Pathogens and host immune. Medical search. Frequent questions

Understanding the roles of ecological, epidemiological and genetic factors, and specifically the host- pathogen molecular interactions, involved in host-to-host transmission and colonisation is essential for us to expose novel opportunities for the control of the pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
Yet such findings remain largely restricted to a small set of bat-pathogen interactions representing a minor pool of global bat diversity (>1400 species). (frontiersin.org)
Accordingly, the mechanisms by which bats tolerate virulent pathogens (and whether such patterns hold across both bat and pathogen taxa) remain poorly understood.The gaps in our understanding of bat-pathogen interactions have been exacerbated by limited integration among field studies of the bat immune response to infection, in vitro and in vivo experimental tests, and modeling frameworks that cross scales of biological organization. (frontiersin.org)
In this Research Topic, we invite manuscripts to explore the diversity of bat-pathogen interactions and encourage opportunities to link different approaches and perspectives to bat immune systems. (frontiersin.org)
Background: For over a century, scientists have studied host-pathogen interactions between the crayfish plague disease agent Aphanomyces astaci and freshwater crayfish. (hbz-nrw.de)
Our current understanding of these host-pathogen interactions is largely focused on the innate immunity processes in the crayfish haemolymph and cuticle, but the molecular basis of the observed disease-resistance and susceptibility remain unclear. (hbz-nrw.de)
Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. (frontiersin.org)
However, our understanding of how pathogens interact with cellular and humoral host factors in blood is limited, mainly due to technical issues: While it is relatively easy to study the interaction of pathogens with isolated blood cells, or their survival in serum or plasma, such approaches lack the complexity of interactions between different types of immune cells and additional factors, e.g., complement, present in blood. (frontiersin.org)
Assessing host-pathogen interactions in vivo in patients is challenging due to ethical and logistic limitations. (frontiersin.org)
Progress with HDT development has been slowed down by the limited understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Mtb infection. (europa.eu)
Here, we will for the first time use the groundbreaking CRISPR technology to screen the human genome in macrophages infected with Mtb and discover genes that are critically involved in host-pathogen interactions. (europa.eu)
Sex-specific differences can influence host-pathogen interactions and allergic-asthma related outcomes. (cdc.gov)

Full recovery entails the achievement of physiological (and immunological) homeostasis in the host, and the length of time this takes will depend on the nature and severity of the infection and whether there has been any prophylactic or therapeutic intervention. (immunology.org)
We think that the nuclear hormone receptor family of proteins allows C. elegans to sense infection and activate innate immune defenses. (umassmed.edu)
op den Brouw, ML 2010, ' Dendritic cells in Hepatitis B virus infection: Host-pathogen interaction and immune modulation ', Erasmus University Rotterdam. (eur.nl)
What is the immune response of B. dendrobatidis -tolerant hosts to infection? (cdc.gov)
What is the host immune response to G. destructans infection? (cdc.gov)
In this review, we highlight past and recent discoveries on host LPS sensing mechanisms and discuss bacterial countermeasures that promote infection. (nih.gov)
Dissemination of pathogens from a primary site of colonization or infection can occur via different routes, including lymphatic vessels and the blood stream ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, we previously established an ex vivo human whole-blood infection model that allowed us to define which immune cells interact with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans ( 4 ), to identify cross-talk between different components of the host response ( 5 ), and to detect substantial differences between related fungal pathogens ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Certain combinations of bacteria, when combined with specific toxins, were found to prevent the immune system from effectively fighting the infection. (rand.org)
Screens of the whole human genome can identify novel genes involved in the immune responses to Mtb infection and susceptibility to TB. (europa.eu)
This novel approach will dissect crucial mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction during Mtb infection and will point to new targets for HDTs of TB. (europa.eu)
Free radicals can be formed naturally during normal metabolic processes, by the immune system responding to injury or infection, and environmentally through exposure to things like pollution. (bodyecology.com)
Our research is centered on defining the molecular mechanisms of the response of the innate immune system to infection. (scripps.edu)
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens , their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. (wikipedia.org)
Multi-host infection and phylogenetically diverse lineages shape the recombination and gene pool dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus. (cdc.gov)
Combined Host-Pathogen Fate Mapping to Investigate Lung Macrophages in Viral Infection. (bvsalud.org)
Combined host-pathogen fate mapping not only enables to distinguish between infected and non-infected (bystander) macrophages but also spurs exploration of phenotypic adaptation and tracing of cellular localization in the context of MCMV infection . (bvsalud.org)
Sepsis occurs when the interacting networks of the host immune response fail to contain the infection at the local site, resulting in a dysregulated and systemic immune response. (lu.se)
Distinct pathogens use a diverse arsenal of molecular weapons to establish infection, designated virulence factors. (lu.se)

