Pathway vascular activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

Induction of growth factors [interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor) may indirectly activate the AR and/or its downstream signaling pathways (5, 6, 7) . (aacrjournals.org)
Other growth factors involved in vascular remodeling include platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2). (comprehensivephysiology.com)
EGF (epidermal growth factor), TNF‐α, and PDGF (platelet‐derived growth factor) act through tyrosine kinase receptors and are partially transduced by intracellular reactive oxidant species (ROS) 95. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

TRPC1 channels are activated by receptors coupled to phospholipase C (PLC), mechanical stimulation, and depletion of intracellular calcium stores. (wikipedia.org)
When intracellular calcium reaches a threshold, it will activate the calcineurin /NFAT pathway. (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. (hindawi.com)
The metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, activate the Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, a major intracellular inflammatory cascade that transmits the intracellular signaling to the nucleus ( 2 ), promoting inflammatory response, inducing insulin resistance ( 3 ), and accelerating the development of cardiovascular complications ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Intracellular signaling events that converge on the cytoplasmic domain of integrin tails are also capable of activating the high affinity state. (thno.org)
The inhibitory effect of cAMP could not be reversed by inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) but was blocked by depletion of the alternative intracellular cAMP sensor exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), which is also required to observe SOCS-3 accumulation in response to cAMP. (gla.ac.uk)
This pathway plays a prominent role in inter- and intracellular communication and subversion can lead to cancer, fibrosis vascular disorders, and immune diseases. (lu.se)

Furthermore, senescent cells, with the secretory features known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), could produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP-1), to greatly affect the neighboring cells [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Here, we review the role of ferroptosis in p53-mediated tumor suppression, with a focus on what cellular factors are critical for p53-dependent ferroptosis during tumor suppression and how p53 modulates both the canonical (GPX4-dependent) and the non-canonical (GPX4-independent) ferroptosis pathways. (nature.com)
Ferroptosis acts as an independent pathway for suppressing tumor growth and is tightly connected with metabolism and oxidative stress responses. (nature.com)
In addition, loss of tumor suppressor activity or proapoptotic factors can contribute to androgen-independent growth (8) and has been reviewed (9) . (aacrjournals.org)
Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a potent migration factor for VSMCs. (elsevierpure.com)
Activation of this factor occurs in the stromal cells, tumor cells, and invading immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
The recently described role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the regulation of immune cell infiltration of microenvironment tumor resumes interest because of its potential impact to rection of immune therapy. (chemdiv.com)
Nussе and Varmus identified components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in 1982 in a study of oncogenic breast tumor viral diseases (MMTV) [1]. (chemdiv.com)
A brain-targeted liposomal honokiol and disulfiram/copper codelivery system (CDX-LIPO) was developed for combination therapy via regulating mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway for remodeling tumor metabolism and TIME. (bmj.com)
Results It was demonstrated that CDX-LIPO remarkably triggered tumor cell autophagy and induced immunogenic cell death, and meanwhile, activated the tumor-infiltrating macrophage and dendritic cells, and primed T and NK (natural killer) cells, resulting in antitumor immunity and tumor regression. (bmj.com)

Here we demonstrate that elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) specifically attenuates ERK1,2 activation in response to either leptin or a soluble interleukin IL-6 receptor-α/IL-6 (sIL-6R-α/IL-6) trans-signalling complex but not protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. (gla.ac.uk)
We present a rate equation model for the TGF-b pathway in endothelial cells together with novel measurements. (lu.se)

Mechanistically, we found that AMPK activation increased, whereas AMPK inhibition decreased, the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), an inducible nuclear phosphatase, by regulating proteasome-dependent degradation of MKP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
The mRNA and protein levels of α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Snail and the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK1/2) were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. (molvis.org)
Pharmacological inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) inhibited TNF-α-induced CREB phosphorylation. (elsevierpure.com)

