Pathway m phase cell cycle checkpoints. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cross-talk between many of these pathways links cyclin B levels indirectly to induction of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
A decrease in survivin levels and the associated mitotic disarray triggers apoptosis via caspase 3 mediated pathway. (wikipedia.org)
RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
Wu X, Song M, Qiu P, Li F, Wang M, Zheng J, Wang Q, Xu F, Xiao H. A metabolite of nobiletin, 4'-demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (umassmed.edu)
Bufalin induces G0/G1 phase arrest through inhibiting the levels of cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK2 and CDK4, and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling pathway in T24 human bladder cancer cells. (umassmed.edu)
In contrast, no significant alteration of apoptosis in the BCa cells with downregulated LAPTM5 was noticed. (spandidos-publications.com)
These include regulation of cell cycle, activation of mitochondrial pathway, induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, amelioration of inflammation, modulation of insulin signaling and inhibition of angiogenesis. (mdpi.com)
Acutely deleting Foxd3 leads to immediate replication stress, G2/M phase arrest, genome instability and p53-dependent apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
The sub G1 peaks, which signify necrosis/apoptosis, are greater in DCS taken care of 40AF cells compared with all the handle group. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Caspase-2 is most well-known for initiating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway [1] and as a tumor suppressor [2]. (nature.com)
These cells do not undergo apoptosis, and the primary outcome of caspase-2 activation is continued, cell division. (nature.com)
This indicates a role distinct from caspase-2's reported role in inducing apoptosis to remove damaged or aneuploid cells [7][8]. (nature.com)
therefore, we overexpressed Bcl-X L to distinguish caspase-2's role in cell division and DNA protection from its role in apoptosis. (nature.com)
While other groups have demonstrated non-apoptotic roles for caspase-2 in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest [2], this is the first demonstration that these roles are regulated by a distinct pathway to apoptosis. (nature.com)
If apoptosis is not an essential mechanism for its tumor suppression function, then a role in regulating the cell cycle may be. (nature.com)
When damaged DNA cannot be repaired, a functional DDR machinery triggers a signaling cascade, leading to cell senescence or apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
SFN induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibits tubulin polymerization, activates checkpoint 2 kinase, and inhibits histone deacetylase activity. (sproutnet.com)
To prevent hyper-proliferation, aberrant cells can be eliminated through apoptosis. (utrgv.edu)
E2F can induce apoptosis through two pathways: through transactivation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 or through Rb de-repression. (utrgv.edu)
Hyperthermia alone as a cancer treatment can selectively eliminate cancer cells by facilitating molecular mechanisms such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy [ 4 - 6 ], or activate NK cells or DCs which in turn stimulates anti-cancer immune responses [ 7 , 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Taken together, the current results demonstrate that MAPK1 promotes myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation simultaneously by cell cycle progression while suppresing apoptosis. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

The cyclin B/CDK1 complex also interacts with a variety of other key proteins and pathways which regulate cell growth and progression of mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
When p53 build-up triggers cell cycle arrest the levels of downstream proteins p21 and WAF1 are increased which prevents cyclinB/CDK1 complex activation and therefore progression through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Indeed in S and G2 phase, RPA binding to 3' single strand overhangs facilitates the recruitment of proteins of the Rad52 epistasis group, among which Rad51, which carries out the strand-exchange reaction. (cea.fr)
Whereas the different DNA repair pathways and the proteins they involve are know pretty well described, how they are regulated relative to each other in time and space remains to be deciphered. (cea.fr)
It seems now clear that posttranslational modification of both DNA repair and checkpoint proteins is of importance for the regulation of their activities but how these modifications are regulated and how they affect the activity of the proteins only begins to be described. (cea.fr)
The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
This network included the abundant pattern recognition proteins, signal transduction compo nents involved with Toll, Imd and JAK/STAT pathways, modulation molecules in proPO activating cascade and immune responsive effectors. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
These compounds generally penetrate cell membranes, act on specific target proteins in cells, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and cause some changes in cell phenotype. (chemscene.com)
CAR T cells generated from healthy donors showed a higher percentage of memory CD8+ T cells and lower expression of immune checkpoint proteins than those generated from patients with relapsed disease, suggesting that allogenic CAR T cells may be more cytotoxic. (liangyihui.net)
Mutations in proteins involved with the Rb/E2F pathway can result in hyper-proliferative cells that overtime can acquire and accumulate additional mutations, which could lead to tumorigenesis. (utrgv.edu)
Mitosis is usually a dynamic process controlled by the activity of multiple kinases with attendant modification of proteins facilitating rigid checkpoint control. (ap26113.com)
Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)

Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Pope PA, Pryciak PM. Functional overlap among distinct G1/S inhibitory pathways allows robust G1 arrest by yeast mating pheromones. (umassmed.edu)
In human monocytic cell lines U-937 and THP-1, LeTx induced cell cycle arrest in Go-Gi phase by rapid down-regulation of cyclin D1/D2 and checkpoint kinase 1 through MEK1 inhibition. (uwo.ca)
However, THP-1 cells adaptively adjusted to LeTx and overrode cell cycle arrest by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (uwo.ca)
Recovery from cell cycle arrest was required before recovering from on-going MEK1 cleavage and suppression of TNF-a production. (uwo.ca)
Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
When unreplicated or damaged DNA is present, cell cycle checkpoint pathways cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). (vt.edu)
Chk1 regulates cell cycle arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA in somatic cells by phosphorylating Cdc25A and leading to its degradation. (vt.edu)
DSBs are first detected and signaled by the DNA damage checkpoint that triggers cell cycle arrest, providing time for the cell to repair damaged chromosomes before entering mitosis. (cea.fr)
Paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity and G2/M cell cycle arrest were reversed significantly by stress hormones. (usuhs.edu)
We conclude that upon rapid TRAIP degradation, specifically in S-phase, cells cease to proliferate, arrest in G2 stage of the cell cycle and undergo senescence. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, LY2835219 has additional anti-proliferative effects on cell cycling, including induction of an RB-associated G (1) arrest via suppression of cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb pathway. (nih.gov)
Cell cycle arrest accompanies DCS induced differentia tion of 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
38 Consistent together with the greater differentiation, G1 arrest also increases when QVD is utilised to inhibit HPK1 cleavage in DCS treated 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
It has long been noted that caspase-2-deficient cells proliferate faster [2], and elegant studies have shown that caspase-2 induces cell cycle arrest following cytokinesis failure [5]. (nature.com)
In contrast, while caspase-2-deficiency led to an increased proportion of S-phase cells and a progressive decrease in the proportion of G1-phase cells following treatment with arresting concentrations of the DNA damaging agent camptothecin and increased DNA damage following S-phase arrest, overexpression of Bcl-X L did not change the cell cycle profiles or the amount of DNA damage. (nature.com)
Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
This suggests that DNA replication following escape from G1 arrest in drug is more error prone and provides a potential explanation for the DNA damage observed under long-term RAF-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway inhibition. (babraham.ac.uk)
Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
In the investigation of underlying mechanisms, we found knock down of HSPB1 further increased the proportion of apoptotic cells in hyperthermic treated melanoma cells when compared with either single agent alone, and both agents leaded to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 or G2/M phases. (oncotarget.com)
RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 depletion induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)

Cyclin B is necessary for the progression of the cells into and out of M phase of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. (umassmed.edu)
Furthermore, poorer prognosis in cancer patients who display a glycolytic phenotype characterized by metabolic alterations, such as obesity and diabetes, is now well established, providing another link between metabolic pathways and cancer progression. (springer.com)
Results: Fibroblastic meningioma exhibited upregulated PI3K/Akt and TGFÎ² signaling pathways, and accelerated G1/S progression cell cycle. (omicsdi.org)
In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
Treatment effects were assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, western blot, cell viability, and cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Protein expression of the pRb and p53 pathways and related molecules that directly or indirectly influence cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase checkpoint was assessed. (gsdermatology.com.au)
Investigating the mechanism of synthetic lethality, we reveal that CHK1 inhibition in IGF-1R depleted or inhibited cells further downregulated RRM2, reduced dNTP supply and profoundly delayed replication fork progression. (nature.com)
This allowed us to distinguish between pathways whose dysregulation is probably necessary throughout tumorigenesis and those whose involvement specifically drives progression from one stage to the next. (biomedcentral.com)
Rb is able to suppress cell proliferation by binding to the E2F family of transcription factors, inhibiting its ability to activate transcription of genes necessary for cell cycle progression. (utrgv.edu)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)

