• Scientists studying pathogens such as Chlamydia , Legionella , and Listeria get a master class in how to control the internal workings of mammalian cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • And she gained a new appreciation for the myriad other types of intracellular bacteria, a diverse group that includes many medically significant pathogens such as Salmonella , Listeria, and Chlamydia , as well as the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. (the-scientist.com)
  • By contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium leprae do, and this trait makes them a challenge to culture and study in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause ocular and genital infections, which are a significant public health concern worldwide. (europa.eu)
  • The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia replicate within an intracellular vacuole, termed an inclusion. (pasteur.fr)
  • Although the bacterial translocase has been characterized in other intercellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Rickettsia prowazeki, this is the first characterization of an ATP/ADP translocases in an obligate-intracellular plant pathogen and, given the conservation of the ATP uptake mechanism, may represent an evolutionary link between plant and animal pathogens. (usda.gov)
  • Previously, we have used ExM to visualize the intracellular Gram-negative pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Simkania negevensis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, ovoid, non-motile bacterium from the genus Chlamydia . (roboscreen.com)
  • She subsequently became an independent NIH-funded investigator and Assistant Professor at Harvard, continuing to investigate host-pathogen relationships in the genital tract, but primarily focusing on the unique obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis . (lsuhsc.edu)
  • Chlamydia organisms are obligate intracellular bacteria that must be isolated in tissue culture, mice, or chick embryos. (cdc.gov)
  • By then it was known that Listeria infects cells such as macrophages-motile human immune cells that engulf pathogens and cellular debris-by being taken up into vacuoles and breaking out of those vacuoles into the cytoplasm. (the-scientist.com)
  • Intestinal lamina propria of AIDS patients with concomitant Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection may be packed with PAS-positive granules containing macrophages, but the intracellular bacilli are acid fast. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mtb is an intracellular pathogen able to survive indefinitely under unfavorable conditions inside primary host immune cells, preferably residing in human alveolar macrophages ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite the antimicrobial activity of macrophages, Mtb has been able to establish a series of strategies to handle the host immune machinery, interfere with, and arrest the phagosome maturation, counteract mycobactericidal molecules and ultimately survive in a hostile intracellular environment ( 8 - 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The causative bacterium belongs to the genus Legionella , an accidental human pathogen that can replicate in alveolar macrophages, although it normally replicates as an intracellular parasite in protozoa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Preventing DM patients from becoming infected with TB can be done by an optimal innate immune system mechanism from the host through an effective phagocytosis process from phagocytic cells such as macrophages in the early invasion of microorganisms against Mtb bacteria 5 , 6 Macrophages are professional phagocytes responsible for destroying cells infected with intracellular pathogens and targets for Mtb bacteria 4 , 5 , 7 . (scialert.net)
  • Macrophages produce proteolytic enzymes and cytokines, which in turn kill bacteria, such as secreting Interleukin-12 (IL-12). (scialert.net)
  • While the epithelium provides a physical barrieragainst this gram-negative pathogen, innate immunity and, specifically,phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages are key determinants in the abilityof the host to control P. aeruginosa infection.Thus, the host inflammatory response is intimately connected to the phagocyticclearance of the bacteria. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • For this purpose, we exposed primary bonemarrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to apoptotic cells, bacteria andbacteria-laden apoptotic cells and examined their internalization(independently or in conjuction) by confocal microscopy and subsequent imageanalysis in order to investigate the phagocytic and efferocytic efficiencies.To study bacterial clearance, we measured intracellular survival over time.Also changes in cytokine expression levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Improving bacteria killing ability of cystic fibrosis (CF) macrophages. (edu.au)
  • Bacteria killing ability of CF macrophages are known to be defective to extracellular bacteria. (edu.au)
  • There is limited knowledge that how CF macrophages fight against intracellular bacteria. (edu.au)
  • Using MABS as a model pathogen, we aim to investigate how CF macrophages are defective in killing and clearance of intracellular bacteria and whether MABS killing ability can be enhanced by treating CF macrophages with a range of potential therapeutic agents. (edu.au)
  • The intracellular survival of S. aureus in macrophages contributes to immune evasion, dissemination, and resilience to antibiotic treatment. (escholarship.org)
  • Gran1 was selectively internalized by macrophages, the major host cell of Mtb , and restricted the proliferation of the pathogen. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 500 species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are identified in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • The microbial flora is mostly bacteria and fungi and includes normal resident flora, which is present consistently and which promptly reestablishes itself if disturbed, and transient flora, which may colonize the host for hours to weeks but does not permanently establish itself. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. (dadamo.com)
  • Biocrusts are produced from an intimate association between soil particles and differing proportions of dehydration-tolerant photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms that live within or immediately on top of the soil, including bacteria, fungi, lichens, liverworts, mosses, eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. (asm.org)