NFAT translocate into the nucleus and induce gene transcription of more TRPC genes. (wikipedia.org)
Differentially expressed genes in the left atria of mitral regurgitation (MR) pigs have been linked to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in the KEGG pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
However, specific genes of the PPAR signaling pathway in the left atria of MR patients have never been explored. (biomedcentral.com)
We used PCR assay (84 genes) for PPAR pathway and quantitative RT-PCR to study specific genes of the PPAR pathway in the left atria. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentially expressed genes of the PPAR pathway have been identified in the left atria of MR patients compared with patients with aortic valve disease and normal controls. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes in that study showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway was identified in the KEGG pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The PPARs are ligand activated transcription factors that regulate genes important in cell differentiation, various metabolic processes, especially lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, control of inflammatory processes and vascular integrity [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we aim to explore the key element genes of the PPAR signaling pathway that were differentially expressed in the left atrial myocardium of MR patients vs. normal controls. (biomedcentral.com)
The results from this study may identify specific genes of the PPAR signaling pathway that might be responsible for the atrial structural remodeling associated with atrial enlargement and progression of heart failure in patients with MR. (biomedcentral.com)
In individuals without mutations in PAH-associated genes (genetically non-susceptible), epigenetic changes and exposure to environmental triggers over time can result in progressive pulmonary vascular dysfunction. (ersjournals.com)
I hypothesized that KSHV increases the transcription of specific regulatory genes responsible for the increase of peroxisome biogenesis. (uw.edu)
In the absence of PPARA, I expect that PEX gene expression will be downregulated, which would suggest that PPARA regulates PEX genes at the gene transcription level. (uw.edu)
To achieve this, p53 mainly functions as a transcription factor (TF) targeting hundreds of genes, but it also has TF-independent roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
These modules were also enriched in synergistically co-regulated genes and pathways relevant to vascular inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we constructed the drug, transcription factors (TFs), and microRNA network of the diagnostic genes. (nature.com)
cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is the stimulus-induced transcription factor and activates transcription of target genes such as c-fos and interleukin-6. (elsevierpure.com)
This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)

Existing studies have shown that there is crossover between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) signaling pathway and TGF-β pathway, but little is known about whether ARB drug losartan can block Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling pathway, inhibit the activation of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta (TGF-β) pathway, and regulate vascular remodeling. (ijpsonline.com)
Oxidative stress pathways regulate redox balance by Nrf2 and other ways. (springer.com)
Of the miR-214 -199 and -199a-3p regulate stromal cell functions including WNT pathway activation proliferation and migration. (immune-source.com)
Three miRNAs -214 -199 and -199a-3p were enriched in the renal stroma and regulate stromal cell functions activity in the renal stromal compartment regulates differentiation of nephron and vascular compartments of the developing kidney. (immune-source.com)
Finally, M. BUSSLINGER focuses on the transcription factors that regulate early B-lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow. (scielo.br)
Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)

Losartan has protective effect on aortic wall of rats with aortic dissection, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathway, which activates downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway related proteins, and then inhibits the expansion and progression of aortic dissection. (ijpsonline.com)

Abnormal vascular remodeling is the core cause of neointimal formation, mediator degeneration and cell dysfunction, which leads to atherosclerosis and vascular dilatation and other diseases[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Atherosclerosis is the main pathophysiological foundation of cardiovascular disease, which was caused by inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder, along with vascular calcification. (thno.org)
In the vasculature, activation of STAT1 and STAT3 promotes inflammatory response ( 5 ), increases neointimal formation ( 6 ), and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis ( 7 ), a chronic disease characterized by inflammation in the artery wall ( 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The increasing prevalence of vascular-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular events, retinopathy, and nephropathy during diabetes is a serious life-threatening concern all over the world. (kjpp.net)
We hypothesize that these pro-oxidative chemicals could synergize with oxidized lipid components generated in low-density lipoprotein particles to enhance vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Diesel exhaust particles and oxidized phospholipids synergistically affect the expression profile of several gene modules that correspond to pathways relevant to vascular inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory process where lipid deposition and oxidation in the artery wall constitute a hallmark of the disease [ 12 - 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Objective-Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to formation of vascular stenotic lesions such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. (elsevierpure.com)
In the case of vulnerable groups such as those with obesity, hypertension or atherosclerosis, and vulnerable older groups with already compromised vascular systems and maladaptive immune responses, a post-COVID-19 hyperimmune response is an expectation rather than the exception. (racgp.org.au)