In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Amputation-induced proliferation occurred predominantly within the epidermal and intestinal epithelium, as well as wound-adjacent muscle fibers, where clusters of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle were found. (mdpi.com)
It inhibits cytokine production and cell proliferation/differentiation in various immune cells. (uwo.ca)
This study demonstrated that modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signaling cascades can be beneficial for protecting or facilitating recovery from cellular LeTx intoxication in cells that depend on basal MEK1 activity for proliferation. (uwo.ca)
Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Here, we have determined the mechanism of inhibition of cell proliferation in TRAIP-depleted cells. (bvsalud.org)
Genotoxic damage causes robust alterations to pathways associated with B cell activation and increased proliferation, suggesting that genotoxic damage initiates not only the normal B cell maturation processes but also mimics activated B cell response to antigenic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
The most significant pathways and BPs that were deregulated in the primary disease condition were associated with the cell cycle and fibroblast proliferation procedures. (genominfo.org)
MTT colorimetric assays, colony formation assays and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine incorporation assays were also conducted to evaluate ACC cell proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
We used a siRNA strategy to reduce HSPB1 levels and showed increased intolerance to hyperthermia via reduced cell viability and/or proliferation of cells. (oncotarget.com)
BeadChip microarray and gene ontology analysis revealed that RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 suppression reduced the proliferation rate of the t(8;21) cells with deregulated expression of several classical positive regulator genes that are otherwise known to enhance cell proliferation. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The focus of this study is the role of protein kinase Chk1 and the phosphatase Cdc25A in the DNA replication checkpoint. (vt.edu)
ATR kinase activates the S-phase checkpoint when replication forks stall at sites of DNA damage. (elsevierpure.com)
Together, our findings identify ATR as the kinase responsible for activating the FA pathway of DNA repair. (elsevierpure.com)
Inhibitor of checkpoint kinase CHK1 was identified as a top screen hit. (nature.com)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)
However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
GR phosphorylation by an Aurora kinase-dependent pathway provides the mechanism explaining the tight coupling GSK1904529A of ligand-independent GR phosphorylation to cell cycle phase because the maximal activity of these kinases occurs in mitosis. (ap26113.com)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)

The amount of cyclin B (which binds to Cdk1) and the activity of the cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle until mitosis, where they fall abruptly due to degradation of cyclin B (Cdk1 is constitutively present). (wikipedia.org)
In order for the cell to progress out of mitosis, the degradation of cyclin B is necessary. (wikipedia.org)
Because cyclin B is necessary for cells to enter mitosis and therefore necessary for cell division, cyclin B levels are often de-regulated in tumors. (wikipedia.org)
From late mitosis to the G1 phase of the cell cycle ORC CDC6 and Cdt1 form the machinery necessary to load MCM2-7 complexes onto DNA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
In Xenopus laevis, early embryonic development consists of twelve rapid cleavage cycles between DNA replication (S) and mitosis (M) without checkpoints or gap phases. (vt.edu)
The checkpoint original model represents the activity of Cdc25 phosphatase on the mitosis promoting factor (MPF) that leads the cell into mitosis. (vt.edu)
To examine the functional role of GR during mitosis we performed GR knockdown studies tracking cell division in real time and observed increased chromosome segregation errors with evidence of spindle defects. (ap26113.com)
Although we find tetraploid cells following GR loss (Movie S3) our data suggest that the majority of GR knockdown cells either progress through mitosis with errors or pass away in mitosis. (ap26113.com)

At the end of S phase the phosphatase cdc25c dephosphorylates tyrosine15 and this activates the cyclin B/CDK1 complex. (wikipedia.org)
In the absence of active Chk1, Cdc25A activates cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) allowing the cell to progress into S or M phase. (vt.edu)
This may suggest that caspase-2 activates a non-canonical replication checkpoint to facilitate DNA repair. (nature.com)

Transient inhibition of RNA polymerase II in S phase reduces observed replication stress and cell cycle defects. (bvsalud.org)
These results show how a transcriptional repressor can play a central role in maintaining genome integrity through the transient inhibition of transcription during S phase, enabling faithful DNA replication. (bvsalud.org)
The pan caspase inhibitor Q VD OPh even more enhances DCS induced differentiation of 40AF cells by inhibition of HPK1 cleavage. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
To examine the mechanism by which DCS reverses resistance of 40AF buy Roscovitine cells to 1,25D, we asked if HPK1 sig naling is enhanced from the inhibition of its proteolytic cleavage, regarded to take area in other methods. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Co-inhibition of IGF and CHK1 caused synergistic suppression of cell viability, cell survival and tumour growth in 2D cell culture, 3D spheroid cultures and in vivo. (nature.com)
We could confirm the increased polyploidy upon Mps1 inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and PDX model, leading to mitotic catastrophe activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (lu.se)
ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
We concluded that hyperthermia combined with silencing of HSPB1 enhanced cell death and resulted in failure to thrive in melanoma cell lines, implying the potential clinical utility of hyperthermia in combination with HSPB1 inhibition in cancer treatment. (oncotarget.com)