A mechanism used by a fungal pathogen to promote spread of the devastating cereal crop disease, blast, has been revealed in fine detail. (phys.org)
Aspergillus fumigatus is a respiratory fungal pathogen and an allergen, commonly detected in flooded indoor environments and agricultur al settings. (cdc.gov)

This article is confined to human microbial pathogens, although plant and animal pathogens are also widespread in nature. (immunology.org)
3) destroying elements of the immune system (e.g. the structures which present microbial antigens to immune effectors to initiate a response in the host). (immunology.org)
Mammalian host cells have also evolved an array of pattern recognition receptors for microbes or microbial factors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which when bound, trigger intracellular signalling cascade(s) with antimicrobial effects. (immunology.org)
We will examine the molecular mechanisms by which microbial pathogens colonize the human body and cause disease. (sfu.ca)
Plants have evolved an elaborate immune system to combat microbial pathogens. (uu.nl)
2 To neutralize the attack, some microbial pathogens may express SODs since they are metalloenzymes - an enzyme containing a metal ion, functions like coenzymes and imparts activity to the enzymes. (bodyecology.com)
This research is focused on investigating how products of microbial pathogens activate cells to express new genes. (scripps.edu)
Currently our major efforts are on identification of cell surface receptors that recognize products of microbial pathogens and on elucidation of intracellular signaling pathways responsible for transmitting information from the cell surface to the nucleus. (scripps.edu)
They play an important role in detection and recognition of microbial pathogens. (bvsalud.org)
The main objective of this study is to review the literature on Toll-like receptors, emphasizing the generation of signals and the immune responses developed in recognition of microbial components for these receptors. (bvsalud.org)

As the pathogenesis of viral illnesses is affected by host immune responses, various immune modulators have been proposed as biomarkers to predict the risk of the disease progression to a severe form, at a much earlier stage of the illness. (frontiersin.org)
This review discusses similarities between Dengue and Zika infections, comparing their disease transmissions and vectors involved, and both the innate and adaptive immune responses in these infections. (frontiersin.org)
While Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is responsible for all the host transcriptional responses to LPS, recent discoveries have revealed the existence of several TLR4-independent responses to LPS. (nih.gov)
However, it remains puzzling how host immunity selects for antigenic diversity at the level of the pathogen population, given that hosts have acquired immune responses to multiple antigens of most pathogens - sometimes through multiple effectors of both humoral and cellular immunity. (nih.gov)
López-Uribe said the results provide evidence for the role of feralization in altering pathogen landscapes and host immune responses. (sciencedaily.com)
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
When a plant becomes infected, proteases help plants to attack the invading pathogens and trigger immune responses. (redorbit.com)
From this elementary immune response, the more complex antigen-specific adaptive responses are recruited to provide a long-lasting memory against the pathogens. (amrita.edu)
Many pathogens present highly variable surface proteins to their host as a means of evading immune responses. (rcsb.org)
reviewed antiviral immune responses in bats and suggested the possibility that bats might be able to control viral replication through innate immunity. (cdc.gov)
Fever in mammals is accompanied by an initially high metabolic rate associated with beneficial immune responses. (cdc.gov)
Strains of laboratory mice that are inbred for higher metabolic rates show stronger immune responses to immune challenge with stronger antigen-specific IgM production than strains bred for lower metabolic rates. (cdc.gov)
They generate signals that induce the production of inflammatory cytokines for activation of innate immune responses. (bvsalud.org)