They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The Wnt pathway mediates the biological processes of the canonical or non-canonical pathway, depending on the involvement of β-catenin in signal transduction. (chemdiv.com)

Interleukin-6 and other cytokines play an important role in the progression of COVID-19. (jomes.org)
Gene expressions for transcription factor NF-κB, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF-6), and microRNA-146a were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. (kjpp.net)
There was also evidence of down-regulation of serum interleukin 6, a downstream nuclear factor κB effector. (aacrjournals.org)
IL‐6 (Interleukin‐6) binds to its soluble receptor (soluble IL‐6 Receptor) and the complex then binds to gp130 149. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
We identified a significant induction of epithelial alarmin (thymic stromal lymphopoietin-TSLP)-dependent interleukin-13 pathway after co-exposure, associated with increased mucin and interferon gene expression. (cdc.gov)

Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
The function of isolated vascular rings, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) indicators were measured in this experiment. (bvsalud.org)

NF-κB pathways are associated with immunity, inflammation and cell survival. (springer.com)
This study was designed to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which AMPK suppresses vascular inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
We conclude that AMPK activation suppresses STAT1 signaling and inhibits vascular inflammation through the upregulation of MKP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important pathogenic factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Finally, in addition to confirming disrupted pathways and identifying novel hits in neuronal structure and synaptic transmission, our data indicate aberrant myelination, inflammation, and vascular disruption. (biomedcentral.com)
Similar transcription factors are activated and remain so during the first months as oedema subsides, thus inducing chronic inflammation and suppressing immunological recovery. (racgp.org.au)
The ageing process is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis via aberrant genome maintenance and systemic inflammation that result in tissue damage and occurrence of unfavourable genome modifications ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

In cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells, pharmacologic or genetic activation of AMPK inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), while inhibition of AMPK had opposite effects. (diabetesjournals.org)

Pathological stress or hypertrophic agonists will trigger G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and activates PLC to form DAG and inositol triphosphate (IP3). (wikipedia.org)
To investigate the effect of losartan on vascular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to measure the thickness and diameter ratio of the aortic media of mice in each group, Masson staining was used to observe the content of collagen fibers in the aorta of mice in each group, elastic fibers in the aorta of mice in each group were stained, and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway protein expression. (ijpsonline.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
Activated miRNAs are loaded into a complex including the Argonaute protein which enables the miRNA to bind by sequence complementarity to mRNA.9 13 A single miRNA can bind to 50-100 functionally related mRNA. (immune-source.com)
The trefoil factor (TFF) proteins (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) are characterized by the presence of at least one 40-aminoacid protein domain with three conserved disulfide bonds, which is termed the trefoil motif ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This process activates protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s) is a protein that belongs to the cAMP-response element-binding (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) b-ZIP family with a basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP). (mdpi.com)
Trodusquemine also prevented the Tunicamycin -induced increased arterial levels of the molecular ERS actors 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6α). (crcm-marseille.fr)
Tunicamycin strongly increased the interactions of PTP1B with GRP78 and the activated forms of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and IRE1α (proximity Ligation Assay). (crcm-marseille.fr)
We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
Release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns due to the viral infection and activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome via pattern recognition receptors and ongoing production of cytokines at the entry sites. (racgp.org.au)
Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)

introduced a new concept of CKD-associated secretory phenotype (CASP), which indicates that senescent renal cells could secrete SASP components of various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II), and inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured on aortic samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (kjpp.net)