In this study, cultured human temozolomide resistance GB (43RG) cells were introduced to the MGMT inhibitor O 6 -benzylguanine combined with temozolomide and either LY2835219 (CDK 4/6 inhibitor) or LY2157299 (TGF-βRI inhibitor) seeking to overcome GB treatment resistance. (nih.gov)
This study establishes the groundwork for the development of a combinatorial pharmacologic approach by using either LY2385219 or LY2157299 inhibitor plus O 6 -Benzylguanine to augment temozolomide response in temozolomide-resistant GB cells. (nih.gov)
13 So, in one,25D resistant 40AF cells HPK1 doesn't seem inhibitor checkpoint inhibitors to signal differentiation with the JNK pathway. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
The addition of a gamma secretase inhibitor, which targets an enzyme that cleaves BCMA from multiple myeloma cells, enhanced the cytotoxicity of allogeneic CAR T cells. (liangyihui.net)
Treatment with the novel cyclophilin inhibitor NV651, presented a potent antiproliferative effect in HCC cell lines via cell cycle perturbations arresting cells in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
Here, we investigate amplification events that underlie resistance to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) in COLO205 cells, a well-characterized model for reproducible emergence of drug resistance, and show that amplifications acquired are the primary cause of resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)

Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
PARP inhibitors (PARPis) can induce synthetic lethality in cancer cells with preexistent defects in the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway, such as deleterious mutations of the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) suppressor genes [ 7 ] [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
This improvement may be a consequence of the introduction of immune-checkpoint-inhibitors and other targeted treatments for metastatic and unresectable disease. (cdc.gov)

Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
S transition in the cell cycle, upregulated expression of tumor-promoting microenvironmental factors, and profound dysregulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., increased aerobic glycolysis, downregulation of pathways that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics). (biomedcentral.com)

c Reactome functional enrichment of cell cycle genes based on shared differentially expressed (DE) genes from previous studies. (biomedcentral.com)
From M/G1 to S phase, the shared DE genes from both cell lines were significantly enriched. (biomedcentral.com)
FOXD3 binds near highly transcribed genes during S phase entry, and its loss increases the expression of these genes. (bvsalud.org)
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the differentially expressed genes in the KEGG pathways. (omicsdi.org)
The most responsible genes and pathways involved in the pathology of this disorder have not been fully understood. (genominfo.org)
We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the most critical hub genes, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and biological processes (BPs) associated with the pathogenesis of primary SGC. (genominfo.org)
Despite many types of investigation that have been performed, the most critical genes and signaling pathways taking part in the etiology of the disease have not been fully demonstrated [ 5 ]. (genominfo.org)
Random set analysis was used to identify biological pathways enriched for genes differentially regulated in tumors (compared with 59 samples of normal mucosa). (biomedcentral.com)
Following this, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in Gene Ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein‑protein interaction network and survival analyses. (cancerindex.org)
The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the gene expression patterns following siRNA‑mediated suppression of RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 in Kasumi‑1 and SKNO‑1 cells and to determine the differentially expressed genes in enriched biological pathways. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 suppression exerted an anti‑apoptotic effect through the overexpression of BCL2, BIRC3 and CFLAR genes, while MAPK1 suppression induced apopotosis in t(8;21) cells by the apoptotic mitochondrial changes stimulated by the activity of upregulated TP53 and TNFSF10, and downregulated JUN gene. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)

Survivin is necessary for proper creation of the mitotic spindle which strongly affects cell viability, therefore when cyclin B levels are disrupted cells experience difficulty polarizing. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] When cyclin B levels are elevated, cells can enter M phase prematurely and strict control over cell division is lost, which is a favorable condition for cancer development. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, if cyclin B levels are depleted the cyclin B/CDK1 complex cannot form, cells cannot enter M phase and cell division slows down. (wikipedia.org)
Some anti-cancer therapies have been designed to prevent cyclin B/CDK1 complex formation in cancer cells to slow or prevent cell division. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that cyclin B is often disregulated in cancer cells makes cyclin B an attractive biomarker. (wikipedia.org)
A study in 2009 found that cyclin B overexpression in ovarian cancer indicates that the cancer is unlikely to be malignant while more aggressive ovarian cancers of epithelial cell origin do not show elevated cyclin B. There is strong cross-talk between the pathways regulating cyclin B and the tumor suppressor gene p53. (wikipedia.org)
It has also been observed that decreasing cyclin B levels in cells increases the levels of functional p53. (wikipedia.org)
The crystal structure of human cyclin B". Cell Cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Activated Akt inhibited GSK3 and prevented proteasome-mediated cyclin D1 degradation in LeTx-intoxicated THP-1 cells. (uwo.ca)
The activation of Chk1 by two time-dependent events in the cell cycle, the critical nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and the cyclin E/Cdk2 maternal timer are explored in this study. (vt.edu)
We explored the anti-proliferative effects following ZD1839 treatment alone or in combination with radiotherapy in cyclin D1 and E2F-1 over-expressing SCC9 HNSCC cells. (gsdermatology.com.au)
SCC9 cells over-expressing cyclin D1 or E2F-1 were highly resistant to ZD1839 treatment, while E2F-1 clones were also radioresistant. (gsdermatology.com.au)
It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)