To sustain their virulence mechanisms, many bacteria can sequester free iron in the mammalian host, through the elaboration of iron-binding siderophores. (immunology.org)
Two MD/PhD students in the lab of Read Pukkila-Worley, MD , associate professor of medicine, have each received Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards from the National Institutes of Health for their projects analyzing the ways a host recognizes bacteria that can cause disease. (umassmed.edu)
Bats have been increasingly identified as hosts for zoonotic pathogens, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. (frontiersin.org)
These discoveries not only broaden our view of the means by which mammalian cells interact with bacteria, but they also highlight new selective pressures that may have promoted the evolution of bacterial immune evasion strategies. (nih.gov)
To address the urgent need to develop innovative antimicrobial therapies, Dr Dickerhof will use the awarded $599,995 to identify the mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves against oxidants produced by the immune system. (otago.ac.nz)
Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. (amrita.edu)
We study a range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, and other insults such as toxins. (cornell.edu)
Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , most prominently bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Gut-barrier disruption leads to translocation of dangerous intraluminal components, such as bacteria and their components, into the gut wall and, most importantly, exposes the immune system to them. (medscape.com)
Sepsis can originate from infections caused by a wide array of pathogens: bacteria, virus, parasites or fungi. (lu.se)

When a pathogenic microorganism ( bacterium , viru s or protozoal parasite ) infects the human body, a battle ensues between the host's innate & adaptive immune systems and the pathogen's assorted virulence mechanisms and factors . (immunology.org)
Virulence generally involves the employment of various mechanisms to destroy, or cause the malfunction of, host cells. (immunology.org)
Thus to protect itself from such virulence mechanisms, the host cell fights back by synthesising siderocalin receptors which competitively bind iron. (immunology.org)
Whilst many bacterial pathogens are intracellular in nature, others do not need to invade the host cell, but instead use various secretion processes which effect the delivery of toxins and other virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
causative of melioidosis or glanders ) have multiple secretion processes through which they deliver virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
Another serious human pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, causative of anthrax , has well-developed virulence mechanisms involving the secretion of three proteins, one of which, protective antigen (PA), binds host cell receptors to effect entry of either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF). (immunology.org)
To understand how coevolution is shaping the host's molecular response to the pathogen, susceptible native European noble crayfish and invasive disease-resistant marbled crayfish were challenged with two A. astaci strains of different origin: a haplogroup A strain (introduced to Europe at least 50 years ago, low virulence) and a haplogroup B strain (signal crayfish in lake Tahoe, USA, high virulence). (hbz-nrw.de)
Discovering how pathogens target plant hosts to promote virulence is essential if we are to understand how diseases develop, in addition to engineering immunity. (phys.org)
Although bats serve as reservoir hosts with great viral diversity, little evidence exists for corresponding death or illness of bats from viruses (other than lyssaviruses) that have spread into humans and domesticated mammals with high virulence. (cdc.gov)
We hypothesize that the increased metabolism and higher body temperatures of bats during flight might serve as an evolutionary adjuvant to their immune systems, providing a powerful selective force against virulence and promoting the diversity of viruses that infect bat populations. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial cell wall components and toxins, for example, are well-known virulence factors for sepsis that directly contribute to the profound dysregulation of the immune response. (lu.se)
Enhanced understanding of pathogen derived virulence attributes can facilitate development of novel anti-infectives aimed at distinct virulence factors. (lu.se)

A clear distinction between the innate immune response in the marbled crayfish and the noble crayfish is the capability of the marbled crayfish to mobilise a higher variety of innate immune response effectors. (hbz-nrw.de)
Fig. 4: Effectors are sufficient for converting a beneficial strain into a pathogen. (nature.com)
We looked at specialisation in the blight pathogens' secret weapon, a key family of effectors called 'EPIC' that can pass through plants' defences undetected to disable the proteases. (redorbit.com)
Within the next decade, we plan to exploit the specialized nature of these effectors to develop proteases that are resistant to their action or can even trap them and destroy the pathogen. (redorbit.com)

By looking at both sides of the host-pathogen interaction equation, we hope to provide comprehensive insights into host defense mechanisms and bacterial pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) can improve immune mechanisms by augmenting the ability of host cells to kill M. tuberculosis (Mtb) or by modulating the immune response to prevent excessive inflammation, cell death and tissue damage. (europa.eu)
Immunologic Mechanisms: Smoking weakens the function of body defense immune cells and the production of antibodies in humans and animals. (who.int)
These factors can contribute to adherence and multiplication at an epithelial surface, evasion of immune defense mechanisms or invasion into host cells and tissue. (lu.se)