  • Anti-infective agents are secondary metabolites produced and obtained from a different sources (plants, bacteria, virus, fungi, and marine oceans) with antibacterial or antiviral properties. (benthamscience.com)
  • Pathogens, including fungi, viruses, parasites, or intracellular bacteria can induce and may benefit from lipid droplets in infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Anaerobic bacteria and fungi are also prevalent. (who.int)
  • The ancestors of bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a lysosomal degradative process that participates in cellular homeostasis by enabling the removal of defective organelles, protein aggregates, or intracellular microorganisms ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A healthy person lives in harmony with the microbial flora that helps protect its host from invasion by pathogens, usually defined as microorganisms that have the capacity to cause disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They capture and destroy invading microorganisms, through phagocytosis and intracellular degradation, release of granules, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps after detecting pathogens. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium long recognized as a veterinary agent 1 and more recently as a human infection. (who.int)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB is responsible for about 1.6 million TB deaths and 10 million (5.8 million men, 3.2 million women, and 1.0 million children) new cases have been detected in 2017 and more than a third of the world population is hosting Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative pathogen of TB, in its latent form ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • My laboratory is focused on infectious diseases, especially human Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is one of mankind's most successful intracellular pathogens. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The presence of a decreased immune response in DM sufferers results in easy conflict with infectious disease, TB, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 3 , 4 . (scialert.net)
  • We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Gran1 against the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) and a panel of clinically relevant non-tuberculous mycobacteria which are notoriously difficult to treat. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Bacteria then disappear from the blood because of antibody mediated phagocytosis, lysis, and agglutination, and then the fever falls. (nanomedicine.com)
  • This niche is bound by a protective membrane which protects the pathogen from degradation and allows it to replicate. (usda.gov)
  • Most bacteria live extracellularly, but some preferentially reside and replicate intracellularly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The list may not even be complete, as I miss, for example, Legionella pneumophila (class Gamma-pro-teo-bacteria) known to survive and replicate within both Acanthamoeba castellanii and A. poly-phaga , and ' Candidatus Nucleicultrix amoebiphila' (class Alphaproteo-bacteria) that infects A. cas-tellanii and makes itself at home in its nucleus (see here in STC). (asmblog.org)
  • We also present the strategies developed by pathogens to evade or to exploit this machinery in order to establish a successful infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a first line of defense against pathogens and a mediator between innate and adaptive immunity, complement is a particular focus of evasion strategies developed by pathogens. (lu.se)
  • Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae) transmit multiple and diverse pathogens (including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses), which cause a wide range of human and animal diseases, including rickettsial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the bacterial ATP/ADP translocases characterized thus far, all have been found in endosymbionts of protozoa or pathogens of higher order animals including humans. (usda.gov)
  • Differentiated primary cells represent a variety of cell types such as enterocytes, mucus-producing goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells, which all contribute interactions between host and pathogen. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The two laureats: Sigolène Meilhac, head of the Heart Morphogenesis 5-year group at the Institut Pasteur and Jost Enninga, head of the Institut Pasteur's Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • Jost Enninga's research relates to host-pathogenic bacteria interactions at cellular and molecular level. (pasteur.fr)
  • Jost Enninga is a director of research at the Institut Pasteur where he manages the Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • This paper provides a coherent picture of the intracellular side of Tir, highlighting its ability to copycat the interactions of disordered intracellular domains of host immune receptors. (biorxiv.org)
  • Host-pathogen interactions: how this intracellular bacterium dysregulates the centrosome, cilia, endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle, cytoskeleton and intracellular trafficking of the infected host cell. (uci.edu)
  • 2021) list in their review of The Ecology and Evo-lution of Amoeba-Bacterium Interactions a whopping 35 bacterial species from various phyla that are known for non‑predatory in-ter-actions with one or more Acanth-amoe-ba species. (asmblog.org)
  • Saka HA , Valdivia R . Emerging roles for lipid droplets in immunity and host-pathogen interactions. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A. phagocytophilum, a human and veterinary pathogen, infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. (usda.gov)
  • Neutrophils possess an arsenal of proteases and can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to rapidly kill phagocytosed pathogens, but these toxic molecules can also damage host tissue following their release from inappropriately activated neutrophils in autoimmune diseases. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • In 1994, an ehrlichial pathogen within neutrophils that is closely related to the known veterinary pathogens E. equi and E. phagocytophila was found to infect humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Extracellular pathogens spread by direct extension of the focus of infection through the lymphatics or the bloodstream. (nih.gov)
