• Highly hemagglutination inhibition test with Newcastle-specifi c pathogenic avian infl uenza virus of the H5N1 subtype was antiserum. (cdc.gov)
  • The viruses were subtyped as H5N1 with a panel of W antiserum, and 1 yielded from cloaca homogenates was ild birds have been affected by the highly pathogen- designated as A/whooper swan/Akita/1/2008 (WsAk08) ic avian infl uenza virus (HPAIV) of H5N1 subtype and was further analyzed. (cdc.gov)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Dr. Tim Uyeki, Chief Medical Officer of the Influenza Division at CDC, answers common questions about highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, which have been detected in the United States in wild birds since late 2021 and commercial and backyard poultry since February 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been circulating among birds and poultry in different parts of the world for many years and continuing to evolve into different groups that are referred to as clades. (cdc.gov)
  • The current clade of H5N1 virus, called clade 2.3.4.4b, appears well-adapted to spread efficiently among wild birds and poultry in many regions of the world and was first identified in wild birds sampled in the United States in late 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • Since then, this current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been detected in wild birds in 49 states and has caused bird outbreaks in 47 states affecting more than 58 million commercial poultry and backyard flocks. (cdc.gov)
  • What about H5N1 virus among humans? (cdc.gov)
  • Several sporadic human cases associated with poultry exposures during this outbreak of contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have been reported globally since January 2022, one of which was identified in the United States . (cdc.gov)
  • It is possible that some of these cases did not represent virus infection but rather detection of non-infectious H5N1 virus genetic material in respiratory specimens following prolonged exposure to infected birds. (cdc.gov)
  • No human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus was identified in any of these cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic human infections with contemporary H5N1 viruses are not surprising, especially among people who do not take recommended precautions (such as wearing personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection). (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1997 , more than 880 human cases, nearly all from previously circulating H5N1 virus clades, have been reported from 21 countries with high mortality, but very few cases have been identified worldwide since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • A small number of sporadic human infections with H5N1 virus does not change the risk to the general public, which CDC currently considers to be low. (cdc.gov)
  • What about H5N1 virus among mammals? (cdc.gov)
  • Although H5N1 viruses primarily infect different types of wild birds and domestic poultry, H5N1 viruses also can infect other animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic H5N1 virus infections of mammals have been reported for 20 years in different countries that have experienced H5N1 outbreaks in poultry or wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, sporadic H5N1 virus infections in different mammals, including bears, wild foxes , and skunks , have been reported in Canada , the United States , and other countries, including mink in Spain and sea lions in Peru. (cdc.gov)
  • Reports of sporadic H5N1 virus infections of predatory and scavenger mammals are not unexpected given widespread H5N1 virus infections in wild birds worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Does the detection of H5N1 viruses in farmed mink change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
  • No. Analyses of the H5N1 viruses from farmed mink detected in Spain have not found any indications that would point to increased ability to infect humans. (cdc.gov)
  • H5N1 viruses do not currently have an ability to easily infect the human upper respiratory tract, which would be needed to increase the risk of transmission to people. (cdc.gov)
  • If there were mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus (for example in the outbreak in Spain), would that change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
  • No. If there was mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus, assessment of the risk to public health would depend upon whether there were any genetic changes in the virus and what those changes were compared with H5N1 viruses circulating in birds to date. (cdc.gov)
  • While there was a genetic marker in the H5N1 viruses detected during the outbreak in mink in Spain that may have increased the amount of virus in infected mink, this marker is unlikely to make it easier for H5N1 virus to transmit to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
  • Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
  • En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
  • hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. (who.int)
  • La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
  • Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
  • However, the H5N1 virus continued to circulate and it became endemic in 2008, which led to genetic drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins (4,5). (who.int)
  • Accordingly, the Egyptian H5N1 viruses diversified into several subclades (classical 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.1a and 2.2.1.2), of which at least two subclades co-circulated between 2008 and 2011 (6-8). (who.int)
  • The subclades of H5N1 viruses in Egypt are antigenically distinct and most vaccines used are no longer antigenically matched (2,9). (who.int)
  • Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