How does host immunity vary seasonally? (cdc.gov)
Thus, it has become a truism that host immunity is a major driver and determinant of the antigenic diversity of pathogens. (nih.gov)
The team surveyed these colonies over a two-year period to measure winter survival, levels of three pathogens -- deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus and Nosema ceranae -- and expression of six genes that regulate immunity. (sciencedaily.com)
Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and respond with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. (amrita.edu)
As a first line of defense against pathogens and a mediator between innate and adaptive immunity, complement is a particular focus of evasion strategies developed by pathogens. (lu.se)

The structure of a peptide antigen corresponding to the subtype P1.7 variant of the porin PorA from the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis was determined by solution of the X-ray crystal structure of the ternary complex of the peptide (ANGGASGQVK) in complex with a Fab fragment and a domain from streptococcal protein G to 1.95 A resolution. (rcsb.org)

Whole genome sequences of 58 strains of S. aureus in the public domain and data from multi-strain microarrays were compared to assess variation in the sequence of proteins known or putatively interacting with host. (biomedcentral.com)
Surprisingly, sequenced strains from four animal S. aureus strains had surface and immune evasion proteins remarkably similar to those found in human strains, yet putative targets of these proteins vary substantially between different hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
Peterson and Tse will use the funds to examine how a group of proteins called nuclear hormone receptors sense human pathogens. (umassmed.edu)
NLR receptors belong to a family of proteins that enable plants to sense the presence of pathogen effector molecules and mount an immune response to resist disease. (phys.org)
Juan Carlos De la Concepcion et al, A blast fungus zinc-finger fold effector binds to a hydrophobic pocket in host Exo70 proteins to modulate immune recognition in rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2022). (phys.org)

The research team set out to answer three questions: Are feral colonies reservoirs of pathogens, with high pathogen levels compared to managed colonies? (sciencedaily.com)
Molecular studies have demonstrated that bats are natural host reservoirs for several recently emerged high-profile zoonotic viruses. (cdc.gov)

The molecular strategies that bacterial and viral pathogens use to colonize the human body and cause disease will be studied. (sfu.ca)
Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. (frontiersin.org)
Deformed wing virus, or DWV, is considered the most serious honey bee viral pathogen because of its prevalence worldwide and its role in winter losses of colonies. (sciencedaily.com)
Viral RNA or DNA or viral intermediate products are recognized by receptors like toll-like receptors(TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) thereby, inducing type I interferon response (IFN) and other proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells or other immune cells. (amrita.edu)
When a bat is confronted by a viral antigen, the proportional increase in metabolism for raising an immune response may be trivial compared to the very large increase in the metabolic costs of flight. (cdc.gov)
Categoría amplia de factores celulares endógenos de las células huésped regulados al alza en respuesta a patógenos (es decir, genes estimulados por INTERFERONES) y reclutados para interferir en la REPLICACIÓN VIRAL y/o desencadenar una respuesta de INMUNIDAD CELULAR antiviral del huésped. (bvsalud.org)
INTERFERON-stimulated genes) and recruited to interfere with VIRAL REPLICATION and/or trigger host antiviral CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE. (bvsalud.org)

