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Pentose Phosphate PathwayTransaldolasePentosephosphatesTransketolaseGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePhosphogluconate DehydrogenaseGlucose6-AminonicotinamideSterigmatocystinRibulosephosphatesRibosemonophosphatesGlycolysisGlucose-6-PhosphatePhosphatesNADPCitric Acid CycleXyloseRiboseGluconatesSugar PhosphatesKineticsAldose-Ketose IsomerasesGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseCarbon IsotopesXyluloseErythritolPentosesMolecular Sequence DataGlyceraldehyde 3-PhosphateEscherichia coliCarbonGlucosephosphatesXylitolMutationBacterial ProteinsGluconobacter oxydansCloning, MolecularCarbon DioxideOxidation-ReductionCarbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydrate EpimerasesHexosephosphatesAldehyde-LyasesThiaminePhosphofructokinasesPhosphoribosyl PyrophosphateHexokinaseArabinoseTriosesTransferasesFermentationMetabolic Networks and PathwaysIsomerasesSugar AlcoholsPyruvatesBlood GlucoseMetabolomeLactatesPyruvic AcidModels, BiologicalAcetatesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyRibose-Phosphate PyrophosphokinaseGluconeogenesisHeptosesPlastidsCarbon RadioisotopesGlucose 1-DehydrogenaseLiverNADPyruvate KinaseGlucosephosphate Dehydrogenase DeficiencyMetabolomicsPhosphofructokinase-1HexosesDehydroepiandrosteroneLactic AcidCorynebacteriumFructosephosphatesGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate DehydrogenasesAndrosteroneGlycogenFatty Acid Synthase, Type ICulture MediaGlutathioneRadioisotope Dilution TechniqueGlucose Tolerance TestSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeoxyglucoseAmino Acid SequenceAdenine NucleotidesAdenosine TriphosphatePhosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)GlucokinaseAnaerobiosisGlycerolGenetic EngineeringOxidative StressAerobiosisGlyoxylates
GlycolysisHexosamine biosynthetic pathwayBiosyntheticEnzymeNucleotideRibulose 5-phosphaNADPHMetabolismIsomeraseBiosynthesisSynthesisGlycolytic enzymesKEGGSugarsRibosePrecursorAldoseAerobicCarbohydratesConvertsEnzymesPyruvateIsomerizationGlycogenOxidative phosphorylationUptakeGenesMoleculeCytoplasmCarbonReactionPhasesCellBreakdownProductionFormClassTypeShowsCancer
Glycolysis13
  • In the cytoplasm, the protein is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). (easyomics.org)
  • Rounding out the upper glycolysis pathway, the identity of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in the genome was verified and reported to have substantial activity with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, in the presence of the divalent ion, Zn 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings along with previous proteomic data suggest that Pfp, plays a role in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, while PfkA and PfkB may phosphorylate sugars in glycolysis but is responsible for sugar metabolism elsewhere under conditions outside of growth on sufficient cellobiose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • He found that, even in the presence of ample oxygen, cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose by glycolysis, a seeming paradox as glycolysis, when compared to oxidative phosphorylation, is a less efficient pathway for producing ATP (Warburg, 1956). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Target genes activated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) decrease the dependence of the cell on oxygen, whereas Ras, Myc, and Akt can also upregulate glucose consumption and glycolysis. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Because a decreased dependence on aerobic respiration becomes advantageous, cell metabolism is shifted toward glycolysis by the increased expression of glycolytic enzymes, glucose transporters, and inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Genomic features reveal them to be anaerobes capable of catabolizing nucleotides by coupling nucleotide salvage pathways with lower glycolysis to yield free energy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HBP and glycolysis share the first two steps and diverge at fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway4
  • High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Glucose, glutamine, fatty acids, and amino acids are the primary drivers of tumor growth and act as substrates for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Biosynthetic2
  • Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Navigating through the biochemical intricacies of the PPP provides a splendid panorama of how cells masterfully exploit metabolic pathways, in a manner that is attuned to their physiological, biosynthetic, and defensive needs, thereby maintaining a harmonious cellular and systemic physiological state. (microbiologynote.com)
Enzyme14
  • Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( EC 5.3.1.9) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). (wikipedia.org)
  • Several residues in the small domain serve to bind phosphate, while other residues, particularly His388, from the large and C-terminal domains are crucial to the sugar ring-opening step catalyzed by this enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enzyme 5.3.1.9 at KEGG Pathway Database. (wikipedia.org)
  • When going from fructose-6-phosphate toward glucose-6-phosphate, the result could be mannose-6-phosphate if carbon C2 is given the wrong chirality, but the enzyme does not permit that result except at a very low, non-physiological, rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
  • At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. (frontiersin.org)
  • We now demonstrate that this enzyme can also phosphorylate sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway), with the V max and K m of F6P being approximately 15 folds higher and 43 folds lower, respectively, in comparison to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This pathway occurs in the liver, beginning with cholesterol being converted to 7a-hydroxycholesterol through the enzyme cholesterol-7-alpha-monooxygenase, after being transported into the liver cell. (smpdb.ca)
  • It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. (ecmdb.ca)
  • In glycogenesis, free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose, by using the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. (ecmdb.ca)
  • The enzyme also converts D -erythrose 4-phosphate into D -erythrulose 4-phosphate and D -threose 4-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • In the next step, the enzyme glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT) catalyzes Ac-CoA and glucosamine-6-phosphate to generate N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6P) and CoA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is followed by GlcNAc phosphomutase (PGM3/AGM1)-mediated isomerization into GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P). Finally, UTP and GlcNAc-1Pz produce UDP-GlcNAc through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1/AGX1) enzyme [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleotide1