Diverse cellular processes and signalling pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). (ersjournals.com)
This figure illustrates the pathways and processes discussed in this article and is not an exhaustive illustration of all the pathways currently understood to be involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. (ersjournals.com)
The pathogenesis of HCL was clarified by the discovery of its underlying genetic cause, the BRAF V600E kinase-activating mutation, which is somatically and clonally present in almost all patients through the entire disease spectrum and clinical course. (medscape.com)
Accompanying mutations of the KLF2 transcription factor or the CDKN1B/p27 cell cycle inhibitor are recurrent in 16% of patients with HCL and likely cooperate with BRAF V600E in HCL pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
Peroxisomes are multifunctional cellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic pathways important to KSHV pathogenesis. (uw.edu)
Schematic inflammatory pathways involving growth factors, vasomodulators, and infectious stimuli in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

Dysfunction in a myriad of overlapping signalling pathways can promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and differentiation, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and vasoconstriction, pericyte proliferation, migration and differentiation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling in the pulmonary artery. (ersjournals.com)
MAPK pathways refer to various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (springer.com)
Subconjunctival fibrosis is mediated by the activities of human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs), which initiate myofibroblast differentiation upon stimulation by many fibrogenic factors. (molvis.org)
We explored 36 mRNA-seq libraries in order to study transcriptome dynamics during proliferation and differentiation processes at 6 time points. (biomedcentral.com)
At the proliferation stage, proliferation related pathways and basic cellular and metabolic processes were inhibited, while regulatory factors that initiate differentiation enter the ready-to-activate state, which provides a precondition for initiating adipose differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, pathways positively related to adipogenic differentiation are significantly activated at the differentiation stage, while WNT, FOXO and other pathways that inhibit preadipocyte differentiation are negatively regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, we identified and classified more than 100 transcription factors that showed significant changes during differentiation, and found novel transcription factors that were not reported to be related to preadipoctye differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
The reason for its use is the higher number of platelets, which is an important source of growth factors, such TGF- β1, that hypothetically possess a stimulating effect on regulation and differentiation in mesenchymal tissue repair 10 . (bvsalud.org)

Once activated, p53 coordinates multiple downstream pathways, thereby maintaining the homeostasis of the host cell or organism (if the stress is mild, transient, and repairable) or eliminating damaged cells (if the stress is acute, prolonged, and difficult to resist). (nature.com)

Western blot analysis was used to measure eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mechanistically, we revealed that nintedanib reduces the TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3, p38MAPK, and ERK1/2, suggesting that nintedanib acts through both classic and nonclassic signaling pathways of TGF-β1 to prevent HTF activation. (molvis.org)
The inhibitory effects of cAMP on sIL-6Ra/IL-6-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and STAT3 were abolished by either short interfering (si) RNA-mediated knockdown or genetic ablation of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3). (gla.ac.uk)
Consistent with this observation, cAMP elevation in HUVECs produced a transient yet robust activation of ERK, and subsequent phosphorylation of transcription factor C/EBPβ, both of which were resistant to PKA inhibition. (gla.ac.uk)
Together, these observations suggest that while SOCS-3 induction and subsequent inhibition of cytokine-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and STAT3 in response to cAMP require Epac1 and a transient PKA-independent activation of the ERK pathway, these two events are controlled by distinct mechanisms. (gla.ac.uk)

The mechanism of how TRPC channels promote cardiac hypertrophy is through activation of the calcineurin pathway and the downstream transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). (wikipedia.org)
This study has investigated the effect of a potent bioflavonoid, troxerutin, on diabetes-induced changes in pro-inflammatory mediators and expression of microRNA-146a and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in aortic tissue of type-I diabetic rats. (kjpp.net)
CCL5 (RANTES) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) attract T and B lymphocytes. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
The regulatory proteins, SMADs activate nuclear transcription factors through MAPK 132. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

This study enrolled 15 MR patients with heart failure, 7 patients with aortic valve disease and heart failure, and 6 normal controls. (biomedcentral.com)
Notably, only ACADM, FABP3, ECH1, ACAA2, EHHADH, CPT1A and PLTP of the PPAR pathway were significantly differentially expressed in the MR patients compared to patients with aortic valve disease and normal controls. (biomedcentral.com)

WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. (springer.com)