  • I'm doing research on H5N1, which is a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is a subtype of influenza A virus that has killed millions of birds and raises serious public health concern because of its potential to spread to humans and cause a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the original human cases of H5N1 originated in Asia [ 1 ], much of the attention concerning the virus has been in Asian countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The H5N1 strain of avian influenza is not only pathogenic to birds, but has also infected humans. (yourdictionary.com)
  • The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu binds only to receptors in the lower respiratory tract and so only rarely infects people but kills 60% of the people it does infect. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) is endemic in poultry in Viet Nam. (who.int)
  • These were then tested using a horse haemagglutination inhibition assay and a microneutralization assay with all three clades of influenza A(H5N1) viruses that have circulated in Viet Nam since 2004. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses re-emerged in south-eastern Asia in 2003, and these viruses continue to circulate widely among domestic poultry in the region. (who.int)
  • 1 Numerous outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) viruses have occurred, with limited transmission to humans and as of yet unclear potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. (who.int)
  • However, the continuing evolution and genetic diversification of influenza A(H5N1) viruses is worrying since as few as four amino acid changes are necessary to render the viruses transmissible between ferrets, reinforcing the ongoing pandemic threat from these viruses. (who.int)
  • 1,5 Contact with sick or dead poultry has been consistently identified as a risk factor for human influenza A(H5N1) infection, and live poultry markets have been shown to be important locations for amplifying influenza A(H5N1) virus transmission. (who.int)
  • 6,7 An antibody seroprevalence study conducted among 200 poultry market workers (PMWs) in Hanoi in 2001 detected antibodies against influenza A(H5N1) virus in 4% of subjects, 8 suggesting that there were human infections with influenza A(H5N1) before the first case was officially confirmed. (who.int)
  • To assess if exposure to influenza A(H5N1) viruses among PMWs has changed over this period, we conducted a seroprevalence study among PMWs in three provinces of northern Viet Nam in 2011. (who.int)
  • Candidate influenza vaccine viruses (H5N1). (who.int)
  • It is used to render highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses less dangerous. (who.int)
  • However, the H5N1 virus continued ians collected 2383 cloacal and 1877 ble 1). (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses of the H5 and H7 HA subtypes have been isolated occasionally from free-living birds. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The number of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-related infections and deaths of wild birds in Europe was high during October 1, 2020-September 30, 2022. (flu.org.cn)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • In 2014-2015, H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, caused a devastating outbreak in poultry in the United States. (usda.gov)
  • In this study, the efficacy of 2 vaccines was examined for reduction of virus shedding and clinical signs of disease in domestic ducks challenged with a H5N2 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses from the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage caused a major outbreak in poultry in the United States in 2015. (usda.gov)
  • In this study we evaluated the efficacy of two of these vaccines in protecting Pekin ducks against challenge with a H5N2 HPAI poultry isolate. (usda.gov)
  • At 32 days of age, all ducks were challenged with A/Turkey/Minnesota/12582/15 H5N2 HPAI virus clade 2.3.4.4. (usda.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
  • H5 viruses of low pathogenicity may become highly pathogenic usually after circulating in poultry flocks for a time (Pennsylvania, Italy). (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • Here, we phylogenetically and antigenically analyzed HPAIVs that were isolated from infected wild birds, an epidemiological investigation of affected poultry farms, and our own active surveillance study. (flu.org.cn)
  • In the first four waves, the virus was mainly borne by poultry (who were unharmed by it) and the way people caught it was by exposure to infected birds, often in large poultry markets. (medpagetoday.com)
  • From a "low pathogenic" avian flu, it had become "highly pathogenic" and 10 Chinese provinces saw outbreaks among their poultry stocks. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • The routine screening of bees for frequent and rare viruses "resulted in the serendipitous detection of Tobacco Ringspot Virus, or TRSV, and prompted an investigation into whether this plant-infecting virus could also cause systemic infection in the bees," says Yan Ping Chen from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, an author on the study. (phys.org)
  • The results of our study provide the first evidence that honeybees exposed to virus-contaminated pollen can also be infected and that the infection becomes widespread in their bodies," says lead author Ji Lian Li, at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science in Beijing. (phys.org)
  • Despite efforts made over past decades, there is no vaccine or treatment available for preventing and controlling the ASF virus (ASFV) infection, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies. (mdpi.com)
  • This study aimed to characterise the identified virus and investigate possible sources of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Viruses from cats were very similar to each other, indicating one common source of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Results showed that the H5N6 AIVs were highly pathogenic to chickens and caused not only systemic infection in multiple tissues, but also 100% mortality within 3-5 days post-infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • B virus, whose scientific name is macacine herpesvirus 1 (McHV-1), is commonly referred to as herpes B. Other terms include simian herpes, monkey B virus, herpesvirus simiae, and herpesvirus B. B virus produces infection in several species of Old World macaque and cynomolgus primates. (medscape.com)