The host may also employ counterstrategies in response to these. (immunology.org)
can selectively inhibit the transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 12 ( IL12p40 ) in the host, thus suppressing the host's immune response. (immunology.org)
In the noble crayfish, a clear immune response was detected to the haplogroup B strain, but not to the haplogroup A strain. (hbz-nrw.de)
Conclusions: We highlight the hepatopancreas as an important hub for the synthesis of immune molecules in the response to A. astaci. (hbz-nrw.de)
Commensal Pseudomonas strains facilitate protective response against pathogens in the host plant. (nature.com)
As pathogens that the body does not recognize, viruses trigger an immune response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We use clinical samples to characterize the immune response in patients diagnosed with LTBI. (jcvi.org)
The inflammatory response is essential in the response to pathogens. (lww.com)
The Department of Microbiology and Immunology comprises an interactive faculty engaged in research in infectious disease and host immune response . (cornell.edu)
2 Macrophages and neutrophils attack invading microbes with toxic superoxide as part of the innate immune response. (bodyecology.com)
Ulevitch, R. J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. (scripps.edu)
Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation , followed by an adaptive response. (wikipedia.org)
Previous studies in Balb/c mice showed that repeated inhalation of live and dry A. fumigatus spores, without any adjuvant, elevated allergic immune response and airway remodeling. (cdc.gov)
However, the effect of host sex on immune response, in the context of A. fumigatus exposure, remains unknown. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we quantified the multivariate and univariate immune response of C57BL/6J mice to live, dry airborne A. fumigatus spores. (cdc.gov)
Taken together, our data indicate that host-sex is an important factor in shaping the immune response against A. fumigatus, and must be considered when modeling disease in animals, in designing diagnostics and therapeutics for A. fumigatus-associated diseases or while drafting evidence-based guidelines for safe mold levels. (cdc.gov)
The metabolic cost of raising an immune response to experimental stimulation typically results in a general increase of about 10 to 30 percent of resting metabolic rates in a variety of nonvolant small mammals. (cdc.gov)
The mechanism of host response to M. tuberculosis is still unclear. (cdc.gov)
The host genetic factors are assumed to play a critical role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, through impact on the gene expression of cytokines and chemokines, which are implicated in the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
Although Toll-like receptors play a key role in protecting the host against infectious and inflammatory processes, and there must be a balance between the activation and inactivation of these receptors to avoid an excessive inflammatory or immune response, as it occurs in systemic autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. (bvsalud.org)
A broad category of endogenous host cellular factors upregulated in response to pathogens (i.e. (bvsalud.org)
There is an urgent need to map these changes in the immune response at distinct stages of disease in this heterogeneous patient group in order to pave the way for individualised immunomodulatory treatments. (lu.se)

To what extent can life history characteristics of the host predict global patterns of disease-related population decline among amphibian species? (cdc.gov)
What role does life history of the host play in predicting species declines and extinctions from WNS? (cdc.gov)
Here, we describe five hypotheses to explain the polymorphism of multiple antigens in a single pathogen species and highlight research relevant to our current models of thinking about multi-locus antigenic diversity. (nih.gov)
Feral honey bees frequently interact with both managed and wild bee species, playing a critical role in the dynamics of pathogens that are shared among these closely related groups, noted study co-author Margarita López-Uribe, assistant professor of entomology and Lorenzo L. Langstroth Early Career Professor. (sciencedaily.com)
The gut microbiota, which has a complex community of a hundred trillion bacterial and archaeal cells comprising more than a thousand species, provides benefits to the host such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and amino acids, metabolism of undigested carbohydrate, and stimulation of the immune system [ 19 , 20 ]. (springer.com)
Scientists have discovered vital clues as to how the pathogen responsible for the Irish potato famine adapted to spread between different plant species. (redorbit.com)
The study, published today in the journal Science, is the first to show how pathogens switch from targeting one species to another through changes at the molecular level. (redorbit.com)
Researchers examined the biochemical differences between Phytophthora infestans and sister species Phytophthora mirabilis , a pathogen that split from P. infestans around 1300 years ago to target the Mirabilis jalapa plant, commonly known as the four o'clock flower. (redorbit.com)
They found that each pathogen species secretes specialized substances to shut down the defenses of their target hosts. (redorbit.com)
A recent comparative analysis, showed bats to be more likely to be infected with more zoonotic viruses per host species than were rodents, thus adding weight to the suggestion that bats might in some way be unique as sources of emerging zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
The analysis indicated that bats are indeed special in hosting more viruses per species than rodents, despite twice as many rodent species in the world, and that certain ecologic factors are associated with the hosting of more viruses by bats. (cdc.gov)

Important bacterial pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. (lu.se)

Viruses such as Varicella zoster ( chickenpox ) and Herpesviridae ( herpes simplex viruses, Varicella-Zoster virus, cytomegalovirus etc ) can hide from the immune system in neurons and non-neuronal cells where they may persist for many years, before emerging in pathogenic form when the host has a lowered resistance. (immunology.org)
However, some viruses and the immune reaction they trigger can have a wider impact. (medicalnewstoday.com)
RNA sensors as a mechanism of innate immune evasion among SARS-CoV2, HIV and Nipah viruses. (amrita.edu)

