, IR should be considered as a systemic disease with the need for early diagnosis and treatment in order to improve insulin action and consequently avoid complications. (researchsquare.com)
Metabolism8
  • We also discuss how maternal diet and stress influences fetal development and metabolism and how fetal growth restriction can result in susceptibility to developing chronic disease later in life. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nutrients involved with one-carbon metabolism (OCM), such as folate, choline, betaine, and vitamin B 12 , provide methyl groups for DNA methylation of these pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present case underlines the importance of a close cardiological follow-up in infants undergoing insulin infusion for an alteration in the glucose metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to thrifty phenotype hypothesis, an SGA fetus adapts to an adverse intrauterine environment to survive, and switches to permanent glucose-insulin metabolism [ 5 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • Possible targets of inflammatory cytokines include proteins involved in lipid metabolism and signaling 3 . (tamhsc.edu)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin, has shown profound effects on chondrocyte biological behavior and fundamentally regulates cartilage matrix metabolism during cartilage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Differentiation2
  • Amino acid signaling is required in embryo implantation, which not only supports protein synthesis and trophoblast differentiation but also regulates the development of trophoblast protrusive activity. (biophilia.in)
  • Estrogens are important regulators of growth and differentiation in (range, 0 -9 fmol/mg protein, median 0.7). (lu.se)
Pancreas3
Embryonic1
  • Embryonic mouse models have demonstrated that ROCK protein inhibitor decreases the number of terminal lung buds. (medscape.com)
Maternal5
  • Here, we review evidence suggesting that altered placental function may, at least in part, mediate the link between the maternal environment and changes in fetal growth and development. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this Review, we discuss the development and functions of the maternal-placental-fetal interface (in humans and mice) and how cross-talk between these compartments may be a mechanism for in utero programming, focusing on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), adiponectin and O-GlcNac transferase (OGT) signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: In maternal, umbilical cord plasma and placentas from obese women (11 female/5 male infants) and normal weight women (9 female/7 male infants), all PC and PE species containing DHA and ARA were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Placental protein expression of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis, were determined by immunoblotting. (bvsalud.org)
  • We analyzed the association between maternal OCM nutrients and fetal DNA methylation using a generalized linear mixed model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, we observed a complex interrelationship between maternal OCM nutrients and fetal DNA methylation levels regardless of GDM status, which may, epigenetically, program molecular pathways related to fetal growth and stress response. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolic1
  • However, arginine is involved in other metabolic pathways such as polyamines, creatine, and cell signaling pathways. (biophilia.in)
Receptor4
  • Data suggest that NOX4 provides a novel link between the insulin receptor and the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species that enhances insulin signal transduction. (novusbio.com)
  • The overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly suppressed the levels of protein expression of ubiquitin‑protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) and Insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R) in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
  • On binding of insulinlike growth factors to the receptor, adaptor proteins, such as insulin-receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2, are recruited to the phosphorylation site of the cytoplasmic domain ( 19 - 21 ). (snmjournals.org)
Overgrowth1
  • Placental System L amino acid transporter expression and activity is decreased in pregnancies complicated by IUGR and increased in fetal overgrowth. (bvsalud.org)
Amniotic fluid2
  • For lung development to proceed normally, physical space in the fetal thorax must be adequate, and amniotic fluid must be brought into the lung by fetal breathing movements, leading to distension of the developing lung. (medscape.com)
  • In pregnant females reduces the incidence of PIH, decreased amniotic fluid & increases fetal weight. (biophilia.in)
ABSTRACT1
  • ABSTRACT Adiponectin has profound insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. (who.int)
Maintain glucose homeostasis2
Gene5
  • When global gene expression profiles were further examined it was evident that whilst cultured myotubes retained many characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue, the phenotype appeared to be closer to fetal than adult muscle. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Additionally, gene expression in the neurons of the brain is altered and proteins which cause neurons to grow and stay healthy (neurotrophic factors) are suppressed. (comeandreason.com)
  • Specifically, researchers looked at the effects of high circulating insulin on gene expression and regulation 5 . (tamhsc.edu)
  • protein was discovered to be portrayed just in regenerating islets rather than in regular rat pancreas26 and its own gene appearance level induced 10-100 folds on time 3 of pancreatectomy27. (immune-source.com)
  • In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
Glucose homeostasis4
Pregnancies complicated1
  • The quality of fetal diaphragm movements is affected in pregnancies complicated with GDM and PGDM. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino acid2
  • Overexpression of SLC7A5 resulted in a marked increase in protein expression of LAT1 in the PHT cells microvillous plasma membrane and System L amino acid transporter activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)
Phosphorylation2
  • CB1 activation by both synthetic and endogenous ligands was confirmed using phosphorylation of ERK1 and 2 as was the presence of functional GPR40 protein in myotubes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Neither agonists nor antagonists of CB1 or GPR40 receptors were found to modulate insulin signalling as determined by phosphorylation of downstream targets Akt and GSK3alpha/beta. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Inhibition1