  • Primates with B virus infection are often asymptomatic, but B virus, in rare cases, can produce life-threatening disease in humans with mucosal or percutaneous contact (bite, scratch, splash, or needlestick) to primate saliva or other body fluids. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of influenza viruses in the Iraqi population presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI)within2015-2017. (flu.org.cn)
  • In the present study, we presented the cases of infection by influenza A or B viruses. (flu.org.cn)
  • Sánchez EG, Riera E, Nogal M, Gallardo C, Fernández P, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA, Chitko-McKown CG, Richt JA, Revilla Y. Phenotyping and susceptibility of established porcine cells lines to African Swine Fever Virus infection and viral production. (k-state.edu)
  • Background: specialized studies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and B-NHL (B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) are limited, as well as prophylactic antiviral therapy for B-NHL patients with HBV infection who are receiving anticancer chemotherapy. (scirp.org)
  • It has also been proposed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) may be an etiologic agent of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) [15] - [17] , but relatively few studies have investigated the association between HBV infection and B-NHL. (scirp.org)
  • One of the most surprising discoveries during the course of their research, says Prof. Rosenberg, was that some corals naturally posses the beneficial virus and are already resistant to infection by the pathogen. (biologynews.net)
  • A number of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) virus isolates of European marine origin were shown to be of low pathogenicity or non-pathogenic to Atlantic salmon parr by waterborne infection. (dtu.dk)
  • Although tick salivary gland components have been shown to potentiate virus infection in vertebrate non-reservoirs (i.e. incidental hosts or small animal models of disease), there is a lack of information on the effect of tick salivary gland components on viral infection and shedding in vertebrate reservoirs. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from a previous experiment in which KASV infection was confirmed in 18 experimentally infected ERBs were used for an in-depth analysis using histopathology, in situ hybridization (ISH) for detection of viral RNA, immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the mononuclear phagocyte system response, and quantitative digital image analysis to investigate virus clearance from the liver and spleen within a spatial context. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, good protection against H5Nx infection was achieved in ducks vaccinated with the vaccines examined, which were homologous to the challenge virus, with prime-boost strategies conferring the best protection against infection. (usda.gov)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • The authors say that the measles virus can cause an "immune amnesia" for two to three years after infection. (microbe.tv)
  • The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensi s. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • tent, asymptomatic infection, with profuse urinary virus excretion in Mastomys natalensi s, the ubiqui- The emergence of this highly virulent and contagious tous and highly commensal rodent host2,3. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency marked by a patient's inability to control acute Epstein Barr virus infection. (lu.se)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Safety of Palivizumab Stewardship in Conjunction with Infection Prevention and Control Strategies for Healthcare-Associated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections. (medscape.com)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • No pathogenic bacteria were isolated. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, laboratory conducts specialized testing for selected pathogenic viruses and bacteria which are of public health interest. (in.gov)
  • Pathogenic bacteria, along with pollution and harmful fishing practices, are one of the biggest threats to the world's coral populations today. (biologynews.net)
  • Their treatment uses viruses that infect bacteria by injecting genetic material into the bacteria, a therapy originally developed to treat bacterial infections in humans. (biologynews.net)
  • This method of developing an antidote to specific pathogenic coral bacteria is a crucial breakthrough, Prof. Rosenberg says. (biologynews.net)
  • Prior to the current pandemic, people in the Global North had become accustomed to the effective treatment of infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria or microbial parasites through anti-viral medicines, vaccines and antibiotics. (isj.org.uk)
  • Newcastle disease virus-based H5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus. (k-state.edu)
  • Recent AIV isolates (2002-2006) show significant molecular drifts when compared with the H5N2 vaccine-strain or other field isolates (1994-2000). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings might explain the increasing incidence of LP H5N2 AIV isolated from commercial avian farms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vaccine strain officially authorized, as seed for commercial vaccine production is the A/Ck/México/CPA-232/94 (H5N2), isolated in 1994 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The H7N7 Hungarian virus and some H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from Korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common ancestor. (slu.se)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • We isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (Anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in Japan. (preprints.org)