Conclusion: We proposed that deregulation of cell cycle and PI3K/Akt pathways might play important roles in the tumorigenesis of fibroblastic meningioma. (omicsdi.org)
LY2157299 enhances anti-tumor effect by disrupting TGF-β-dependent HIF-1α signaling and by activating both Smad and PI3K-AKT pathways towards transcription of S/G2 checkpoints. (nih.gov)

Comparing these transcriptional responses provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms cells use in the differentiation between types of DNA damage and the potential consequences of different sources of damage. (biomedcentral.com)
This can be consistent with our previ ously reported observation that JNK2 action is inhibitory to differentiation of 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
33 35 The pan caspase inhib itor Q VD OPh considerably increases differentiation of DCS handled 40AF cells. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 suppression supported myeloid differentiation by the differential expression of CEBPA, CEBPE, ID2, JMJD6, IKZF1, CBFB, KIT and CDK6, while MAPK1 depletion inhibited the differentiation of t(8;21) cells by elevated expression of ADA and downregulation of JUN. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)

Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
For example, under low-nitrogen conditions, crosstalk is observed between two signaling pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the cAMP and MAPK pathways, which are both downstream of the small GTPase Ras. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
During the cell cycle, there are two main checkpoints that regulate entrance into S and M phases. (vt.edu)
First, given evidence that IGFs regulate the response to IR, we also found evidence that IGF-1R depletion induced endogenous DNA lesions marked by γH2AX foci in prostate cancer cells [ 10 ]. (nature.com)

In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms utilize the same molecular pathways that are altered through calorie and/or carbohydrate restriction. (springer.com)
Molecular markers of prognosis and therapeutic response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (gsdermatology.com.au)
Identifying molecular targets of prognostic and therapeutic significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) may help direct novel therapies to patients whom it is most likely to benefit. (gsdermatology.com.au)
We used a molecular pathway-based approach to analyze transcriptomic profiles of 59 colorectal tumors representing early and late preinvasive stages and the invasive stage of tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Part of these genetic aberrations arise from the dysregulation of one or more molecular pathways responsible for recognizing and repairing DNA damage. (encyclopedia.pub)
This killing process occurs only if two molecular pathways are simultaneously deficient in one cell, whereas the isolated defect is innocuous [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
This abberation deregulates numerous molecular pathways including the ERK signalling pathway among others. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)

The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
However, the mechanisms controlling their availability during the cell cycle are less well defined. (bvsalud.org)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
These results are consistent with previous studies and demonstrate that our methodology is effective for studying cooperative mechanisms in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
We discuss what factors determine the sub pathway choice including etiology of the DSB, chromatin structure at the break site, processing of the DSBs and the mechanisms regulating the sub-pathway choice. (springeropen.com)
Considerable attention has focused on SFN as a 'blocking' agent, with the ability to modulate the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, but recent evidence suggests that SFN acts by numerous other mechanisms. (sproutnet.com)
The mechanisms by which isocyanates cause asthma remain unclear, hampering disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.7 It is assumed the reactive nature of N=C=O groups underlies isocyanate asthma, with a hapten-based mechanism as the most obvious pathway to pathogenesis.8 However, the critical "self" reaction targets for isocyanate in vivo remain uncertain. (cdc.gov)

the chorion gene loci in follicle cells (21 22 In pre-RC development the effective launching of multiple MCM complexes is necessary for the toleration of replication strains and activation of checkpoint pathways (23-25). (exposed-skin-care.net)
HR comprises different pathways: gene conversion (GC) that accurately repair the lesion by copying the homologous sequence, single strand annealing (SSA) or break induced replication (BIR) that can both lead to loss of genetic information. (cea.fr)
KEGG pathway analysis was performed to identify potential gene pathways that may be involved in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. (omicsdi.org)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)