In this review, we studied on the effects and molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis on NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways. (springer.com)
Evidence presented in this review implicated that Rhizoma coptidis exerted beneficial effects on various diseases by regulation of NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways, which support the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and offer references for future researches. (springer.com)
In this review, we sorted out the relationship of Rhizoma coptidis among components, diseases and NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/ERS/oxidative stress pathways, systematically studying on how Rhizoma coptidis exerts beneficial effects to various diseases, which supported the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and provided references for the future researches. (springer.com)
Conclusion-Our results suggest that p38-MAPK/CREB/Rac1 pathway plays a critical role in TNF-α-induced VSMC migration and may be a novel therapeutic target for vascular stenotic lesion. (elsevierpure.com)

Finally, we used siRNAs against the major transcription factors (TFs) predicted for these regions [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4), and vitamin D receptor (VDR)] to assess EDN1 expression in cell culture and validate the binding sites. (stanford.edu)
After mock and KSHV infecting cells, I evaluated gene expression of a known transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), that has been shown to be responsible for peroxisome biogenesis. (uw.edu)

LIFUS stimulation can also improve memory and cognitive functions in vascular encephalopathy rats [ 6 ]. (aging-us.com)
Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6/each): healthy, healthy-troxerutin, diabetic, and diabetic-troxerutin. (kjpp.net)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts through its receptor KDR, a receptor tyrosine kinase 85. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Woolson, H. D. , Thomson, V. S. , Rutherford, C. , Yarwood, S. J. and Palmer, T. M. (2009) Selective inhibition of cytokine-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase by cyclic amp via Epac1-dependent induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3. (gla.ac.uk)

These 3 channels are activated by the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 agonist dihydroxyphenylglycine. (wikipedia.org)
This pattern probably results from the expression of the integrin receptor alpha4-beta1 by the hairy cells and the interaction of the receptor with the vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) found in splenic and hepatic endothelia, bone marrow, and splenic stroma. (medscape.com)

Ku HC, Cheng CF. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer . (sinica.edu.tw)
ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) are highly specialized cells that maintain vascular tone and ensure vascular contractility under physiological conditions. (ijpsonline.com)
SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells mainly by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), 1 which is highly expressed in lung alveolar cells, cardiac myocytes, the vascular endothelium, and other cells. (jomes.org)
Renal stromal cells derive from the cortical stroma overlying the cap mesenchyme.6 21 This layer of mesenchymal cells in the zone of nephrogenesis expresses the transcription factor FOXD1. (immune-source.com)
Renal stromal cells become vascular easy muscle mass cells (VSMCs) glomerular mesangial cells pericytes and fibroblasts of the mature kidney.21 As described above mice missing show severe defects in kidney organogenesis including markedly reduced kidney volume Anacetrapib (MK-0859) longitudinal fusion ventral rotation smaller Anacetrapib (MK-0859) collecting system and a marked decrease in the number of nephrons. (immune-source.com)
These progenitors give rise to all of the stromal cells of the developing kidney including mesangium and vascular easy muscle (Supplementary Physique S1B).21 22 Many of these stromal cells are attached to forming capillaries whereas others are closely associated with the developing tubule (Supplementary Determine S1B). (immune-source.com)
In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Thereafter, we identified significant difference of infiltrated immune cells (effector memory CD8 T cell, activated B cell, memory B cell, natural killer cell, CD56 bright natural killer cell, natural killer T cell, plasmacytoid dendritic cell, and neutrophil) between AD and control samples. (nature.com)
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which primarily targets angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors on cells of the respiratory system and induces an immediate immunological cascade of cytokine responses that affect the individual cells and vascular system. (racgp.org.au)
Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)

In 2020, global CRC cases increased by 6%, with a mortality rate of 29 per 100,000 people in men and 20 per 100,000 people in women ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

The inflammatory response, critical illness, and underlying risk factors may all predispose to complications of obesity such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. (jomes.org)
the expansion of SAT and VAT contributes to obesity and related complications [ 6 ]. (springer.com)
BACKGROUND: Rosuvastatin contributes to the improvement of vascular complications in diabetes, but the protective mechanisms remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease caused by the obliteration of the pulmonary arterioles, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance and eventually causing right heart failure. (stanford.edu)
Main inflammatory mediators in pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