  • H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). (flu.org.cn)
  • A recombinant alphavirus-based vaccine and an inactivated adjuvanted reverse genetics vaccine, both expressing the hemagglutinin gene of a U.S. H5 clade 2.3.4.4 isolate, were used to immunize the ducks. (usda.gov)
  • Thus, RNA viruses are a likely source of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases," explain these researchers. (phys.org)
  • To address the changes in the viral genome that may have led to increased virulence of the virus, I constructed an infectious cDNA clone for the historical ZIKV isolate MR766. (unl.edu)
  • Here we evaluated the replicative ability and pathogenicity of authentic infectious BA.2 isolates in immunocompetent and human ACE2-expressing mice and hamsters. (nature.com)
  • There has been a growing interest in phylogeography of zoonotic RNA viruses [ 11 - 13 ] because of their often shorter genomes and rapid evolution compared to other infectious agents [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During my 25+ year scientific career, I have studied pathogen-host interactions in various infectious disease models including Avian and Swine Influenza viruses (AIV, SIV), African Swine Fever virus (ASFV), Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), animal prion diseases and Borna Disease Virus (BDV). (k-state.edu)
  • The fifth wave of the virus, which was first seen in humans in 2013, saw a "huge surge in cases," the CDC's Tim Uyeki, MD, told a symposium here at the annual IDWeek meeting, sponsored jointly by the Infectious Diseases Society of American (IDSA), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), and the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA). (medpagetoday.com)
  • 6 Be that as it may, however we describe them, viruses are at the root of some of the most infectious and lethal diseases that afflict humanity. (isj.org.uk)
  • Frugivorous ERBs discard test-bitten and partially eaten fruit, potentially leaving infectious virus behind that could be consumed by other susceptible animals or humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • The pathogenic condition has various phenotypes, including fulminant infectious mononucleosis, dysgammaglobulinemia and malignant B cell lymphomas [Purtilo et al. (lu.se)
  • According to the risk assessment of the WHO, highly infectious pathogenic viruses like rotaviruses should not be present in large-volume drinking water samples of up to 90 m(3). (who.int)
  • Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian and findings from the surveillance have data. (who.int)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • This is a test in which the virus is inoculated into susceptible chickens that are then kept under observation. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The virus replicates mainly in respiratory tissues of chickens and turkeys but in the intestinal tract of clinically normal waterfowl. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that glycosylation of both E and NS1 proteins plays an important role in virus pathogenicity, and m5MR virus could be developed as a live attenuated viral vaccine for ZIKV. (unl.edu)
  • My lab established the first reverse genetics system for SIVs, made seminal contributions to the development of a modified live SIV vaccine (sold in the U.S. as Ingelvac Provenza™), and contributed to understanding the virulence of the reconstructed 1918 "Spanish Flu" virus in livestock. (k-state.edu)
  • For ASFV, we are developing subunit and modified live virus vaccine candidates as well as point-of-need diagnostic tools (PenCheckTM) to protect swine from this devastating disease. (k-state.edu)
  • Moreover, veterinary services revealed more than two log differences in cross hemagglutination inhibition tests between field isolates and the vaccine seed virus (Lucio E., unpublished). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Evans works in collaboration with colleagues and post-doctoral fellows to understand complex mechanisms in virus-host interactions with goals toward vaccine development. (scitechnol.com)
  • Dr. Evans has also expanded his vaccine research efforts to include the development of virus-like particle formulations derived from a novel yeast platform. (scitechnol.com)
  • 10 Worse still, in the absence of a vaccine or any drug treatment that selectively targets the virus, there is little that can be done for many vulnerable individuals who develop the most severe forms of Covid-19. (isj.org.uk)
  • Why is it that, despite all the scientific expertise available in today's world, so many governments were caught unawares by the spread of the virus, failed to protect the most vulnerable and have few answers about what to do next other than to hope for a vaccine? (isj.org.uk)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • These are influenza viruses developed and modified by reverse genetics by WHO Collaborating Centres and the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) for influenza vaccine development. (who.int)
  • Candidate influenza vaccine viruses (seasonal). (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses approved by WHO as suitable for making influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • Most are modified in seasonal vaccine virus reassortment laboratories by "classical" reassortment from WHO-recommended viruses. (who.int)
  • This is a non-patented laboratory technique that is often used to make (seasonal) candidate vaccine viruses. (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been genetically modified to grow better in eggs for optimal vaccine production. (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses prepared from candidate influenza vaccine viruses by individual manufacturers for the manufacturer's specific vaccine-production process. (who.int)
  • WHO-recommended viruses for vaccine use. (who.int)