  • Upon delivery into host cells, Tir inserts the host plasma membrane providing a means for these extracellular pathogens to control host intracellular processes. (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus, the hypothesis of the work is that induction of an adaptive immune response against an intracellular pathogen in the lung (virus) results in significant impairment of innate alveolar macrophage-mediated protection against extracellular pathogens (bacteria). (amc.edu)
  • In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of autophagy manipulation in improving therapeutics and vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The autophagy machinery targets intracellular pathogens for degradation, modulates inflammation, and participates in adaptive immune responses ( 3 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bacteria induce autophagy mainly via their pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pathogen-induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Depending on PAMP/DAMP nature and localization, autophagy can selectively capture bacteria, such event is called xenophagy, damaged organelles, and other signaling platforms activated during the infection ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, autophagy is involved in the body's inflammatory response and helps the immune system destroy some types of harmful bacteria and viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This change in the ATG16L1 gene impairs the autophagy process, allowing worn-out cell parts and harmful bacteria to persist when they would otherwise be destroyed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Impaired autophagy of an intracellular pathogen induced by a Crohn's disease associated ATG16L1 variant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1991-1992: Wilson et al[8] reported Whipple bacillus as a gram-positive bacterium rich in guanine and cytosine and likely an actinomycete. (medscape.com)
  • Salmonella bacteria constitute some of the most well studied human pathogens. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • RÉSUMÉ L'apparition d'isolats de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi montrant une résistance à la ciprofloxacine et aux céphalosporines de 3e génération inquiète les médecins des pays en développement. (who.int)
  • A. marginale, the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis, is the most prevalent tick borne pathogen of cattle found worldwide. (usda.gov)
  • 7 Understanding of the epidemiology of rickettsial diseases continues to evolve as new information accumulates about the expanding geographic distribution of the causative pathogens, 8 the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains,9 and the discovery of new species in the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . (health.mil)
  • Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Representatives of these species are considered opportunistic pathogens. (jcvi.org)
  • Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal acute febrile disease transmitted by larval mites (i.e., "chiggers"), primarily of species of the genus Leptotrombidium that are infected by the obligate intracellular bacteria O. tsutsugamushi . (health.mil)
  • Examples of these pathogens include Chlamydiae, Chlamydophila species, and rickettsiae. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of Gram-negative diplococci non-motile bacteria from the genus Neisseria . (roboscreen.com)
  • In this chapter, we discuss the role that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in the elimination of intracellular bacteria and their induction by immunomodulators like vitamin D, focusing on the mycobacterial infection. (benthamscience.com)
  • I joined the MRC CMM in 2021 as Senior Experimental Officer to support the CMM teams with experimental, technological and analytical know-how to visualise and measure how fungal pathogens respond, regulate and impinge on host model organisms at the single-cell level. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • We assessed serum samples from 1,000 US Marines deployed to Afghanistan during 2001-2010 to find evidence of 4 rickettsial pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Rickettsial pathogens transmitted by arthropods other than ticks, including fleas ( Rickettsia typhi ), lice ( Rickettsia prowazekii ), and mites ( Rickettsia akari ) are not included in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • Rickettsial diseases have had a significant impact on public health and have been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both civilian and military populations.5 In addition, rickettsial pathogens continue to emerge and reemerge as causes of illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
  • His laboratory has developed highly effective intranasal prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for protection of neonatal and adult animals against pulmonary infectious disease, using a variety of bacteria and viruses as model pathogens. (amc.edu)
  • Here we review biogenesis of lipid droplets as well as the role of lipid droplets in the pathogenesis of selected viruses, bacteria, protists and yeasts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A myriad of agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusions, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (medscape.com)
  • The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
  • The innate immune system plays a crucial role in host defense against invading pathogens and relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect conserved microbial- or danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or DAMPs). (hindawi.com)
  • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacterial cell walls and bacterial flagella, acts as ligands to trigger for downstream pathways that release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and interleukins (IL1B, IL2, IL6 and IL18). (cdc.gov)
  • The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal infections. (usda.gov)
  • The genus Helicobacter includes spiral-shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria, class Epsilonproteobacteria, order Campylobacteriales, that have been associated with disease in animals, including reptiles. (cabi.org)
