Pathway in adipocytes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. (wikipedia.org)
Exercise reduces both adipocyte size as well as marrow adipose tissue volume, as quantified by MRI or μCT imaging of bone stained with the lipid binder osmium. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (wikipedia.org)
While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
This phenotype is associated with increased subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, adipocyte hypertrophy, and inflammation. (medscape.com)
Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of WAT represent potential therapeutic approaches, since dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by BAT/browning-mediated oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects. (springer.com)
There is also evidence that the deleterious effects mediated by dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by the pro-oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. (springer.com)
Cancer cachexia: TGFβ pathway contribution in adipose tissue fibrosis. (usp.br)
Aim of the study was to investigate tissue remodelling and factors modulated by TGFβ pathway in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in gastrointestinal cancer cachexia. (usp.br)
TGFβ3 concentrations were enhanced in adipose tissue, and TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 in adipocytes of cachectic patients in relation to control group. (usp.br)
Thus, during cancer cachexia the TGFβ pathway contributes to disruption of adipose tissue biology and fibrosis development. (usp.br)
In addition to serving as energy storage for the body, evidence also suggests that adipose tissue behaves as an endocrine organ capable of secreting bioactive cytokines known as adipokines, which mediate insulin signaling pathways in various tissues. (unl.edu)
In this study, with the assumption that adipose tissue can be mechanically responsive (as is the case for well-known musculoskeletal tissues), we hypothesized that mechanical loading applied to the adipose tissue and its component cells, such as adipocytes, may play a role in the exercise control of insulin sensitivity. (unl.edu)

Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
Risperidone promotes adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation through Oil Red O staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (frontiersin.org)
In addition, risperidone influences adipocyte metabolism, differentiation, and lipid accumulation-related functions through transcriptome analysis. (frontiersin.org)
It is also related to increased adiponectin (APN) expression associated with adipocyte differentiation, as well as the expression of adipogenic genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR) ( 22 , 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
Obese individuals exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired adipocyte differentiation that negatively impact glucose metabolism. (sdgln.com)
Is Adipocyte Differentiation the Default Lineage for Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells after Loss of Mechanical Loading? (scirp.org)
The origins and basis for these fat deposits are largely unknown, but there is a possibility that the altered mechanical and biological environments lead to dysregulation of MSC/MPC and progression to preferential differentiation towards the adipocyte lineage. (scirp.org)
Hart, D. (2014) Is Adipocyte Differentiation the Default Lineage for Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells after Loss of Mechanical Loading? (scirp.org)
Analysis of transcription factor network underlying 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. (tufts.edu)

Obesity can be viewed as a state of long-term lipid disequilibrium that is marked by massive adipocyte hypertrophy and is a major risk factor for developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)
WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. (springer.com)
In contrast to controls, SAT cell size is intimately related to BMI suggesting that adaptation to increasing fat mass is mainly through adipocyte hypertrophy which could lead to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, increased IR and increased release of inflammatory adipokines. (gla.ac.uk)

The cause of these lipid abnormalities in PE is unknown but disordered adipocyte function including exaggerated lipolysis and aberrant release of adipokines (such as IL-6 and TNF alpha) is a major candidate pathway. (gla.ac.uk)
[ 17 ] It is likely that, because vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid, it is subjected to the same pathway of cathecolamine-induced lipolysis observed for cholesterol. (medscape.com)

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle or bone. (wikipedia.org)
MSCs have a lower ability to differentiate into osteoblasts but a higher ability to differentiate into adipocytes, which could be linked to myeloid malignancies ( Woods and Guezguez, 2021 ). (techscience.com)

Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through adipogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
[ 17 , 18 ] TCF7L2 protein is increased during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in primary adipocyte stem cells. (medscape.com)

Inactivation of TCF7L2 protein attained by removing the high-mobility group (HMG)-box DNA binding domain in mature adipocytes in vivo leads to whole-body glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
The sympathetic nervous system regulates this function through β-adrenergic stimulation of brown mature adipocytes' dissipation of energy in the form of heat mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) activation. (springer.com)

The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin promotes metabolic and cardiovascular health. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
The researchers fed mice either a low-fat or a high-fat diet, followed by a fasting day, then measured components of the adiponectin metabolic pathway at various levels of activity. (news-medical.net)
They contend also that high fat-induced changes in the clock and the adiponectin signaling pathway may help explain the disruption of other clock-controlled systems associated with metabolic disorders, such as blood pressure levels and the sleep/wake cycle. (news-medical.net)
With a focus on the main cellular targets of metabolic disruption - hepatocytes, pancreatic endocrine cells, myocytes and adipocytes - GOLIATH will develop new methods and optimise existing methods that span the entire adverse outcome pathway (AOP) spectrum, using in silico predictive modelling and high throughput screening, (pre-)validated ready-to-use in vitro assays and optimised in vivo toxicity testing guidelines. (europa.eu)
GOLIATH will provide key information on the endocrine mode of action by which MDCs disrupt metabolic pathways and induce adverse effects on human health by incorporating multi-omics technologies, and translating results from in vitro and in vivo assays to adverse metabolic health outcomes in humans at real life exposures. (europa.eu)
Cellular stress caused by obesity, however, can override this protective function and convert the pathway into a trigger of chronic inflammation that raises the risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. (webwire.com)

Adipocyte-derived factors involved in tumor progression include proteins such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and ECM components that control tumor cell behavior within the tumor microenvironment. (jci.org)
To examine this thesis, Froy and his colleagues, Ph.D. student Maayan Barnea and Zecharia Madar, the Karl Bach Professor of Agricultural Biochemistry, tested whether the clock controls the adiponectin signaling pathway in the liver and, if so, how fasting and a high-fat diet affect this control. (news-medical.net)
Adiponectin is secreted from differentiated adipocytes (fat tissue) and is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (news-medical.net)
In mice on the low-fat diet, the adiponectin signaling pathway components exhibited normal circadian rhythmicity. (news-medical.net)
Since it is known that adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin can instigate their insulin signaling sensitizing effect via AMPK and Akt, we propose a mechanism that mechanical stretching of adipocytes may induce the secretion of insulin sensitizing adipokines like leptin and/or adiponectin, which in turn activates AMPK and Akt phosphorylation and, ultimately, improves insulin signaling in the adipose tissue. (unl.edu)

Studies have shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
Better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number and depot-dependent expansion has become a focus of interest over recent decades. (springer.com)
Describe two major pathways activated by insulin and the signalling mechanisms undermining their activation? (assignmentexpert.com)
The aims of this thesis were to acquire a better understanding of lipid metabolism and function in normal pregnancy, to determine if adipocyte function was altered in PE and, if so, to establish mechanisms. (gla.ac.uk)
Until now, the mechanisms controlling M2 macrophage activation within fat tissues had been unclear, as was whether adipocytes themselves controlled this process. (webwire.com)
To identify targetable mechanisms and pathways underlying initiation and progression of MOD. (lu.se)

This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)

The lipoproteins are ripped apart in the circulation, providing free fatty acids for use in other tissues, including adipocytes, which use them to synthesize triglyceride. (assignmentexpert.com)
What activates the M2 pathway within fat tissues, Lee and his colleagues discovered, is the fat cells production of the kind of cytokines that activate M2 macrophages. (webwire.com)

In cell culture, adipocyte progenitors can also form osteoblasts, myocytes and other cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are the ideal source to study fat formation as they are the progenitors of adipocytes. (mdpi.com)

Glycerol enters the glycolytic/glucogenic pathway via glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (can be used to from TAG in liver as well). (ironmagazine.com)
In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)

DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)

Individuals who become obese as adults, rather than as adolescents, have no more adipocytes than they had before. (wikipedia.org)
When fed a high-fat diet, those mice became obese and developed insulin resistance, confirming the key role of PPAR-d as a switch governing the two pathways. (webwire.com)

When the liver is saturated with glycogen, any additional glucose taken up by hepatocytes is shunted into pathways leading to synthesis of fatty acids, which are exported from the liver as lipoproteins. (assignmentexpert.com)

Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis showed that risperidone influences the adipocytokine signaling pathway by targeting MAPK14 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. (frontiersin.org)
On the other hand, interestingly, one of the key downstream insulin signaling molecules, protein kinase-B (PKB, or Akt) and its phosphorylation (pAkt) were significantly increased for cyclically stretched adipocytes relative to unstretched control. (unl.edu)
Combined data may suggest that mechanical stretch activates the insulin signaling pathway downstream of IRS-1, and possibly by the phosphorylation of Akt through AMPK activation. (unl.edu)

If the capacity of the adipocyte to store lipids is exceeded, it can no longer regulate the release of FFAs into the circulation, which ultimately leads to the abnormal accumulation of lipid in nonadipose depots. (jci.org)
Lipid accumulation in adipocytes reflects a balance between enzymatic pathways leading to the formation and breakdown of esterified lipids, primarily triglycerides. (tufts.edu)
Pathway defects in lipoprotein synthesis, processing, and clearance can lead to accumulation of atherogenic lipids in plasma and endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)

TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
In IR adipocytes, uptake of D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was higher, but, after adrenaline stimulation, the decrement in D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was stronger in control cells, which also showed increased expression of Cyp27a1 and Cyp27b1 and higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3. (medscape.com)

Mihaylova, M. M. & Shaw, R. J. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. (nature.com)
Insulin inhibits lipid metabolism through decreasing cellular concentrations of cAMP by activating a cAMP specific phosphodiesterase in adipocytes. (assignmentexpert.com)
Reporting in the journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) said they have shown for the first time that fat-storing cells, or adipocytes, contain a protective anti-inflammatory immune mechanism that prevents the cells from over-reacting to inflammation-causing stimuli, such as fatty acids in the diet. (webwire.com)

Our results highlight the crucial role of ETP as an obesity-associated factor that promotes tumor growth in the context of adipocyte interactions with tumor and stromal cells. (jci.org)
Obesity creates inflammation mediated by immune cells within fat tissue that alters insulin pathway functioning. (sdgln.com)
The adipocytes showed rhythmic changes in the levels of thermogenesis that aligned with the light-dark cycles, and the mismatch between these adipocyte cycles with feeding times could lead to obesity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Overt obesity eventually overwhelms the protective effect of this pathway and flips it into the pro-inflammatory pathway, said Lee. (webwire.com)
In identifying the compensatory pathway and molecular switch, the scientists have added a new element to the growing understanding of how obesity exerts its unhealthful effects through signals generated by adipocytes. (webwire.com)
Most genes causing monogenic obesity are implicated in the central energy regulatory circuits of the leptin-melanocortin pathway. (cdc.gov)

As the lab developed novel flow cytometric, sequencing, and computational technologies, they can study the expression and secretion of pro-oncogenic factors in human adipocytes. (ki.se)

The free fatty acids move through the cell membrane of adipocyte, and bind to albumin in plasma. (ironmagazine.com)
Previous research, including important discoveries by G khan Hotamisligil, chair of the HSPH Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, has shown that as they become enlarged with fat, adipocytes produce pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as free fatty acids. (webwire.com)

Marrow adipocytes are unilocular like white fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
They demonstrated that OPN3 is also present in both human and mouse fat cells, or adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Additionally, an excess of adipocytes (fat cells) can push the immune system toward inflammatory pathways. (forksoverknives.com)
Although many studies have shown that TRF reduces fat mass, understanding the molecular mechanism helps identify which cells and biochemical pathways are activated under TRF to reduce fat and identify potential genes or proteins that can be potentially targeted by drugs to mimic the benefits of TRF. (medicalnewstoday.com)
IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
Boston, MA -- Scientists have discovered a previously unknown molecular signaling pathway in body fat cells that normally acts to suppress harmful inflammation. (webwire.com)
Triglycerides primarily store energy in adipocytes and muscle cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The scientists also identified the molecular switch that determines which pathway is activated under different conditions. (webwire.com)

Visceral abdominal fat appears most metabolically active in driving insulin resistance through these pathways. (sdgln.com)

Another form of lipodystrophy that fits the classification of "acquired partial" not involving the complement pathway is associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to treat leukemia or neuroblastoma. (medscape.com)

To do so we took advantage of the fact that in mice BM of lumbar vertebrae (LV) contains few adipocytes whereas BM of caudal vertebrae (CV) is almost entirely MAT (Fig 1A). (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
In their experiments, the scientists used genetically engineered mice that lack the gene coding for OPN3, called Opn3 , in their adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When the researchers exposed mice lacking Opn3 in their adipocytes to cold temperatures of 39.2ºF (4ºC), their response to the cold was impaired. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Experiments showed that mice in which the PPAR-D function was knocked out could not switch on the M2 macrophage pathway. (webwire.com)

Risperidone increases adipocyte lipid accumulation by plausibly inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation through targeting MAPK14 and MAPK8. (frontiersin.org)

Findings suggest that eating late at night may disrupt this rhythm in adipocytes resulting in lower energy expenditure and weight gain. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Adipocytes secrete more hormones like resist in and cytokines like TNF-alpha that both impede insulin action. (sdgln.com)

This signaling pathway serves as a natural counterbalance to a parallel signaling chain that promotes inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance a prelude to diabetes and other ailments such as heart disease, said the authors. (webwire.com)

Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. (jci.org)
These data identify OLR1 as a novel PPARγ target gene in adipocytes. (jci.org)
The potential signaling pathways for RIL were identified and experimentally validated using gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis. (frontiersin.org)

Activation of alternate complement pathway has been demonstrated in most patients. (medscape.com)
Activation of an alternate complement pathway, C3 hypocomplementemia with lysis of adipocytes induced by C3NeF, has been implicated. (medscape.com)
Its processing by C3 convertase is the central reaction in both classical and alternative complement pathways. (abcam.com)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PPARγ agonists with the potential to inhibit the canonical WNT signaling pathway are candidate agents for chemoprevention. (aacrjournals.org)

Among these, the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate stands out owing to its multiple roles in disparate pathways, its dramatic concentration changes and its selective cell release. (nature.com)

As a proof-ofconcept test, we applied cyclic stretch loading to the adipocyte model, differentiated adipocytes from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and evaluated stretch-induced activation of key insulin signaling molecules. (unl.edu)

Bone marrow (BM) adipocytes were identified over a century ago and MAT accounts for approximately 70% of BM volume in adult humans (Fazeli et al. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

Also, importantly, they showed that light can travel deep enough through a rat's skin to trigger OPN3 in adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)

In lean people, the dueling pathways maintain a healthy balance but only up to a point. (webwire.com)

The present study used targeted proteomics to establish cardiometabolic proteins related to all MetS components, thereby providing new hypotheses regarding pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MetS. (lu.se)

Epigenetic silencing and loss-of-function mutation of negative regulators of the canonical WNT pathway occur in a variety of human cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
After the optimization, derivatives of small-molecule compound and human monoclonal antibody targeted to the WNT signaling pathway could be used in cancer medicine. (aacrjournals.org)

Anatomy21

Organisms7

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs86

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes28

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Adipose tissue13

Differentiation9

Hypertrophy3

Lipolysis2

Differentiate into adipocytes2

Adipogenesis2

Mature adipocytes2

Metabolic6

Adiponectin5

Mechanisms7

Insulin sensitivity2

Tissues2

Progenitors2

Glycerol2

Glucose uptake2

Obese2

Hepatocytes1

Phosphorylation3

Lipids3

Uptake3

Metabolism3

Obesity6

Secretion1

Free fatty2

Cells7

Molecular1

Visceral1

Hematopoietic1

Mice4

Accumulation1

Disrupt1

Hormones1

Inflammation1

Gene3

Complement3

Inflammatory1

Roles1

Signaling molecules1

Bone1

Trigger1

Lean1

Proteins1

Human2