A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
Comparison of clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in United Kingdom and Australia. (gsdermatology.com.au)

1). A protein interaction map (PIM) was built, and the main modules within the network were identified and focused on the different pathways and BP analyses. (genominfo.org)

During RT, alterations in signaling pathways result in changes in the local immune microenvironment. (nature.com)
However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)
One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It may represent a viable target population for immune checkpoint and DNA damaging treatment. (almacgroup.com)
Activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway is associated with expression of the immune-checkpointinggene PD-L1 which may prevent immune-mediated tumorcell death. (almacgroup.com)
This may provide a therapeutic rationale for immune-checkpoint targeted therapies in the context of DNA damage response deficiency in cancer. (almacgroup.com)
A key determinant of the immune system's efficacy against diseases and tumors is the diversity of B-cell and T-cell receptors, which is most pronounced in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the receptors. (liangyihui.net)
Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)

CKI may be able to directly induce DSBs, but may also indirectly induce DSBs by arresting checkpoint functions during the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
These results suggest genotoxic damage may induce a unique cancer-prone phenotype and processes mimicking activated B cell response to antigenic agents, as well as the normal B cell maturation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
While genomic instability contributes to the poor prognosis for GBM patients [ 5 ] , the damaged DNA offers a target for pharmacological approaches that induce cancer cell death by a mechanism called synthetic lethality. (encyclopedia.pub)
Over a decade ago, this phytochemical was identified as a likely chemopreventive agent based on its ability to induce Phase 2 detoxification enzymes, as well as to inhibit Phase 1 enzymes involved in carcinogen activation. (sproutnet.com)

At this point, the embryo initiates transcription, acquires gap phases between S and M phases, and establishes a functional apoptotic program. (vt.edu)
Here, we study FOXD3, a transcriptional repressor enriched in pluripotent stem cells, and show that its repression of transcription upon S phase entry is critical to minimizing replication stress and preserving genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
Our findings reveal that TRAIP works in S-phase to prevent DNA damage at transcription start sites, caused by replication-transcription conflicts. (bvsalud.org)
As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)

Additionally, the checkpoint kinases modify the chromatin surrounding DNA damages through phosphorylation of the H2A histone (H2AX in mammals). (cea.fr)
This event also causes phosphorylation of the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein FANCI, triggering its monoubiquitination of the key DNA repair factor FANCD2 by the FA core E3 ligase complex, thereby promoting this central pathway of DNA repair which permits replication to be restarted. (elsevierpure.com)
FANCD2 is a phosphorylation target of kinases ATM and perhaps ATR, a phosphorylation that is necessary to maintain the S-phase checkpoint. (kupferlab.org)

TRAIP is essential for cell viability, and mutations in TRAIP ubiquitin ligase activity lead to primordial dwarfism in patients. (bvsalud.org)
The combination of NV651 and cisplatin, a DNA damage reagent, resulted in a synergistic effect in cell viability, and a significant increase on cell death in HCC cell lines. (lu.se)

Chk1 plays a critical but not fully understood role in cell cycle remodeling and early embryonic development. (vt.edu)
In order to understand the function and regulation of Chk1 in checkpoints, the features of the MBT that activate Chk1 must be identified. (vt.edu)
All of these defects are associated with impaired activation of the ATR/CHK1 pathway. (nature.com)

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) core complex localizes to chromatin during the S phase and in response to DNA damage. (kupferlab.org)

We hypothesize that drug resistance may be associated with stress hormone-induced alterations in breast cancer cells. (usuhs.edu)

5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. (springer.com)

RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)

This is why this pathway if often regarded to be an error-prone recovery mechanism [ 2 , 13 , 14 ]. (springeropen.com)

Mathematical modeling is the translating of biological pathways into mathematical equations that can simulate interactions without performing laboratory experiments. (vt.edu)

DNA DAMAGE, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through G1 phase. (umassmed.edu)
The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
Failure to properly repair this damage can lead to detrimental health effects, such as uncontrolled cell death and cancer formation. (biomedcentral.com)
We propose a model where caspase-2 regulates the cell cycle and protects DNA replication forks to prevent DNA damage accrual in a pathway distinct from its apoptotic role. (nature.com)
These signaling pathways are disrupted in GBM, and despite the accumulation of DNA damage, cancerous cells will thrive, maintaining survival and pathological cell division [ 2 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)
The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)