Our immunology interests stretch from understanding immune protection to vaccine development. (cornell.edu)

We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans , showing enhanced platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation in murine blood. (frontiersin.org)
Using protein structure analysis, the study reveals a tight binding mechanism in which a significant proportion of the effector surface is involved in the interaction with the host target. (phys.org)
This AVR-Pii-Exo70 interaction was already known to support disease resistance in rice plants expressing the NLR immune receptor protein pair Pii. (phys.org)

Similarly, the increasing number of latent infections reported in the historically sensitive European crayfish hosts seems to indicate that similar coevolutionary processes are occurring between European crayfish and A. astaci. (hbz-nrw.de)
The hematogenous is by far the most frequent route for systemic infections of various bacterial and fungal pathogens, in the most severe cases leading to blood stream infections ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
This research will provide novel insights into how the immune system fights invading pathogens and may reveal new strategies for treating bacterial infections," she says. (otago.ac.nz)
First and foremost, biological pathogens could be prepared and deployed such that resulting infections had barely any semblance to the natural forms of the disease. (rand.org)
[2] Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems . (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of increased susceptibility to infections in smokers is multifactorial and includes alteration of the structural and immunologic host defenses. (who.int)

Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
Many surface protein genes were missing or truncated, unlike immune evasion genes, and several distinct variants were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
Surface and immune evasion genes are candidates for S. aureus vaccines, and their distribution and functionality is key. (biomedcentral.com)
Do increased pathogen levels lead to higher expression of immune genes in feral colonies than in managed colonies? (sciencedaily.com)
In addition, higher pathogen levels were associated with increased immune gene expression, with feral colonies showing higher expression in five of the six examined immune genes for at least one sampling period. (sciencedaily.com)
We also found that differential expression of the immune genes hymenoptaecin and vago increased the odds of overwintering survival in both managed and feral colonies," Hinshaw said. (sciencedaily.com)
However, genes that code for some immune elements are notably lacking in bats and indicate permanent change to the bat immune system. (cdc.gov)

These changes include increased mucosal permeability, impairment of the mucociliary clearance, changes in pathogen adherence, disruption of the respiratory epithelium, and peribronchial inflammation and fibrosis. (who.int)
We also identified a unique mechanism to battle complement used by the respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis . (lu.se)

S. aureus is a coloniser and pathogen of humans and mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of the course is that student should obtain an understanding of the immune system in mammals, primarily mice and humans, as well as practical and theoretical knowledge about a selection of immunological methods. (lu.se)

and translational research to develop vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics to prevent and treat infectious and immune-mediated diseases. (cdc.gov)

We are trying to understand how a host knows when it is under attack by an infectious bacterium," Tse said. (umassmed.edu)
Anderson PK , Cunningham AA , Patel NG , Morales FJ , Epstein PR , Daszak P . Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. (cdc.gov)
The main objectives of the interdisciplinary Department of Global Health are to study infectious diseases and tackle the emergence of new pathogens. (pasteur.fr)
In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. (wikipedia.org)

With few exceptions, such pathogens seemingly have a little pathogenic impact on bats themselves. (frontiersin.org)
Like all organisms, pathogenic microbes produce ROS as byproducts of aerobic metabolism, but the burden of ROS is magnified when these microbes confront the oxidative burst of the host. (bodyecology.com)

Das EU-finanzierte Projekt Host-TB wird mithilfe der CRISPR-Genomeditierung eine genomweite Untersuchung von mit Mycobacterium tuberculosis infizierten menschlichen Makrophagen durchführen. (europa.eu)

Moreover, these IBD-associated loci are mostly involved with immune system deregulation, a process which the gut microbiome has also been implicated in [ 18 ]. (springer.com)
The gut barrier is made up of the mucus layer, gut microbiome, epithelial cells, and immune cells in the lamina propria. (medscape.com)

Many standard elements of the adaptive immune system also have been described in bats. (cdc.gov)