Increases1
  • Here, we combined overexpression approaches with protein analysis and functional studies in cultured primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells to test the hypothesis that SLC7A5 overexpression increases the uptake of essential amino acids and activates mTOR signaling in PHT cells. (bvsalud.org)
Hormones2
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • The pathways to produce hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones are often regulated by negative feedback , and many of these will be discussed in other articles in the endocrinology series. (simplemed.co.uk)
Diabetes mellitus2
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
Homeostasis1
  • Autophagy is a self-protective pathway of cell catabolism that allows cells to degrade misfolded proteins or damaged organelles, providing energy for cells and maintaining their homeostasis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Endocrinology1
  • Fetal developmental plastic responses can cause changes in lean body mass, endocrinology, blood flow and vascular loading, and lead to increased risk of various diseases in adulthood. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic2
  • Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)
  • Several mechanisms have been suggested to justify the development of IR, among which are genetic alterations in proteins of the insulin action cascade, visceral fat thickening and fetal malnutrition. (researchsquare.com)
Hippo2
  • Together, our results reveal that ITCH pro-tumorigenic functions in breast cancer are mediated, at least in part, through inactivation of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • Thus, we propose a model where Rab40c/CRL5 regulates ANKRD28 ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to a decrease in PP6 activity, which ultimately affects FAK and Hippo pathway signaling to alter focal adhesion dynamics. (life-science-alliance.org)
Pregnant women2
  • This study examined the quality of fetal diaphragmatic contractions in pregnant women complicated with GDM and PGDM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L-arginine promotes intrauterine growth of the fetus by increasing the bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and improving the umbilical artery flow in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and fetal growth restriction. (biophilia.in)
Catabolism1
Mesenchymal1
  • Vimentin is a developmentally regulated intermediate filament protein (IFP) found in cells of mesenchymal origin. (thermofisher.com)
Ubiquitin3
  • E6-AP) is an important member of the ubiquitin proteasome system and a type of ubiquitin protein ligase (E3 enzyme) ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • UBE3A is associated with cervical cancer and may combine with the E6 proto-oncogene encoded by HPV16 within cervical cancer cells to form the E6/E6-AP protein complex through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Rab40c is a SOCS box-containing protein which binds Cullin5 to form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex (Rab40c/CRL5) to regulate protein ubiquitylation. (life-science-alliance.org)
Cells7
  • This protein is highly expressed at the site of erythropoietin production in the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells of the renal cortex. (novusbio.com)
  • A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
  • To conclude, it was identified that the probable anti‑CA mechanism of miRNA‑375 modulates HPV through the UBE3A and IGF‑1R pathway in cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These changes are mediated through chronic stress and the activation of the immune system with subsequent elevation in inflammatory factors, which damage insulin receptors in the body and glia (the white supporting cells) in the brain. (comeandreason.com)
  • EC and DHBA also enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylated and total IR and IRS-1 levels, and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway in NRK- 52E cells. (faksignaling.com)
  • However, the exact functions of Rab40c remain to be determined, and what proteins are the targets of Rab40c-Cullin5-mediated ubiquitylation in mammalian cells are unknown. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). (wikipedia.org)
Mechanism1
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the IR mechanism on the various organs and the signaling pathway design of the IR based in research articles. (researchsquare.com)
Development5
  • Maintenance of fetal lung volume plays a major role in normal lung development. (medscape.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), synthesized and secreted by human hepatocytes, is the primary regulator of insulin and serves an important function in regulating the growth and development of the body ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents age-related memory decline, and protects the brain from the neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neurological damage associated with epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and inherited conditions such as Down and Rett syndromes. (mdpi.com)
  • Unlike other IFP proteins, vimentin is expressed, along with desmin, during the early stages of cellular development. (thermofisher.com)
  • Alterations in normal insulin signaling pathways contribute as increased risk factors for the development of dysfunctions on the various organs. (researchsquare.com)
Renal1
  • Biomarkers of the transsulfuration pathway and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. (who.int)
Axis1
  • however, growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis disturbance by fetal programming and accelerated postnatal weight gain contributed to central adiposity in SGA children. (e-apem.org)
Molecular2
  • Molecular features of these tumors have expanded our vision of tumorigenesis and progression and provided abundant specifically targeted pathways [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The organization of molecular pathway maps included a detailed assessment of molecular properties from in the medical literature, accompanied by the implantation of the several elements in a sequence of interlinked occurrences. (researchsquare.com)
Secrete1
  • Normal transpulmonary pressure of about 2.5mm Hg allows the fetal lung to actively secrete fluid into the lumen. (medscape.com)