  • These are wild-type influenza viruses that are recommended by WHO as the basis for an influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • Like other arenaviruses, Lassa virus lacks a ogy and clinical presentation, treatment, prevention conventional negative-strand coding arrangement and control as well as the current theories of its patho- and the isolates of the virus differ in their genetic, genesis and efforts in vaccine development. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The cause is a virus, Orthomyxovirus type A, its pathogenicity is variable, and isolates are designated sero-type/ species/location/reference number/year/subtype designation(H/N). Highly pathogenic forms are usually of the H groups 5 and 7 and may now be identified (if H5 or H7) by the presence of a sequence at the haemagglutinin cleavage site that codes for multiple basic amino acids. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
  • Since the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is also glycosylated and known to play a role in transmission and pathogenicity, I mutated the glycosylation sites in NS1 (N130 and N207) individually or in combination in the background of m2MR virus. (unl.edu)
  • A reference freshwater VHS virus isolate known to be highly pathogenic to rainbow trout was also of low pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon. (dtu.dk)
  • By creating chimeric HIV viruses we will be able to dissect the influence of viral genetic factors on viral pathogenicity. (lu.se)
  • Israel Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Chronic Paralysis Virus (CPV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Deformed Wing Bee Virus (DWV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) and Sacbrood Virus (SBV) are other known causes of honeybee viral disease. (phys.org)
  • The increasing prevalence of TRSV in conjunction with other bee viruses is associated with a gradual decline of host populations and supports the view that viral infections have a significant negative impact on colony survival," these researchers conclude. (phys.org)
  • 1 In that study picornaviruses (mostly rhinoviruses) accounted for two thirds of the viral infections, with coronavirus causing less severe asthma exacerbations than other respiratory viruses. (bmj.com)
  • Importantly, this "recognition pocket" is found not only in RVF virus but also in the envelope proteins of other viral families transmitted by arthropods, such as the dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses, which have caused major worldwide epidemics in recent years. (pasteur.fr)
  • Understanding the mechanism used by these viruses for insertion in the cell membrane paves the way for the development of therapeutic agents that target the "pocket" involved in the fusion of viral and cell membranes with the aim of preventing pathogenic arboviruses from entering host cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Virus was detected in some mortalities, however, demonstrating viral entry and replication. (dtu.dk)
  • Reports have also described viral triggers for KD, including Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, and human herpesvirus 8, but no definitive causative pathogen has been identified and other studies failed to isolate viral material from lymph nodes of patients with KD. (medscape.com)
  • The virus watch program: a continuing surveillance of viral infections in metropolitan New York families. (medscape.com)
  • Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness caused by Lassa virus, an arenavirus known to be responsible for a severe haemorrhagic fever characterised by fever, muscle aches, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and, chest and abdominal pain. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Influenza animal models suggest that hepatic oxidative stress leading to injury is the primary event, not viral replication, although injury from virus-specific CD8+T cells might also be at play. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A viruses have frequently crossed species barriers and continually pose a threat to the health of birds, mammals, and humans. (flu.org.cn)
  • Among the nonhuman-primate herpesviruses, only B virus is known to cause disease in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Humans may be exposed to B virus during international travel and during travel to US territories. (medscape.com)
  • Previous research has found collections of gene variants from extinct human species that appear to have provided an advantage to humans living at high altitudes or to resist viruses, but have been unable to pinpoint which if any were actually functional," he adds. (garvan.org.au)
  • The world is full of microscopic organisms, like viruses , that can cause illness and disease in humans. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Rift Valley fever virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, is responsible for outbreaks in livestock in Africa and can also be fatal in humans. (pasteur.fr)
  • The virus also causes severe disease in humans who come into contact with contaminated animals or who are bitten by infected mosquitoes, resulting in severe encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever that can prove fatal. (pasteur.fr)
  • Marburg virus disease, caused by Marburg and Ravn orthomarburgviruses, emerges sporadically in sub-Saharan Africa and is often fatal in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Historically, 8 of 17 known Marburg virus disease outbreaks have been linked to human encroachment on ERB habitats, but no linkage exists for the other 9 outbreaks, raising the question of how bats and humans might intersect, leading to virus spillover. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results show that ERB foraging behavior represents a Marburg virus spillover risk to humans and plausibly explains the origins of some past outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is performed to subtype isolates of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella sp. (in.gov)
  • The surface glycoprotein genes of the H3N8 isolate showed a close phylogenetic relationship and high nucleotide identities to H3N8 subtype isolates from Northern Europe collected in 2003-2006, and to an H3N2 isolate in Italy in 2006, extending the perceptions of this HA subtype across Northern and Southern Europe close to this period. (slu.se)
  • After isolated from specimens of the affected birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • These findings provide further data to the diversity of influenza viruses found in wild migratory birds and present useful information for large scale studies on influenza virus evolution. (slu.se)
  • As well, the virus was seen in a greatly expanded territory and began -- for the first time -- to cause illness in the birds it infects. (medpagetoday.com)
  • As well, late in the season, the virus suddenly started to kill infected birds. (medpagetoday.com)
  • On the positive side, if the virus affects birds, it will be easier for health officials to follow outbreaks and perhaps to take preventive measures, commented Andy Pavia, MD, of the University of Utah, who moderated the session at which Uyeki spoke. (medpagetoday.com)
  • To test influenza virus types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B, 1,359 throat and nasal swabs were collected from patients with ILI or SARI. (flu.org.cn)
  • We also worked on the isolation and characterization of novel swine influenza virus subtypes including the H2N3 reassortant virus and the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, and studied their zoonotic potential using nonhuman primate models. (k-state.edu)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • However, a retrospective study comparing cohorts infected with either seasonal influenza or the more pathogenic influenza A/ H1N1 behind a 2009 pandemic found that the latter resulted in a greater degree of inflammation/C-reactive protein elevation. (medscape.com)
  • Our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with H5N8 HPAIVs recently isolated in South Korea, a distant part of Japan, and European countries. (preprints.org)
  • These sources of genetic diversity, coupled with large population sizes, further facilitate the adaption of RNA viruses to new selective conditions such as those imposed by novel hosts. (phys.org)
  • Maria - We used a virus that's non-pathogenic it's called adeno-associated virus vector to actually carry the genetic information for broadly neutralising antibody that was isolated back in 2011 put it into a vector. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • That's why I'm trying to isolate the genetic changes necessary for the virus to become more transmissible between people. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • In this process genes from two or more influenza viruses are mixed in different combinations, resulting in hybrid viruses with genetic characteristics of each parent virus. (who.int)
  • These are wild-type influenza viruses that WHO has selected as representative of important groups of influenza viruses on the basis of extensive antigenic and genetic studies and comparisons with viruses from many countries. (who.int)
  • Nowadays, with the pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, the importance of prevention from other respiratory diseases, such as seasonal influenza, can be a critical step in the health management system. (flu.org.cn)
  • This term refers to human influenza viruses that have haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens that are distinct from seasonal influenza viruses and have the potential to cause a pandemic. (who.int)
  • Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. (flu.org.cn)
  • This science has been used to explore the evolutionary history of virus spread, including different subtypes of influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Influenza virus subtypes. (who.int)
  • Obtain approval to submit isolates or specimens by calling IDOH Surveillance and Investigation at (317) 233-7125. (in.gov)
  • Respiratory specimens were analysed by RT-PCR for rhinovirus, enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus and by PCR for adenovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis . (bmj.com)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been cultured either in eggs or cells (i.e. isolated) directly from clinical specimens and have not been modified. (who.int)
  • Aufi IM, Khudhair AM, Ghaeb Al-Saadi L, Almoneem A. Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Iraq . (flu.org.cn)
  • Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
  • The importance of influenza viruses in respiratory infections in the Middle East, including Iraq, has been historically overlooked. (flu.org.cn)
  • The role of Coxsackie group B virus infections in sporadic myopericarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Such patients should be tested and isolated similar to the procedure for both respiratory and fecal-oral infections until confirmatory tests return. (medscape.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • My research is focused on understanding HIV host interactions and the impact these have on disease progression, by deciphering mechanisms behind protective and pathogenic immune responses in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. (lu.se)
  • Ex vivo infections of human tonsil tissue explants with chimeric viruses will likely provide valuable insight into key virus-host interactions that distinguish HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. (lu.se)
  • We performed next generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of detected viruses in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phylogenetic analyses placed TALV as a sister species to EILV with a basal relationship to the western equine encephalitis virus complex. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The two viruses showed the closest phylogenetic relationship regarding their acidic polymerase genes. (slu.se)