Change in localisation depends on the checkpoint kinases Tel1ATM and Mec1ATR and has a positive effect on spontaneous recombination. (cea.fr)
HSP90AA1 Aurora kinases are grasp regulators of both centrosome and checkpoint control function. (ap26113.com)

Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)

Rapidly dividing mouse pluripotent stem cells are highly transcriptionally active and experience elevated replication stress, yet paradoxically maintain genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
Initially, MiDAS was characterized as a process associated with intrinsically unstable loci known as common fragile sites that occurs after cells experience DNA replication stress (RS). (bvsalud.org)
In our paper published in Oncogene [6], we show that caspase-2 plays an essential role in regulating normal cell division by protecting DNA replication forks from replication stress. (nature.com)
Thus, caspase-2 activation during replication stress engages a pathway distinct from that engaged by cytokinesis failure. (nature.com)
Consistent with this, we noted a caspase-2-dependent slowdown of the cell cycle following mild replication stress. (nature.com)
The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
One goal of this work is to understand the developmental role and regulation of checkpoint signaling pathways due to its monitoring of DNA integrity within the cell. (vt.edu)
As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
PARP is a family of enzymes that comprises 17 members with different functions, such as maintenance of genomic stability, transcriptional regulation, and cell death [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The novel identification of chemotherapy-mediated selection for an angiogenic phenotype in EOC, through upregulation of the PDGFR-VEGF-A signalling pathway. (almacgroup.com)
Of the 880 canonical pathways we investigated, 112 displayed significant tumor-related upregulation or downregulation at one or more stages of tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we compare the response of developing B cells to both physiologic and genotoxic DSBs. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we showed that ssDNA lesions are converted to toxic DSBs in cells lacking functional ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), likely due to failure to form 53BP1 bodies and/or a role for ATM in SSB repair or fork protection [ 14 ]. (nature.com)
DSBs are cytotoxic lesions, which if left unrepaired could lead to genomic instability, cancer and even cell death. (springeropen.com)
However, erroneous repair of DSBs can lead to chromosomal rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity, which in turn can also cause cancer and cell death. (springeropen.com)
The two most commonly used pathways to repair DSBs in higher eukaryotes include non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ is considered to be error-prone, intrinsically mutagenic quick fix remedy to seal together the broken DNA ends and restart replication. (springeropen.com)
Failure to repair DSBs can lead to unwanted consequences, such as loss of genetic information, chromosomal rearrangements and even cell death. (springeropen.com)
Cells have evolved with conserved recombination mediated genome editing pathways as a mean for repairing DSBs and restarting replication forks, thus allowing genome duplication to continue [ 8 ]. (springeropen.com)
A second NHEJ concomitant pathway often referred to as alternative-NHEJ (Alt-NHEJ), also known as Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), is another well-studied pathway for repairing DSBs in DNA [ 16 ]. (springeropen.com)

Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)

During the last decade, the non-random spatial arrangement of the genome into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as emerged as a key regulator of genome functions and notably of the propagation of a stable genome. (cea.fr)
In this review, we introduce the causes of RS, regions of the human genome known to be especially vulnerable to RS, and the strategies used to complete DNA replication outside of S phase. (bvsalud.org)
A genome wide comparison of two hemimetabolous species, N. lugens and also a. pisum, revealed the major signal transducers in the Imd pathway including IMD, Dredd and Relish are lacking within the A. pisum genome, when the corresponding parts are conserved in the N. lugens genome. (cox2-inhibitors.com)

Activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway is cell cycle specific and is associated with an accumulation of cytosolic DNA in the S-phase of the cell cycle. (almacgroup.com)
These effects resulted in significant accumulation of unreplicated single-stranded DNA and increased cell death, indicative of replication catastrophe. (nature.com)
Accumulation of cells in the G1 phase was largely the result of downregulated expression of TBRG4, CCNE2, FOXO4, CDK6, ING4, IL8, MAD2L1 and CCNG2 in the case of RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 depletion and increased expression of RASSF1, FBXO6, DADD45A and P53 in the case of MAPK1 depletion. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)

In this study, we present evidence that their action is directly linked, gaining insights into this relationship in a DT40 mutant cell line that is conditionally deficient in the critical ATR-binding partner protein ATRIP. (elsevierpure.com)
Chemokine release is dependent on activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway which is constitutively activated in DNA repair deficient cells, or by exogenous DNA damaging agents. (almacgroup.com)
Caspase-2-deficient cells show a significantly higher percentage of S-phase-associated chromosomal aberrations. (nature.com)
Consistent with our evidence that caspase-2 regulates a replication checkpoint, the chromosomal aberrations detected in caspase-2-deficient cells are not repaired before metaphase. (nature.com)