  • Since PFTs from several pathogens have been shown to recruit membrane repair components, we here investigated whether staphylococcal α-toxin is able to induce these mechanisms in endothelial cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • (B) LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP): LC3 is conjugated onto the membrane of phagosome containing bacteria to promote fusion with lysosome. (frontiersin.org)
  • At the site of infection, membrane receptors for complement proteins and immunoglobulins recognize and bind opsonized bacteria leading to the formation of pseudopodia, phagocytosis of the pathogen and destruction within the intracellular phagosome. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • Ehrlichiae are small, gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria that reside within a phagosome. (cdc.gov)
  • Rather, it was produced by a tiny intracellular bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila , the pathogen behind a serious lung infection called Legionnaire's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • Chapter 2 also discusses how NK cells are activated in response to intracellular infections, and how a local inflammatory response and induced cytokines and chemokines can bring more effector cells and molecules to the site of an infection while preventing pathogen spread into the blood. (nih.gov)
  • Tir acts as a cell-surface receptor in host cells, rewiring intracellular processes to assist infection by targeting multiple host proteins. (biorxiv.org)
  • This copycatting allows the bacterial pathogens to modulate critical host processes, allowing infection to spread further without triggering the immune system response. (biorxiv.org)
  • The innate immune response against B. abortus infection begins with the recognition of molecular structures related to this pathogen by receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • After infection, the bacteria multiply in tissues and cause a febrile illness until the onset of an immune response a week or so later. (nanomedicine.com)
  • This bacterium can change its antigenic signature during the course of an infection in a single host. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The antibiotic resistance and intracellular survival capabilities of BCC members make them resistant to many therapeutics. (jcvi.org)
  • We have also obtained results in mice indicating that when seasonal respiratory infections such as pneumococcal infections and influenza return to their pre-pandemic levels, co-infections with these pathogens could lead to an increased incidence of lethal Covid-19 superinfections, especially among unvaccinated populations. (amc.edu)
  • Defective mitochondrial responses to respiratory bacteria had previously been observed in CFTR-KO zebrafish model and epithelial cells. (edu.au)
  • We also identified a unique mechanism to battle complement used by the respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis . (lu.se)
  • Human bocavirus is a common finding in wheezing children, but its role as a respiratory pathogen is still unclear. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most studied is probably xenophagy, the selective capture and degradation of intracellular bacteria by lysosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • (A) xenophagy: selective capture and lysosomal degradation of cytosolic and vacuolar pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The strategies they have developed to subvert intracellular trafficking are often unknown, and SNARE proteins, which are essential for membrane fusion, are possible targets. (pasteur.fr)
  • The findings will potentially lead to the discovery of new drug targets and have a better understanding on resistant bacteria in context of the host. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • SG: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
  • For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • The studies reported in this paper demonstrate that both of these pathogens interact with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. (usda.gov)
  • The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis and may serve as a source of nutrients for both of these pathogens. (usda.gov)
  • A better understanding of C. trachomatis basic biology is important to eventually develop new ways to combat infections caused by these bacteria. (europa.eu)
  • Our investigators study all aspects of infectious disease ranging from the fundamental science of microbial pathogens to the clinical outcomes of the infections they cause. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The primary function of antimicrobial molecules is the interaction with pathogens to clear infections. (benthamscience.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a global public health threat, and development of novel therapeutics for treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is urgent. (escholarship.org)
  • Many intracellular pathogens rely on host cell membrane compartments for their survival. (pasteur.fr)
  • We showed that one common strategy is to bind complement inhibitor C4BP, which leads to decreased opsonisation of bacteria with C3b impairing phagocytosis and allowing bacterial survival. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, Atgs proteins have non-autophagic functions essential for innate immunity against bacteria (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These microbes all enjoy at least part of their lives shielded from the onslaught of white blood cells, antibodies, and other immune defenses that the body launches against pathogens that live outside of host cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • While both of these pathogens cause different diseases and infect different cells in the mammalian host, they share a similar life cycle within the tick. (usda.gov)
  • In mammalian and arthropod host cells, A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale reside in host cell derived pathogen-occupied vacuoles (POVs). (usda.gov)
  • To demonstrate feasibility of transcriptional profiling in multiple major components of the host immune system and the pathogen simultaneously, we purified defined cell populations of the tissue model by cell sorting. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In continuation with our previous work [7] the emphasis will be on the discovery of non-coding RNA functions in the host immune response and the pathogen counter-response. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • However, the host intracellular signaling pathways and the molecular mechanisms associated with Acanthamoeba -mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity have not been determined. (asm.org)