  • The matrix gene nucleotide sequence of each Hungarian virus showed close relationship with contemporaneous Czech H3N8 mallard isolates, which belonged to distinct phylogenetic branches. (slu.se)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated in early winter and had HA genes belonging to the G2a group. (flu.org.cn)
  • There are no genes for tRNAs - different from all known giant viruses. (virology.ws)
  • The BsV mobilome might be involved in competition with related viruses, by inactivating essential genes. (virology.ws)
  • A similar expansion of genes encoding an antagonist of a host innate immune protein has been observed in the genome of vaccinia virus (discussed on TWiV #198 ). (virology.ws)
  • I am an editor for Virus Genes and serve on editorial boards for other scientific journals. (k-state.edu)
  • The non-structural protein genes belonged to different alleles, rendering a peculiar characteristic to the H7N7 isolate compared to the so far analyzed Eurasian H7 viruses. (slu.se)
  • For example, the influenza virus contains only 11 protein-coding genes, compared to around 21,000 genes in our own human genome. (isj.org.uk)
  • Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. (who.int)
  • However, LPAI is monitored because two strains of LPAI- the H5 and H7 strains-can mutate into highly pathogenic forms. (usgs.gov)
  • RNA viruses tend to be particularly dangerous because they lack the 3'-5' proofreading function which edits out errors in replicated genomes. (phys.org)
  • Analyses of full-length genomes of over 300 ZIKV isolates revealed that one sequence motif, VNDT, containing an N-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (E) protein, is polymorphic, being absent in many of the African isolates while present in all isolates from the recent outbreaks. (unl.edu)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. (who.int)
  • One consequence of such high replication rates are populations of RNA viruses thought to exist as "quasispecies," clouds of genetically related variants that appear to work together to determine the pathology of their hosts. (phys.org)
  • Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Virus replication was confirmed by ISH in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and tongue. (bvsalud.org)
  • This suggested limited nucleotide diversity and that the isolates originated from the same ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Agents were confi rmed to be type A in- and Shigeo Yamaguchi fl uenza viruses by a commercial rapid antigen assay kit and On April 21, 2008, four whooper swans were found were excluded from being Newcastle disease virus by the dead at Lake Towada, Akita prefecture, Japan. (cdc.gov)
  • The association of KD with lupus erythematosus especially has prompted consideration of an autoimmune etiology for KD, but as yet, no pathogenic antigen has been identified. (medscape.com)
  • These results emphasise the vulnerability of turbot culture to the VHS virus isolates that are enzootic to the European marine environment. (dtu.dk)
  • Since then, many other giant viruses have been identified, and with three exceptions, they all appear to infect species of Acanthamoeba . (virology.ws)
  • Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS, working with the University of Göttingen, have characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its envelope proteins into the host cell membrane, thereby enabling it to infect the cell. (pasteur.fr)
  • RVF virus spreads in its host by fusing with cell membranes so that it can proliferate and infect other cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • This study offers a further illustration of the power of comparative analyses of viruses that appear very distant, such as bunyaviruses, alphaviruses and flaviviruses, which can result in highly significant findings and reveal shared mechanisms of action ," commented Félix Rey, Head of the Structural Virology Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS), where the study was carried out. (pasteur.fr)
  • The natural reservoir is the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB), which sheds virus in saliva, urine, and feces. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza A virus is a respiratory virus that can cause complications such as acute bronchitis and secondary bacterial pneumonia. (flu.org.cn)
  • Protecting Healthcare Personnel in Outpatient Settings: The Influence of Mandatory Versus Nonmandatory Influenza Vaccination Policies on Workplace Absenteeism During Multiple Respiratory Virus Seasons. (medscape.com)
  • The Mycology Laboratory offers identification services pertaining to all approved clinical, reference, and environmental isolates. (in.gov)
  • It is concluded that ERBs have effective mechanisms to respond to this virus, clearing it without evidence of clinical disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Phylogeography is a field that focuses on the geographical lineages of species such as vertebrates or viruses [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular identification of 13 new enterovirus types, EV79-88, EV97, and EV100-101, members of the species Human Enterovirus B. Virus Res . (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans and non-albicans yeast species isolated from oral samples of children with AIDS and of children exposed and not exposed to HIVduring pregnancy and served by the public health system in a county located in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Species of Candida non-albicans were also isolated from all groups studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the higher prevalence of Candida albicans in these groups, non-albicans species represented a significant percentage of Candida isolates. (bvsalud.org)
  • RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • Two low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus strains, A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8) and A/mute swan/Hungary/5973/07 (H7N7), isolated as part of the National Surveillance Program in Hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. (slu.se)
  • virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities influenza viruses in Egypt during 1 year in Egypt implemented a comprehensive of active surveillance in 2015. (who.int)
  • Epidemics of Lassa fever were have comprehensive information about the virus and also documented in other West African countries in- the disease it causes. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Both populations have been observed to have antibodies to B virus and to shed reactivated virus in saliva. (medscape.com)
  • So upon introduction, whether you are exposed to a sneeze or someone's cough with virus and you breathe that in, that will get deposited in your nose but the antibodies that are there will fight that virus and neutralise it before it has a chance to replicate in the nose. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Maria - So, we think that it's simply that we're creating a bio mask, an invisible bio mask where you would have such a high concentration of protective antibodies at the surface of the nose that upon inhalation, it basically just attaches to the virus and neutralise it, as simple as that. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Interestingly, these mice developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses that are protective upon lethal challenge with the rMR virus. (unl.edu)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • These kits consist of inactivated influenza reference viruses or purified protein from reference viruses and corresponding antibodies, and are used for the identification of influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The second possibility is one that virologists are loath to discuss openly but are definitely considering in private: that an Ebola virus could mutate to become transmissible through the air. (microbe.tv)
  • Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both vaccines, regardless of the vaccination strategy used, reduced or prevented virus shedding after challenge. (usda.gov)
  • Both vaccines, regardless of the vaccination strategy used, were immunogenic in ducks and reduced or prevented virus shedding after challenge. (usda.gov)
  • Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • European marine VHS virus isolates do not appear to pose an imminent threat to the Atlantic salmon culture industry. (dtu.dk)
  • This week, US-based scientist Maria Limberis and her team have inserted the gene coding for an antibody that can neutralise various forms of flu into a harmless virus called AAV9. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Chris - So basically, you take this antibody or at least the gene for the antibody that someone else has discovered what that gene is and you put that into this adeno-associated virus vector. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • This then goes into the nose, into the airways, and the cells that take up that virus get the gene for the antibody so they start making and secreting the antibody. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Recombinant MR766 (rMR) virus recovered from the full-length cDNA clone mimicked growth and pathogenic properties of the parental virus both in vitro and in vivo. (unl.edu)
  • In contrast, recombinant viruses with deletion of VNDT motif (m1MR) or mutation of N-linked glycosylation site (m2MR), were highly attenuated and non-lethal. (unl.edu)
  • By understanding how these viruses resist antiviral environments, more effective rationally designed therapeutics and live-attenuated vaccines can be produced. (scitechnol.com)
  • After 4 years of relative stability, the virus began to show changes during the most recent wave, including a newfound ability to escape vaccines and to resist antiviral drugs, Uyeki said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The new lineage was "no longer well controlled" by the vaccines that had been developed to protect against the earlier lineage, he said, and roughly 10% of isolates now showed markers of resistance to the main class of anti-influenza drugs -- the neuraminidase inhibitors. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Marklewitz M , Zirkel F , Kurth A , Drosten C , Junglen S . Evolutionary and phenotypic analysis of live virus isolates suggests arthropod origin of a pathogenic RNA virus family. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This allowed modeling of virus dispersion between Egyptian governorates including the most likely origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogeography models of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) suggest Ash Sharqiyah as the origin of virus spread, however the support is weak based on Kullback-Leibler values of 0.09 for HA and 0.01 for NA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • West African sub-region with consideration of the mented RNA virus belonging to the Arenaviridae origin of the virus, its properties/strains, epidemiol- family. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The mutant viruses replicated poorly in the brain of infected mice when inoculated subcutaneously but replicated well following intracranial inoculation, suggesting that the N-linked glycosylation of the E protein is an important determinant of ZIKV virulence and neuroinvasion. (unl.edu)
  • Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Colombia, Brazil, isolated cases in Africa and Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lassa fe- Lassa virus in many more districts and states in en- ver is endemic in West Africa and has been reported demic countries of the West African sub-region and from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria4-7. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Lassa reported in English, that investigated Lassa fever with virus is spherical in shape and measures between 70 reference to West Africa were identified using the and 150 nm in diameter (Fig. 1). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In 2000, the virus spread outside the African continent to Saudi Arabia and Yemen. (pasteur.fr)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)