Cellular aging or cellular senescence is the critical factor for the process of aging. (hindawi.com)

This article presents the roles of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer and current therapeutic strategies involving this pathway. (chemdiv.com)

PPARα is expressed mainly in metabolically active tissues, such as heart, liver, and skeletal muscle [ 6 ], and plays important physiologic roles in fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

Oxidative stress pathways are caused by the imbalance of oxidation and antioxidation in body. (springer.com)

The exaggerated immune response to repeated inhalation of these particles leads to infiltration and proliferation of activated pulmonary macrophages and lymphocytes, resulting in lymphocytic alveolitis and bronchiolitis with noncaseating granulomas. (cdc.gov)

Further recruitment of intravascular neutrophils in the lungs and to microglia in the brain, activates proinflammatory cytokine production. (racgp.org.au)

Endothelin-1 (EDN1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide whose levels are indicators of disease progression and its pathway is one of the most common targeted by current treatments. (stanford.edu)
The trefoil factor (TFF) family comprises three thermo-stable and protease-resistant proteins (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) and plays an essential role in gastrointestinal mucosa protection and regeneration, and TFFs have recently been found to be involved in the development and progression of various types of cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
Recent studies suggest that TFFs are involved in the development and progression of various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, stomach and colon cancer ( 6 - 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Primary cultured HTFs were incubated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) alone or combined with nintedanib, and cell proliferation and migration were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and the scratch wound assay, respectively. (molvis.org)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that sense a wide range of "danger" signals or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Activation of the vascular innate immune system inducing recruitment of macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils to the alveoli. (racgp.org.au)

METHODS: Calpain-1 knockout (Capn1 EK684-/-) and C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ to induce type 1 diabetes. (bvsalud.org)

Activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathway has been reported in numerous retinal degenerative diseases including AMD ( 16 ), glaucomatous retinopathy ( 19 ) and diabetic retinopathy ( 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Extracellular factors that influence integrin activation are ligand binding, divalent cation concentration, chemokine signaling and mechanical stress. (thno.org)

The study was carried out in 6 normal, 44 benign prostatic hyperplastic and 39 cancerous human prostates. (biomedcentral.com)
VHL disease is characterized by retinal capillary hemangiomas (also called benign vascular hamartomas). (medscape.com)

Generally, people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 develop signs and symptoms on average of 5-6 days after infection. (jomes.org)

AMPK pathways are energy regulation pathways. (springer.com)

This effect appeared to be achieved via inhibition of the PERK/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway and suppression of VEGF expression levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
Thus, PTP1B plays a central role in the regulation of ERS in the endothelium, and the endothelial protective effect of PTP1B inhibition appears likely due at least in part to reduction of endothelial ERS, notably by promoting PERK protective pathway. (crcm-marseille.fr)
Interestingly, the ability of cAMP elevation to inhibit IL-6 signalling was blocked by ERK inhibition. (gla.ac.uk)

Recent clinical trials and basic research have designed to investigate biomolecules available as prognostic factors ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Platelet-derive3

Intracellular7

Tumor10

Endothelial cells2

Mitogen-activa3

Genes18

Regulate6

Related proteins1

Atherosclerosis9

Mediates3

Interleukin5

Apoptosis3

Inflammation7

Signal transducer and activator of transcription1

Protein14

Cytokines2

Pathogenesis6

Differentiation8

Downstream pathways1

Phosphorylation5

Nuclear4

Aortic2

Processes1

MAPK4

Peroxisome2

Rats2

Kinase2

Receptor2

Homeostasis2

Cells10

20201

Complications3

Pulmonary vascular2

Cellular senescence1

Therapeutic1

PPAR1

Oxidative1

Lymphocytes1

Proinflammatory1

Progression3

Proliferation and migration1

Immune2

Induce1

Activation2

Benign2

20191

AMPK1

Inhibition3

Biomolecules1