  • This is then converted to GlcNAc-1P (N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate) by PGM3/AGM1 (phosphoglucomutase) and further to UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) by UAP/AGX1 (UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase), utilizing UTP from the nucleotide metabolism pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribulose 5-phospha1
  • The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
NADPH1
Metabolism4
  • Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In the context of metabolism , these smaller substrates are things such as TCA Cycle intermediates/products or ketones from fat / ketogenic amino acids. (edu.pk)
  • Although our emphasis on the Warburg effect reflects the focus of the field, we would also like to encourage a broader approach to the study of cancer metabolism that takes into account the contributions of all interconnected small molecule pathways of the cell. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • GNA1/GNPNAT1 (glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) then converts glucosamine-6P (which can also be made by glucosamine entering the cell) into GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate), also utilizing acetyl-CoA that is made from fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Isomerase2
  • This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Dickens, F. and Williamson, D.H. Pentose phosphate isomerase and epimerase from animal tissues. (qmul.ac.uk)
Biosynthesis1
Synthesis2
  • Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. (easyomics.org)
  • production of (4S,6S)-5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-thieno[2,3b]thiopyran-7,7dioxide, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor trusopt. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Glycolytic enzymes1
  • Fermentation of cellulosic biomass goes through an atypical glycolytic pathway in this thermophilic bacterium, with various glycolytic enzymes capable of utilizing different phosphate donors, including GTP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), in addition to or in place of the usual ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
KEGG2
Sugars1
  • Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
Ribose1
  • 1. Ashwell, G. and Hickman, J. Enzymatic formation of xylulose 5-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate in spleen. (qmul.ac.uk)
Precursor1
  • The pathway also supplies important precursor metabolites including 2-oxoglutarate. (easyomics.org)
Aldose1
  • The mechanism that GPI uses to interconvert glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate (aldose to ketose) consists of three major steps: opening the glucose ring, isomerizing glucose into fructose through an enediol intermediate, and closing the fructose ring. (wikipedia.org)
Aerobic1
  • Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
Carbohydrates1
  • Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Converts3
  • The engineered strain converts glucose to ethanol via acetate and acetaldehyde, catalyzed by the host-encoded aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase AOR and heterologously expressed AdhA, in an energy-conserving, redox-balanced pathway. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • The AOR/AdhA pathway also converts exogenously added aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohol using glucose, pyruvate, and/or hydrogen as the source of reductant. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) converts F6P and glutamine to glucosamine-6-phosphate and glutamate in the rate-limiting step of HBP [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes1
  • These components of the pathway occur in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, although 2 enzymes, 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 26 hydroxylase, are found in the mitochondria. (smpdb.ca)
Pyruvate1
  • This pathway map also shows the Entner-Doudoroff pathway where 6-P-gluconate is dehydrated and then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3P [MD:M00008]. (easyomics.org)
Isomerization1
  • To complete the isomerization, Glu357 donates its proton to C1, the C2 hydroxyl group loses its proton and the open-chain ketose fructose 6-phosphate is formed. (wikipedia.org)
Glycogen2
Oxidative phosphorylation1
  • In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. (easyomics.org)
Uptake2
  • Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • The Warburg effect has since been demonstrated in different types of tumors and the concomitant increase in glucose uptake has been exploited clinically for the detection of tumors by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Genes1
  • The statistical evaluation of the most abundant genes in each group and time studied allowed us to identify the potential metabolic pathways involved in the success of the different microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
Molecule1
  • The molecule consists of a riboflavin moiety (vitamin B2) bound to the phosphate group of an ADP molecule. (ecmdb.ca)
Cytoplasm1
Carbon1
  • Periplasmic acid glucose-1-phosphatase (G-1-Pase) encoded by gene Agp is necessary for the growth of Escherichia coli in a minimal medium containing glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) as the sole source of carbon. (ecmdb.ca)
Reaction1
  • The reaction sequence in the Calvin-Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. (mdpi.com)
Phases1
Cell3
  • glucose 6-phosphate ↔ fructose 6-phosphate The protein has different functions inside and outside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Glucosamine entering the cell is also converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate using GNK (GlcNAc kinase). (biomedcentral.com)
Breakdown1
  • There are two more important components of this pathway, both depicting the breakdown of cholesterol into bile acid. (smpdb.ca)
Production1
  • construction of a synthetic pathway for bioalcohol production at 70°C by insertion of the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase AdhA into the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Form1
  • Glucose 6-phosphate binds to GPI in its pyranose form. (wikipedia.org)
Class1
Type2
  • 1 L/d drinking water in healthy, normal weight, young men, 2) identify metabolic pathways potentially impacted by chronic hypotonicity, and 3) explore if effects of chronic hypotonicity differ by type of specimen and/or acute hydration condition. (ppexmed.com)
  • Similar metabolic pathways appeared potentially impacted in urine, but the directions of impact differed by specimen type. (ppexmed.com)
Shows1
  • Purified PfkA shows preference for GTP as the phosphate donor as opposed to ATP with a 12.5-fold difference in K m values while phosphorylating F6P. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer1