Pathogens virus replication. Medical search. Frequent questions

PLOS Pathogens publishes Open Access research and commentary that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with host organisms. (plos.org)
PLOS Pathogens (eISSN 1553-7374, ISSN 1553-7366) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published monthly by PLOS, a nonprofit organization. (prolekare.cz)
PLOS Pathogens reflects the full breadth of research in these areas by publishing outstanding original articles that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with their host organisms. (prolekare.cz)
The discovery is documented in PLoS Pathogens journal, Volume 6, issue 11, November 2010. (thenhf.com)
Furthermore, several subsequent studies from Europe, which reportedly attempted to replicate the findings of Lombardi and coworkers, failed to find XMRV in patients with CFS (including a UK study published in the January issue of PLoS Pathogens ). (medscape.com)
Finally, although XMRV was initially discovered in tumor tissue of a subset of patients with prostate cancer (according to results published in March 2006 in PLoS Pathogens ), other studies have had varied results in finding the virus in prostate tumors. (medscape.com)

Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
while a chronic virus will infect its host for extended periods of time, often through the lifetime of the host. (thehindu.com)
These elements the team explains are genetic weapons that protect the bacteria from antibiotics and have been acquired from viruses, known as bacteriophages, that usually infect bacteria. (sciencedaily.com)
Throughout evolution, pathogens have come up with many tricks to infect and damage their hosts: viruses capture whole cells and turn them into factories for their own replication until the cells are exhausted and die. (abdn.ac.uk)
However, for human-specific pathogens that only infect non-hematopoietic cells, the lack of target human cell types in mouse models can limit their utility in basic and translational research. (nature.com)
In my group we use flaviviruses, arteriviruses and picornavirus-like pathogens to study how these viruses infect their target cells, multiply their RNA and form new virions. (uni-giessen.de)
Scientists suggest this decline is due, in part, to the effects of the numerous different pathogens that infect bees. (earth.com)
The therapeutic use of bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, is well suited to be part of the multidimensional strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. (asm.org)

Serious animal pathogens include bluetongue virus of sheep and African horse sickness virus. (medscape.com)
This article is confined to human microbial pathogens, although plant and animal pathogens are also widespread in nature. (immunology.org)
The importance of ret- roviruses as human and animal pathogens has also enhanced scientific and medical interest in this diverse group of viruses and has spurred an intensive search for novel and improved antiviral agents. (powells.com)

A better understanding of been classified into 2 epidemiologic groups: enzootic and pathogen-reservoir interactions, particularly mechanisms epizootic strains. (cdc.gov)
They also highlight questions about the interactions between bat viruses and their flying mammalian hosts. (plos.org)
The structure, replication, and management of these microbes as well as host-pathogen interactions are discussed. (duq.edu)
Additional nuances in the data included different fitness levels for non-specialist interactions, reflecting different trade-offs for specialist viruses in other hosts. (usgs.gov)
These models have been beneficial for studying HIV, including analyzing viral and host factors that promote viral replication, HIV interactions with the host's immune response, and as platforms for testing therapeutic approaches to control or cure HIV infection. (medgadget.com)

Positive-strand RNA virus genomes usually contain relatively few genes, usually between three and ten, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
Interferons are a broad class of cytokines elicited to defend the organism and are essential for mobilizing the immune response to pathogens, activating genes that impair their replication. (news-medical.net)
Analyze full-length infectious clones to determine the genes or gene products involved in replication, systemic movements, and pathogenicity to understand the role of viral pathogen genes in disease development and to identify new targets in the pathogen genome and tools for disease management. (usda.gov)
Published in Science on March 4, the scientists report that bits of viral DNA embedded in our genome are regulating genes that are integral components of our innate immune system, the first line of defense against pathogens, including viruses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
In mutant cells lacking the foreign code the adjacent immune genes could not turn on properly in response to interferon, demonstrating that they act as virus-derived switches. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Because similar virus-derived switches are embedded close to many immune genes, the implication is that together they help coordinate our cellular defenses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
We also found previously that NaB can upregulate some immune response genes in bees, and this can help suppress viral replication and improve bees' chances at survival. (earth.com)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
In particular, it is well known that the response of interferons (IFNs), the first line of a host defence system against invading pathogens, evokes the expression of a number of genes that negatively regulate various steps of virus replication. (intechopen.com)
The use of genetically defined inbred mouse strains, humanized mice, and gene knockout mice has enabled the research community to study the process of the way pathogens cause diseases, the role of specific host genes in controlling or promoting disease, and potential targets for prevention or identification of treatment for a variety of infectious agents. (medgadget.com)
In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)

Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes formed in association with intracellular membranes. (wikipedia.org)
The replication of the positive-sense RNA genome proceeds through double-stranded RNA intermediates, and the purpose of replication in these membranous invaginations may be the avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptation for coping with genome damage. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of these viruses to switch RNA templates suggests a copy choice model of RNA recombination that may be an adaptive mechanism for coping with damage in the viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
They go on to explain that "latent viral infections can be reactivated into a lytic form (the replication of a viral genome). (thehindu.com)
For example, when a herpes virus infects a cell, its genome can remain in that cell as long as that cell is alive," Dr. McNamara says. (thehindu.com)
Our goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms whereby the genomic RNA of influenza-like viruses is, on the one hand, the template for transcription and replication of the viral genome by its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and, on the other hand, an Achilles' heel, whose recognition as non-self can trigger an innate immune response to counter the viral infection. (embl.org)
Our current goal is to derive models explaining the detailed mechanisms of transcription and replication of the viral genome (vRNA) by influenza-like viral polymerases. (embl.org)
2) Determine the genome organization of selected viruses of major significance to ornamental and nursery crops. (usda.gov)
Understanding viral and bacterial genome structures and functions, their mechanisms of pathogenicity and resistance, and conferring virus and bacterial resistance in plants will lead to the development of better disease control measures and increases in both productivity and quality of ornamental plants for industry and the consumer. (usda.gov)
The flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) functions in genome replication as an intracellular dimer and in immune system evasion as a secreted hexamer. (nih.gov)
Retroviruses arguably belong to the most fascinating of all viruses because of their unusual and highly efficient mode of replication involving reverse transcription and integration of the viral genome and a complex system of transcriptional and post- transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. (powells.com)
The replication process in these viruses produce long RNA carrying multiple units of the viral genome where each unit carries a small ribozymes like hammerhead. (jove.com)
It is a very small (approximately 20 nm), nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded negative-sense DNA genome (see following images). (medscape.com)
Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)

Vector-associated bacteria have recently been found to interact with transmitted pathogens. (datadryad.org)
The purpose of this course is to provide the foundational knowledge and framework of the major classes of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi and how they relate to the pathologic basis of disease. (duq.edu)
Their small size confers other benefits, as well - too small to convey pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, EVs are also incapable of the unwanted replication or tumor formation that whole cell therapies can occasionally provoke. (corning.com)
and, (3) Characterize genomes of bacteria of major significance to ornamental and nursery crops to develop diagnostic tests for accurate pathogen detection. (usda.gov)
The RNase T2 family consists of evolutionarily conserved endonucleases that express in many different species, including animals, plants, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Immune stimulation by fucoidans enhances activity of both the cellular and the antibody-based components of the immune system, boosting protection not only against bacteria and viruses, but also against many nascent cancers. (lifeextension.com)

Similar toxic compounds have long been known from other microbial pathogens. (abdn.ac.uk)

Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
The high rate of infection, along with the codetection of other viral pathogens (or simply not ruling out other common virus infections in some studies), has caused some researchers to question whether human bocavirus is a primary cause of disease, a contributor to more severe disease, or simply a passenger virus that is coincidentally found with other infections. (medscape.com)

It also acts as a cellular defense mechanism against microorganisms by contributing to both the innate and adaptive immunity, and by eliminating intracellular pathogens (xenophagy). (mdpi.com)
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)

In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
However there has been no systematic evaluation of the diversity of the entire bacterial populations within mosquito individuals particularly in relation to virus invasion. (datadryad.org)
Our results clearly link pathogen propagation with changes in the dynamics of the bacterial community suggesting that cooperation or competition occurs within the host, which may in turn affects mosquito traits like vector competence. (datadryad.org)
Jan. 10, 2019 The replication of a bacterial virus is not necessary to cause lethal disease in mice infected with a food-borne pathogen called Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
Whilst many bacterial pathogens are intracellular in nature, others do not need to invade the host cell, but instead use various secretion processes which effect the delivery of toxins and other virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
The long-term objective of this project is to develop effective means for the detection and identification of new and emerging plant viral and bacterial diseases of ornamentals, thus allowing growers to select pathogen-free or pathogen-indexed plants (tested for absence of specific pathogens) for propagation. (usda.gov)
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses capable of infecting and replicating within bacterial cells. (asm.org)

Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota (specifically classes Pisoniviricetes and Stelpavirictes) all of which are in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria. (wikipedia.org)
Numerous positive-strand RNA viruses can undergo genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses are common in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses are found in three phyla: Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota, each of which are assigned to the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria. (wikipedia.org)
The research focus of my group is the investigation of the replication and pathogenicity of the positive strand RNA viruses of domestic and farm animals. (uni-giessen.de)
Positive strand RNA viruses are responsible for different pathologies, which partly have a great economic importance. (uni-giessen.de)

The family of RNA viruses also includes poliovirus and influenza virus. (thenhf.com)
And in mid to late 2021, what you could see to the right is there was an increase in influenza virus activity. (cdc.gov)
Mice with xenografted human immune systems have been used to study the pathogenesis of various infectious agents, including Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dengue virus, and influenza virus. (medgadget.com)
If the samples were positive for influenza virus or RSV, the type or lineage was determined by rRT-PCR. (who.int)

However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood and a possible role for prophages in driving virulence of coral pathogens, as is the case for V. cholerae , has not yet been considered. (nature.com)
He came to VSPB in 1997 to develop reverse genetic systems to study virulence determinants of Ebola virus. (cdc.gov)
We argue that the impaired interferon-I and -III response of severe COVID-19 is reminiscent of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and influenza pathobiology, suggesting conserved virulence mechanisms among these viruses. (ersjournals.com)
Another serious human pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, causative of anthrax , has well-developed virulence mechanisms involving the secretion of three proteins, one of which, protective antigen (PA), binds host cell receptors to effect entry of either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF). (immunology.org)

Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogens such as the Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, as well as less clinically serious pathogens such as the coronaviruses and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. (wikipedia.org)
Like dengue virus, another flavivirus, Zika virus was likely originally a pathogen of subhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
Dengue, one of the most common mosquito‐borne viral infectious diseases in the world, is caused by the dengue virus (DENV). (intechopen.com)
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of dengue virus type 1 in Guangdong in 2014. (cdc.gov)

Coronaviruses have the largest known RNA genomes, between 27 and 32 kilobases in length, and likely possess replication proofreading mechanisms in the form of an exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein nsp14. (wikipedia.org)
All positive-strand RNA virus genomes encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a viral protein that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template. (wikipedia.org)
Defective genomes arise when the viral polymerases lose processivity during virus replication at high titers. (plos.org)
Working with Sendai and influenza viruses in mice, Carolina López and colleagues show that defective viral genomes accumulate during acute viral respiratory infections. (plos.org)
Next generation sequencing (NGS) of nucleic acid extracts from plants infected with unknown viruses is expected to yield information about the genomes of previously uncharacterized viruses without any background information on what viruses might be infecting the plant. (usda.gov)
Many viruses originally entered our genomes as part of the process of viral replication," says Elde. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
Analysis of complete genomes of the rubella virus genotypes 1E and 2B which circulated in China, 2000-2013. (cdc.gov)

[5] drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers at the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil have shown for the first time that gestational obesity associated with infection by zika virus influences the placenta's antiviral response, weakening the organ's capacity to attack the pathogen and protect the fetus. (news-medical.net)
Moreover, the model can recapitulate the effect of pre-exposure prophylaxis of ganciclovir, an antiviral agent, on cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. (nature.com)
Through an IARPA-funded collaboration with investigators at Harvard Wyss Institute, John Glass, PhD is using in vitro cell culture systems to assess the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to inhibit antiviral mechanisms of the human innate immune system that would otherwise prevent viral replication in those cells. (jcvi.org)
and describe antiviral treatment recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed influenza for the 2022-2023 season, including during community co circulation of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
When an influenza pandemic emerges, temporary school closures and antiviral treatment may slow virus spread, reduce the overall disease burden, and provide time for vaccine development, distribution, and administration while keeping a larger portion of the general population infection free. (cdc.gov)
Other members argued that an antiviral drug would also be useful for the treatment of the rare complications of vaccination with vaccinia virus, which is used as vaccine against smallpox. (who.int)

The Cusack group uses X-ray crystallography and cryo electron-microscopy (cryoEM) to study the structural biology of protein-RNA complexes involved in RNA virus replication, innate immunity and cellular RNA metabolism. (embl.org)
Lung tissue harbors various cell types that are involved in the infection and immunity of many human pathogens, and it could be an ideal source for humanizing mouse models. (nature.com)
To further model human immunity against pathogens in vivo, the team created a second model, BLT-L mice, by implanting autologous bone marrow-liver-thymus tissue and lung tissue into the immunodeficient mice. (nature.com)
Scientists have discovered a protein that plays a central role in promoting immunity to viruses and cancer, opening the door to new therapies. (innovationtoronto.com)
All patients with HBV/HIV coinfection must be assessed for hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunity and vaccinated if negative. (medscape.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus. (who.int)

With helpful illustrations, photos, figures, models that explain viral mechanisms, and easy-to-understand reference tables, Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogens will stimulate your thinking on this fascinating area of plant science! (routledge.com)
In various insect models, we investigate the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of RNA viruses. (uni-giessen.de)
Schnell rattled off a list of possible things to explore, such as whether the pain is temporary or permanent, where the virus might be replicating inside the body, and any potential mechanisms to understanding the cause of the inflammation. (thedailybeast.com)
Viral kinetics show that the mechanisms of specialization involve both the ability to maximize early virus replication and to avoid clearance at later times, with different mechanisms of specialization evident in different host-virus combinations. (usgs.gov)
The human Sp110 gene is a member of the nuclear body (NB) components that functions as a nuclear hormone receptor transcriptional coactivator and plays an important role in immunoprotective mechanisms against pathogens in humans. (biomedcentral.com)

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). (mdpi.com)
Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. (mdpi.com)
In 1959, Sabin proposed the name reovirus to reflect the fact that viruses of this group had been isolated from the respiratory and enteric tracts and were orphan (reo) viruses without known associated disease. (medscape.com)
Clinical data indicate that severe COVID-19 most commonly manifests as viral pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinical entity mechanistically understood best in the context of influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. (ersjournals.com)
Our review explores influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a paradigm for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced ARDS pathogenesis and ageing as a risk factor for severe disease. (ersjournals.com)
A number of challenging pathogens, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Zika virus, mycobacteria, respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus, were found to replicate in the lung implants after inoculation. (nature.com)
We envisioned that LoM and BLT-L mice could be used to study important emerging human pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS), and tuberculosis. (nature.com)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
Human bocavirus (a member of the Parvoviridae virus family) is a newly described human pathogen that has been associated with lower respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections, predominantly in children. (medscape.com)
We performed pathogen retrieval using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction on samples from patients with acute respiratory diseases who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 in Saitama in 2020 and analysed the results by age and symptoms. (who.int)
Multiple respiratory pathogens were circulating during 2020 in Saitama, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. (who.int)
We suggest introducing a system that can comprehensively monitor the regional prevalence of all viruses that cause acute respiratory infections. (who.int)
Therefore, little is known about pathogens personal protective measures - such as wearing masks, other than SARS-CoV-2 that caused respiratory tract encouraging handwashing and avoiding crowds and infections during this period. (who.int)

These results imply that SOCS upregulation following ZIKV infection modulates viral replication , possibly via the regulation of anti-viral innate immune responses . (bvsalud.org)
The cell counters RNA viruses with innate immune pattern-recognition receptors, such as the RNA helicase RIG-I, which recognise particular viral RNA structural motifs (e.g. 5′ triphosphate-dsRNA) as non-self, thus activating a signalling pathway leading to interferon production and establishment of the anti-viral state. (embl.org)
The ADAR1 protein is involved in the control of the innate immune response, which is the immune system's early response to foreign invaders (pathogens). (medlineplus.gov)

The protein interferon helps inhibit replication of the virus and is an extremely important part of the response to any viral disease,' she said. (news-medical.net)
The ADAR1 protein is also thought to inhibit the replication and spread of certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C, by modifying their RNA. (medlineplus.gov)

The capability for recombination among +ssRNA virus pathogens of humans is common. (wikipedia.org)
The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans, as in the case of SARS and MERS. (wikipedia.org)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is an emerging voirs due to anthropogenic or natural causes can affect disease that affected humans and equines in many pathogen transmission to humans and domestic animals parts of the Americas throughout the 20th century (1-6). (cdc.gov)
In their Pearl, James Wynne and Lin-Fa Wang focus on bat viruses that have caused zoonotic disease outbreaks in humans and domestic animals. (plos.org)
His team was also instrumental in the discovery of Bundibugyo virus, the newest member of the genus Ebolavirus known to cause disease in humans, and the causative agent of EVD outbreaks in Uganda in 2007 and DRC in 2012. (cdc.gov)
It might seem as if Zika virus sprang from nowhere, but almost certainly it must have been infecting many more humans in Africa and Asia than we had been aware. (cdc.gov)
Like humans who unwittingly carried SARS-CoV-2 on airplanes from Wuhan to Seattle and from Wuhan and Italy to Belgium and soon from virtually everywhere else to virtually everywhere else in early 2020, infected wild birds are often asymptomatic, so they can migrate carrying the virus. (thebulletin.org)
HIV-1 originated in Central Africa in the first half of the 20th century, when a closely related chimpanzee virus first infected humans. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition to these questions of basic research, we are also engaged in the further development of diagnostic methods and vaccines for these pathogens of importance to veterinary medicine. (uni-giessen.de)
Fifth, vector control is a force multiplier that can reduce the risk from many viruses that would require the development of individual vaccines. (cdc.gov)
After all, unlike the other vaccines currently in the pipeline, this one is alive and replication-competent. (thedailybeast.com)
The narrow and archaic vaccine-only paradigm to treat infectious diseases has left human populations vulnerable to a highly transmissible and potentially pathogenic virus with no approved drugs or vaccines in place. (thenhf.com)
Mice models are essential tools to study the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and for the preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapies against various human pathogens. (medgadget.com)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
Persistent immunosuppression cel s and their replication to form that results is progressive unless the presents a risk of cancer. (who.int)
who are latently infected with an on- Certain pharmaceutical drugs, Immunosuppression as a medi- cogenic virus are at greatly increased ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, cal therapy is used to treat autoim- risk for developing virus-related or infection with certain viruses mune diseases such as lupus ery- cancers when they become immu- and parasites can cause immu- thematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. (who.int)
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in immunosuppression, allowing opportunistic pathogens to cause disease. (medscape.com)

Zika Virus-Induction of the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1/3 Contributes to the Modulation of Viral Replication. (bvsalud.org)
Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a mosquito -borne flavivirus that has emerged and caused global outbreaks since 2007. (bvsalud.org)
Best adapted of all are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the cosmopolitan vector of epidemic yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. (cdc.gov)
Persistence of human yellow fever, the inexorable expanse of dengue, and the surprising, explosive spread and severity of first chikungunya virus and now Zika virus bear testament to the threat posed by habituated Aedes species. (cdc.gov)
Since its arrival in the Western Hemisphere about 1 year ago, Zika virus, which had previously been associated with a clinically mild and inconsequential illness, is now increasingly suspected of being the cause of an alarming epidemic of neurologic birth defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome in tropical regions. (cdc.gov)
Zika virus, the subject of several articles in the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, reminds us of some of the impediments to responding to emerging vectorborne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
First, Zika virus belongs to the most prevalent class of emerging pathogens, the zoonotic single- stranded RNA viruses, which have mutation rates as high as 1 base per 10 to the 4th power bases, each replication. (cdc.gov)
Pathogenicity and transmission dynamics will be factors in determining where Zika virus will become endemic and what will be the most suitable methods of control. (cdc.gov)
Zika, dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses can co-circulate, not only among themselves, but possibly with unidentified or poorly characterized flaviviruses. (cdc.gov)
The limitations of current diagnostics are a primary reason why the association between Zika virus and birth defects remained speculative so long. (cdc.gov)
Fewer than 20 of the 86 known pathogenic arboviruses can be considered major causes of human disease, and 3 of these, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, have emerged from relative obscurity within only the past 20 years. (cdc.gov)
Aside from coronavirus studies, mice models are considered the best small animal models for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Zika virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). (medgadget.com)

Examples are Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4), and cytomegalovirus. (thehindu.com)
Viruses such as Varicella zoster ( chickenpox ) and Herpesviridae ( herpes simplex viruses, Varicella-Zoster virus, cytomegalovirus etc ) can hide from the immune system in neurons and non-neuronal cells where they may persist for many years, before emerging in pathogenic form when the host has a lowered resistance. (immunology.org)

Gene Tan, PhD is leading efforts to develop SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein pseudotyped viruses for receptor binding and antibody neutralization assays. (jcvi.org)
Further, when cells lacking the viral DNA element near the AIM2 immune defense gene were infected with virus, their ability to execute an effective immune response was greatly reduced. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
More recently, analysis of retroviral replication and in particular understanding the formation and composition of the virus particle has received additional attention because of the promise of retroviral vectors as vehicles for human somatic gene therapy. (powells.com)

Host cell proteins recruited by +ssRNA viruses during replication include RNA-binding proteins, chaperone proteins, and membrane remodeling and lipid synthesis proteins, which collectively participate in exploiting the cell's secretory pathway for viral replication. (wikipedia.org)
In response, viruses deploy proteins as counter-counter-measures to dampen the immune response, for instance, by supressing the RIG-I signalling pathway. (embl.org)
Sp110 and other NB-associated proteins, induced by type I (α/β) and type II (γ) interferons (IFNs), play a role in IFN response and virus replication [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
To identify modified proteins and elucidate their importance for viral replication, Andreas Pichlmair and his colleagues utilize mass spectrometry among other methods. (mpg.de)

This is when a virus is present within a cell, but not actively producing more infectious virus particles. (thehindu.com)
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that is classified as a select agent, an emerging infectious virus and an agricultural pathogen. (greenmedinfo.com)
Curcumin, strongly down regulates levels of extracellular infectious virus.Our data demonstrate that curcumin binds to and inhibits kinase activity of the IKK-β2 complex in infected cells. (greenmedinfo.com)

Pathogens;9(3)2020 Feb 27. (bvsalud.org)
Seasonal human coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus, M. pneumoniae and several other pathogens were detected until April 2020. (who.int)

These are between-patient variation in clinical pharmacokinetics and the gamut of MIC values that reflect the susceptibility of pathogens to the anti-microbial drug. (benthamscience.com)

For instance, Wolbachia modulates the replication of viruses or parasites. (datadryad.org)

It has been demonstrated that E1 and E2 are involved in viral transcription and replication. (genome.jp)
To achieve this we use X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryoEM to determine structures after trapping successive states along the active transcription or replication pathways. (embl.org)
These studies are being extended to viral RNPs (the physiological RNA synthesis units) to understand the behaviour of the viral nucleoprotein during replication and transcription and to include host factors important for viral replication. (embl.org)
2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)

These can be found in many RNA plant viruses, as well as the hepatitis delta virus, a human pathogen. (jove.com)
Patients with HIV infection are at a greater risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, due to the common route of transmission. (medscape.com)
Prior to the initiation of ART, all patients who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using a quantitative assay to determine the level of HBV replication. (medscape.com)
B virus and hepatitis C virus transmission. (who.int)
More than 75% of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Region is attributable to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (who.int)
The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness regarding the burden of disease related to viral hepatitis and the need for urgent action to prevent hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus transmission in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)

However, it is well-known that Herpesviruses are smart pathogens and several, such as HSV-1, HCMV and HHV-8, are known to have developed numerous defense strategies for evading the host's immune response. (mdpi.com)
The pathogenicity of these viruses results either directly from the replication of the pathogens in the host cells and the resulting damage to the host organism or from the host's immune response against the viruses. (uni-giessen.de)

selection for host resistance and possibly for virus attenu- ation (14,15). (cdc.gov)
Following tissue damage, RNase T2 is secreted and participates in resistance against RNA viruses or functions as an alarm signaling molecule to regulate the host immune response and contributes to tissue remodeling and repair ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)

In 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recognized that, although strategies were available to reduce the frequency of opportunistic infections in patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, information regarding prevention of both exposure and disease often was published in journals not regularly reviewed by health-care providers. (cdc.gov)
This enveloped RNA virus has immunologically distinct serotypes that increase the risk of life‐threatening diseases, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever. (intechopen.com)
June 17, 2010 - Concern that a new human gamma-retrovirus may be transmissible through blood has led one infectious diseases specialist to recommend new steps to protect the US blood supply against possible infection with the virus. (medscape.com)

Flaviviruses, the human pathogens responsible for dengue fever, West Nile fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, are endemic in tropical and temperate parts of the world. (nih.gov)

Curcumin treatment down regulates viral replication in the liver of infected animals. (greenmedinfo.com)
DNA replication is the primary event that regulates cellular and viral proliferation. (nih.gov)

We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
We realized that there was a large need for preclinical in vivo models that could be used to study these human pathogens, novel treatment and prevention approaches, as well as vaccine vectors and the human immune response that they elicit," says Angela Wahl of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. (nature.com)
In contrast, infection fector cells or from blockage of intra- of action associated with oncogenic with certain pathogens, such as hu- cel ular pathways essential for anti- viruses, may escape immune sur- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 gen recognition or of other elements veillance in immunosuppressed indi- (HIV-1) or malaria parasites, is per- of the immune response. (who.int)
The following is also discussed: the basic principles of the development, structure and replication cycle of viruses in relation to infection and immune response. (lu.se)

Human-mouse chimeric models (humanized mice), generated by engrafting human tissues and/or stem cells into immunodeficient mice, are powerful tools for in vivo studies of human pathogens. (nature.com)
Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)

Colombian enzootic VEEV focus using sympatric and hosts in both epidemic and enzootic VEEV cycles and are allopatric virus strains. (cdc.gov)
They are pairing this with a rapid, modular reverse genetic system to assess genomic variants identified in the wealth of global sequencing data, develop and test vaccine candidates, and generate needed reagents, including fluorescent and tagged virus strains. (jcvi.org)
It was argued that the sequence information currently available was insufficient to provide consensus information across the full range of virus strains available. (who.int)

The earliest members of genus Homo were surely bedeviled by blood-feeding arthropods, some of which doubtless carried zoonotic pathogens. (cdc.gov)

The RNase T2 family are widely distributed in living organisms and highly conserved from viruses to mammals ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

This patient also had positive result on polymerase chain reaction assay for herpes simplex virus, which is both sensitive and specific. (medscape.com)

Third, the pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of vectorborne zoonotic pathogens are much more complex than those of directly communicable pathogens. (cdc.gov)

We complement structural studies with in vitro polymerase enzymology and in-cell studies using mini-replicon systems, and, in collaborations, recombinant viruses and live-cell imaging. (embl.org)

Inhibition of the IKK complex using inhibitors impairs viral replication thus alluding to the requirement of an active IKK complex to the viral life cycle. (greenmedinfo.com)
In 2010 a collaboration of university-based researchers in The Netherlands and the USA reported that the combination of the trace mineral zinc plus a zinc transport molecule (ionophore) that facilitates zinc's entry into cells efficiently impairs the replication of RNA viruses, like the newly mutated COVID-19 coronavirus, to effect a cure. (thenhf.com)

The authors reported that they could secondarily transmit the virus from the blood cells and plasma of infected patients with CFS, raising the possibility of blood-borne transmission. (medscape.com)
2.4 Blood-borne pathogen transmission in health care settings. (who.int)
4.3 Development of blood-borne pathogen standard precautions. (who.int)
A comprehensive strategy is urgently needed to prevent transmission of these blood-borne pathogens. (who.int)
Legislation is needed to ensure that all persons with occupational exposure to blood are vaccinated and educated about the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission within the health care setting. (who.int)
Schools for health care professionals should ensure all students are vaccinated with HepB vaccine prior to clinical rotations and educate all students about the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission in the health care setting. (who.int)
While strategies to prevent blood-borne pathogen transmission are universal, the epidemiological situation and resource capacity in different Member States demand flexibility in setting prevention strategies. (who.int)

Recombination can also occur infrequently between +ssRNA viruses of the same species but of divergent lineages. (wikipedia.org)
Viruses are the most abundant organism in the world's oceans, and it is thought that all phytoplankton species are susceptible to infection. (eurekalert.org)

We also review clinically apparent differences in the immune responses elicited by these viruses according to the latest clinical data and recommend that investigators note these differences in ongoing efforts to elucidate the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. (ersjournals.com)

As an example, while HCMV causes acute infection in BLT-L mice, sustained subsequent humoral and T cell responses are ultimately capable of containing the replication to background levels, reminiscent of latent infection in healthy individuals. (nature.com)

Prophylactic regimens against opportunistic pathogens and more potent antiretroviral drugs appear to be important factors influencing this decline in incidence. (cdc.gov)

We were surprised at just how many different human pathogens replicated in the models and at how well the human immune cells in BLT-L mice could control infection, just like they would in people," says Wahl. (nature.com)
Curcumin Inhibits Rift Valley Fever Virus Replication in Human Cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
Curcumin partially exerts its inhibitory influence on RVFV replication by interfering with IKK-β2 mediated phosphorylation of the viral protein NSs and by altering cell cycle of treated cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
Many pathogens also deploy diverse immune evasion tactics in the host to achieve host cell invasion and colonisation and may successfully exploit host cells to access target tissues. (immunology.org)
Experiments in mice and human cells have shown that the protein promotes the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses. (innovationtoronto.com)
By screening mice with genetic mutations, the Imperial team discovered a strain of mice that produced 10 times as many cytotoxic T cells when infected with a virus compared with normal mice. (innovationtoronto.com)
Given that viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack cellular processes to replicate a virus's genetic material , it is essential anti-viral agents have ability to enter cells. (thenhf.com)
Immune cells recognize the pathogens via signal molecules on the cell's surface and initiate the appropriate maneuver. (mpg.de)
It is still not known in detail how viruses alter the genetic activity and the protein production of the infected cells. (mpg.de)
On the other hand, increasing recent evidence demonstrates that host cells harbour inhibitory factors that limit the DENV replication. (intechopen.com)
Lytic viruses inject their DNA into host cells and use the host's replication machinery to produce new viral particles. (eurekalert.org)
My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
One recent report of a culture system using differentiated human epithelial cells has permitted more detailed research of its replication. (medscape.com)

To better understand the host-pathogen interac- exploited as highly efficient amplification hosts (11,12). (cdc.gov)
Based on the knowledge and tools developed while identifying and characterizing new viruses and comparisons to previously-characterized viruses, new virus-specific and broad spectrum polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibody reagents, purification protocols, nucleic acid hybridization probes, PCR primers, isothermal amplification methods, and improved associated protocols will be developed. (usda.gov)

We have extended our work on viral polymerases to those of other segmented negative-strand RNA viruses such as the large order of Bunyavirales . (embl.org)

Epizootic viruses cause debilitating disease with high reservoir hosts, we performed experimental infections of F1 progeny from Proechimys chrysaeolus collected at a fatality rates in equines. (cdc.gov)
Our ability to serologically diagnose infections with emerging arboviruses is often compromised by close antigenic relationships within virus families. (cdc.gov)
Both NGS and UPVM have the potential to identify any virus present and identify all components of mixed infections, and is suited to application in situations where rapid results are important (in Quarantine operations and germplasm introduction). (usda.gov)
Mice models are necessary for learning about infections from many human pathogens. (medgadget.com)
Those procedures and devices were able to detect infections early and with great sensitivity, but they needed further validation for use with variola virus under simulated field conditions, which would require access to the live stocks. (who.int)

Evolution of blood-feeding arthropods to our changing environment and evolution of some zoonoses to exploit this advantage are major links in the emergence of obscure pathogens into epidemic threats. (cdc.gov)

Mice implanted with human lung tissue model pathogen infection and immune responses. (nature.com)

Since 2009, Dr. Towner has led the Virus Host Ecology Team within Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB) to study replication, transmission and spillover of hemorrhagic fever viruses (VHFs), including the bat-borne filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg viruses, and the newly identified paramyxovirus, Sosuga virus. (cdc.gov)
The study showed that these evasion strategies enabled the virus to persist in placenta, facilitating its replication and transmission to the fetus. (news-medical.net)
RÉSUMÉ Une analyse documentaire des informations publiques disponibles a été entreprise afin de passer en revue les connaissances et les lacunes actuelles sur le coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV), notamment sur son origine, la transmission, les mesures de lutte efficaces et la prise en charge. (who.int)
The transfusion medicine organization AABB has formed a task force to study the transmission potential of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), which has been linked to familial prostate cancer and, more recently, to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). (medscape.com)
Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)

Immune defenses are continually challenged by pathogens that rapidly evolve and change invasion tactics. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Results from our lab, as well as from other labs, led to the identification of all of the various DNA replication intermediates in SV40 replication. (nih.gov)

Reservoir hosts play an important role in the replica- contrast dramatically with the severe disease and tion, maintenance, and dissemination of arthropodborne histopathologic findings observed in other laboratory viruses (arboviruses). (cdc.gov)
We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)

Anatomy18

Organisms93

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes66

Information Science4

Health Care1

PLOS Pathogens6

Infect8

Animal pathogens3

Interactions5

Genes11

Genome16

Bacteria6

Microbial pathogens1

Viral pathogens2

Intracellular pathogens2

Bacterial7

Positive-strand RNA viruses7

Influenza virus4

Virulence4

Dengue virus4

Genomes8

Antiviral7

Immunity7

Mechanisms5

Respiratory14

Innate immune3

Inhibit2

Humans8

Vaccines5

Immunosuppression4

Zika12

Cytomegalovirus2

Gene3

Proteins5

Infectious virus3

20202

Susceptibility1

Modulates1

Transcription4

Hepatitis6

Host's immune response2

Resistance2

Diseases3

Flaviviruses1

Regulates2

Immune response4

Vivo2

Strains3

Genus1

Organisms1

Assay1

Zoonotic1

Polymerase1

Impairs2

Blood-borne7

Species2

Clinically1

HCMV1

Prophylactic1

Cells16

Amplification2

Negative strand RNA viruses1

Infections5

Epidemic1

Infection and immune1

Transmission5

Defenses1

Intermediates1

Severe3