Such tolerance of these pathogens has likely been driven by distinct aspects of the vertebrate immune system that evolved alongside the unique ability of bats among mammals to fly, alongside the exceptional longevity of this mammal order. (frontiersin.org)
Does B. dendrobatidis evade the amphibian immune system through activity of secreted proteases? (cdc.gov)
It is well accepted that pathogens can evade recognition and elimination by the host immune system by varying their antigenic targets. (nih.gov)
A person might have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms if they are older, have a weakened immune system, or have another health condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They initiate metabolic changes to provide nutrients for the immune system, from host tissues. (lww.com)
TNF-α is produced, by cells of the immune system and by adipocytes. (lww.com)
[iii] Sopori MLGoud NSKaplan AM Effect of tobacco smoke on the immune system. (who.int)
The course covers the structure and function of the immune system, as well as immunological processes at different levels (organism, organ, cell and molecular levels). (lu.se)
Therefore, transgenic fate mapping tools, such as the phage -derived loxP-cre-system, are essential for the analysis of macrophage adaptation in the tissue under extreme environmental conditions, for example, upon encounter with pathogens. (bvsalud.org)

The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
For the first time, we have found a direct molecular mechanism underpinning the change in host specialisation," said Dr van der Hoorn. (redorbit.com)

Identification of a diverse range of bat paramyxoviruses, including those conspecific with human mumps virus, and phylogenetic reconstruction of host associations suggests numerous host switches of paramyxoviruses from bats to other mammals and birds. (cdc.gov)
They summarized research indicating that bats have immune elements found in most mammals, including pattern recognition receptors and multiple interferons, and show complement activity. (cdc.gov)

While TB is the focus of this project, the result will also be significant for combating other bacterial pathogens for which drug resistance is a problem, Dr McNeil says. (otago.ac.nz)
Resistance to biotrophic pathogens, which thrive on living host tissue, is predominantly mediated by the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). (uu.nl)

They are poised to make very exciting discoveries about how pathogens are sensed to activate host immune defenses. (umassmed.edu)

Potato and tomato plants with such proteases would be resistant to the blight pathogens, and combined with other resistant traits could provide another 'wall' of defence against the pathogens. (redorbit.com)

Can B. dendrobatidis complete its life cycle on other vertebrate hosts? (cdc.gov)

Characteristics of the pathogen, but also the immune status of the infected individual contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. (lu.se)

Understanding the genetic and environmental factors that enable some feral honey bee colonies to tolerate pathogens and survive the winter in the absence of beekeeping management may help lead to breeding stocks that would enhance survival of managed colonies, according to a study. (sciencedaily.com)

From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)

Adherence is an essential step required for bacterial colonisation of a new host. (biomedcentral.com)

Both domesticated and feral honey bees face serious challenges from a large number of pests and pathogens, but feral honey bees must deal with diseases by themselves since they don't have beekeepers helping them control pest problems in the colony," she said. (sciencedaily.com)
In still other combinations, the host could be infected sequentially with two or more diseases for a prolonged period of time. (rand.org)
This causes improper immune activation and dysregulation, which has been shown to lead to various diseases, including gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease , systemic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis , and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. (medscape.com)

Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time, and host. (cdc.gov)

In this Opinion article, we address this puzzle and the related question of why pathogens often have diversity at multiple antigenic loci. (nih.gov)
Moreover, we provide a gating strategy for resolving the diversity of pulmonary immune cell populations . (bvsalud.org)

Disseminated nocardiosis is responsible for most occurrences of nocardiosis, is most commonly caused by Nocardia asteroides , and typically affects immunocompromised hosts, although individuals with presumed immunocompetency also can develop the disease. (medscape.com)

Future research will explore how the association between AVR-Pii and Exo70 leads to immune recognition by the NLR receptor. (phys.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms40

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes72

Information Science4

Health Care2

Interactions12

Infection20

Fungal pathogen2

Microbial10

Responses13

Bacteria10

Virulence12

Effectors4

Mechanisms4

Immunity5

Human pathogen1

Proteins5

Reservoirs2

Viral7

Response22

Species11

Staphylococcus1

Viruses3

Immunology1

Interaction3

Infections6

Genes7

Respiratory2

Humans2

Vaccines1

Infectious4

Pathogenic2

Mycobacterium1

Microbiome2

Adaptive1

System9

Molecular2

Bats2

Resistance2

Defenses1

Defence1

Vertebrate1

Pathogenesis1

Tolerate1

Antigen1

Adherence1

Diseases3

Emergence1

Diversity2

Commonly1

Recognition1