  • To measure these, he developed new imaging technology capable of assessing host-pathogen dialog at very high spatiotemporal resolution. (pasteur.fr)
  • Obligate intracellular pathogens are able to grow, reproduce, and cause disease only within the cells of the host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Knowing that the mycobacterial cell envelope is one of the first links in the host-pathogen cross-talk, I did a Ph.D, in Toulouse (France), in order to study the biogenesis of the mycobacterial cell wall, especially the identification of the glycosyltransferases potentially involved in the biosynthesis of (lipo) polysaccharides which constitute the Achilles' hill of the mycobacterial cell-envelope. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Effectively, the success of Mtb as a pathogen partially results from its capacity to invade, survive and persist within intracellular phagosomes and extracellular sites in many host tissues. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Deciphering these mechanisms in such defined environments is crucial to understanding the physiology of Mtb within the host and can also inform on us why Mtb is such an efficient intracellular pathogen. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It is an obligate intracellular parasite, for which humans are the only host [1]. (roboscreen.com)
  • We disclose that Tir has a disordered C-terminal intracellular tail (C-Tir) with non-random structural preferences at phosphorylation sites, including host-like tyrosine-based motifs, with versatile lipid- and SH2 domain binding capability pre-phosphorylation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Collectively, our findings provide an updated picture of Tir's intracellular side, highlighting its ability to mimic host disordered membrane receptors' versatility as a molecular strategy for host evasion. (biorxiv.org)
  • Further, several in vivo studies have demonstrated a role for Nod1 and Nod2 in host defense against bacterial pathogens. (hindawi.com)
  • With each attack, a new antigenic variant of the bacterium appears and a new set of antibodies is formed in the host. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Filamentous hyphae of the human pathogen, Candida albicans, invade mucosal layers and medical silicones. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • In addition, since 9/11, the laboratory has focused on protective immunity against microbes that could be used for bioterrorism, in particular, pulmonary pathogens, and specifically, F. tularensis. (amc.edu)
  • Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors such as membrane bound Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) of surface epithelial cells and antigen presenting cells detect airborne pathogens and activate innate immune response providing the first line of defense against these inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, outbreaks caused by rickettsial disease pathogens, such as scrub typhus ( Orientia tsutsugamushi ) in Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia and African tick-bite fever ( Rickettsia africae ) in Botswana, have affected military forces in recent history ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Rickettsia and Orientia genera both encompass a large group of obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacteria. (health.mil)
  • The ancestral group includes the tick-borne agents Rickettsia bellii and R. canadensis but does not contain pathogens that cause human disease. (health.mil)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale are closely related tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause debilitating and potentially fatal diseases. (usda.gov)
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was first reported in the United States of America in 1994, 2 and since then Anaplasma phagocytophilum has been considered an emerging pathogen of public health importance. (who.int)
  • This ability to import ATP directly allows bacteria that posses this enzyme to act as "energy parasites" and uptake ATP produced by their hosts. (usda.gov)
  • Human cells harness power of detergents to wipe out bacteria. (discovery.com)
  • A human apolipoprotein L with detergent-like activity kills intracellular pathogens. (discovery.com)
  • Some pathogens, such as anthrax, are spread by spores that are highly resistant to heat and drying, while others, such as the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), are spread only by the exchange of bodily fluids or tissues because they are unable to survive as infectious agents outside the body. (nih.gov)
  • Brucella is a Gram-negative bacterium which is pathogenic of human and animals [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • She established novel human genital epithelial models to study this pathogen, and collaborated with Drs. Tom Ganz and Edith Martin Porter at UCLA to begin defining the role of antimicrobial peptides as natural and antibiotics at genital mucosal surfaces. (lsuhsc.edu)
  • Another important mechanism by which bacteria resist human complement is the production of proteases that efficiently degrade complement components. (lu.se)
  • Nearly all pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, yet there are few vaccines that provide effective protection at these sites. (amc.edu)
  • It appears that binding of C4BP is a general mechanism of protection used by bacteria that come into contact with blood or mucosal secretions. (lu.se)
  • Non‑digested bacteria were either released or established a replication niche within the con-tractile vacuole . (asmblog.org)
  • The ultimate goal of our studies is to develop novel, safe and efficacious strategies for immune defense against emerging and re-emerging pathogens, as well as potential biothreat agents. (amc.edu)
  • This bacterium belonged to Chitinophagaceae , but did not belong to known families that include bacteria with the atypical nosZ . (go.jp)
  • Cyanoraptor is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Chitinophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it represents a new subgroup of prokaryotic predators, as it has no known relatives among other predatory prokaryotes. (asm.org)