Resection is accompanied by the binding of replication protein A (RPA) to the 3' single-stranded overhangs, which helps recruiting the checkpoint complexes. (cea.fr)
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a tumor suppressor protein that controls a critical checkpoint between the G1 phase and the S phase of the cell cycle. (utrgv.edu)

GR localizes to centrosomes in both interphase and mitotic cells (36) making a possible role for GR in controlling centrosome number in S-phase. (ap26113.com)

Small tumors have a greater percentage of actively dividing cells than do large tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)

Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)

A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. (umassmed.edu)
Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
The present study provides in vivo evidence that a GSH mediated pathway underlies asthma-like eosinophilic inflammatory responses to respiratory tract isocyanate exposure. (cdc.gov)

b Effects on DNA repair in cancer cells by CKI. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging data suggest that MiDAS is a DNA repair process potentially involving two or more pathways working in parallel or sequentially. (bvsalud.org)
We show that caspase-2 protects cells from a range of S-phase-related defects, including delayed exit from S-phase, increased stalled replication forks, increased new replication origins, and decreased repair of S-phase-associated chromosomal aberrations [6]. (nature.com)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)
This combination caused a disturbance in the cell cycle and a decrease in the capacity of the cell to repair interstrand crosslinks. (lu.se)
DNA double strand break repair (DSBR) pathways are generally classified based on whether sequence homology is used to join the broken DNA ends. (springeropen.com)
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which does not depend upon sequence homology, is the key repair pathway during the G0/G1 stages of the cell cycle [ 10 ]. (springeropen.com)
Within the core complex, both FANCA and FANCG are phosphorylated (P). In the presence of an intact core complex, FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated (Ub) on K561 and colocalizes in nuclear foci with BRCA1, where it carries out its roles in DNA repair and/or cell cycle control. (kupferlab.org)

KEGG analysis also demonstrated that focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction pathways were activated in anaplastic meningioma. (omicsdi.org)

B lymphocytes from a family with GR haploinsufficiency ( A ) were analyzed for chromosome complement by metaphase spread assay ( B ). Chromosome counts show counts for 150 cells from three impartial passages (p5-p8). (ap26113.com)

Head and neck cancers account for 3% of all newly diagnosed cancers, of which 90% are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). (gsdermatology.com.au)

In general, NHEJ is the preferred pathway in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while HR is favored in S and G2 phases. (cea.fr)

Cyclophilin overexpression is a common event in fibrotic tissues playing a key role in different stages of the fibrotic process, including inflammation, hepatocyte death, and activation of the hepatic stellate cells leading to increased collagen production. (lu.se)

mitotically active cells of intact segments do not significantly contribute to the blastemal cellular sources. (mdpi.com)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
These results provide a global view of the cell cycle and the method can be used to discover the dynamic coordination properties of functional components in other cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, we established a BCa cell model with downregulated LAPTM5, revealing a significantly delayed growth rate in the BCa cells with knockdown of LAPTM5. (spandidos-publications.com)

To test this hypothesis, MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured with paclitaxel and/or cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine and cytotoxicity, cell cycle analyses, genomic and proteomic analyses were performed. (usuhs.edu)

The three germ layers and the body plan of the mature organism are established during gastrulation, and the period is characterized by extensive cell movements and intracellular communications [ 21 , 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Our analysis revealed specific pathways whose dysregulation might play a role in each transition of the transformation process. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy18

Organisms3

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs98

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes76

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Apoptosis24

Proteins16

Arrest25

Progression11

Proliferation14

Kinase8

Mitosis8

Activates3

Inhibition8

Inhibitor8

Inhibitors5

Metabolic pathways2

Genes13

Cyclin13

PI3K2

Differentiation6

Downstream2

Regulate3

Molecules2

Molecular7

Mechanisms8

Gene4

Squamous cell carc4

Different pathways1

Immune10

Induce5

Transcription4

Phosphorylation3

Viability2

Chk13

Fanconi anemia1

Alterations1

Increasing the intrinsic1

Senescence2

Mechanism1

Biological1

Damage8

Kinases2

Etiology1

Replication stress6

Regulation4

Upregulation2

DSBs8

Mutations1

Genome3

Accumulation3

Deficient4

Protein2

Interphase1

Tumors2

Mitotic1

Responses3

Repair8

KEGG1

Chromosome1

Head and neck1

NHEJ1

Activation1

Cellular3

Significantly1

Analyses1

Intracellular1

Dysregulation1