• In recent years, it has become appreciated that distinct metabolic pathways and intermediates can regulate CD4 T cell function, hence we wanted to further investigate how metabolic changes in developing Th17 cells influence cell fate. (uab.edu)
  • 68,500 pathogenic human genetic variants from the ClinVar database. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we use PrimeDesign to design pegRNAs/ngRNAs to install a variety of human pathogenic variants in human cells. (nature.com)
  • Lastly, we demonstrate the activity of pegRNA and ngRNA designs recommended by PrimeDesign through the installation of human pathogenic variants in human cells. (nature.com)
  • Analysis of Pathogenic Variants Correctable With CRISPR Base Editing Among Patients With Recessive Inherited Retinal Degeneration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is unknown how many patients have pathogenic variants that are correctable with a base editing strategy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Objective: To assess the prevalence and spectrum of pathogenic single-nucleotide variants amenable to base editing in common large recessively inherited genes that are associated with inherited retinal degeneration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Design, Setting, and Participants: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, nonidentifiable records of patients with biallelic pathogenic variants of genes associated with inherited retinal degeneration between July 2013 and December 2019 were analyzed using data from the Oxford University Hospitals Medical Genetics Laboratories, the Leiden Open Variation Database, and previously published studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Editable variants accounted for 53% of all pathogenic variants in the candidate genes contained in the Leiden Open Variation Database. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The 5 most common editable pathogenic variants of each gene accounted for a mean (SD) of 19.1% (9.5%) of all pathogenic alleles within each gene. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A total of 53 of 107 patients (49.5%) with biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene ABCA4 and 16 of 56 patients (28.6%) with biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene USH2A had 1 of the 5 most common editable alleles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that pathogenic variants amenable to base editing commonly occur in inherited retinal degeneration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Three previously described pathogenic MKRN3 variants located in the coding region of the gene were identified in 12 index girls with CPP. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) carrying certain pathogenic mutations or single nucleotide variants (SNVs) enhances the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and some of these mutations are homoplasmic in tumor cells and even in tumor tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We and others previously showed that certain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) somatic mutations or single nucleotide variants (SNVs) enhanced the invasion and metastasis of mouse and human cell lines, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rather marked antigenic, cell culture and pathogenic variants have been noted among strains found in nature. (cdc.gov)
  • GRN -related frontotemporal lobar degeneration results from mutations (pathogenic variants) in the GRN gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cadmium causes mutations, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal damage, cell transformation and impaired DNA repair in cultured mammalian cells (NTP 2004). (cdc.gov)
  • Here we have studied the murine homologues (G113V and A116V) of these mutations using cell-based and animal models of prion infection. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the frequency of predicted pathogenic mtDNA mutations was significantly correlated with distant metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and colon cancers [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)
  • Most mutations in the GRN gene prevent any progranulin from being produced from one copy of the gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pathogenic SYNGAP1 mutations impair cognitive development by disrupting maturation of dendritic spine synapses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Harrington's study, "Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Regulates the Fate Decision between Pathogenic Th17 and Regulatory T Cells," was recently published in the journal Cell Reports . (uab.edu)
  • She and her team found that early exposure of CD4+ T-cells to oligomycin imprinted the Foxp3 fate decision when they were exposed to Th17-polarizing conditions. (uab.edu)
  • Harrington says her study "found that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is important for the differentiation of pathogenic, autoreactive Th17 effector CD4 T cells and that inhibition of this pathway suppressed Th17 development and Th17 mediated autoimmunity. (uab.edu)
  • Her research on T-cell receptor signaling, as well as the inhibition of mitochondrial OXPHOS and Th17 pathogenicity, will truly make a difference for many patients. (uab.edu)
  • I have always been interested in understanding what regulates the differentiation and specification of distinct subsets of effector CD4 T cells, especially that of the Th17 lineage. (uab.edu)
  • Honestly, the whole study was based on the unexpected finding that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is essential early for promoting Th17 cell differentiation and suppressing the emergence of regulatory CD4 T (Treg) cells. (uab.edu)
  • We never would have predicted that result given the dogma in the literature states Th17 cells require glycolysis and Treg utilize oxidative phosphorylation to function. (uab.edu)
  • In this specific case, inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation impeded the emergence of autoreactive, pathogenic Th17 cells and instead promoted the generation of Treg that can suppress chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. (uab.edu)
  • Th17 cells are associated with the induction of numerous diseases, whereas Treg cells are known to inhibit and dampen inflammatory responses. (uab.edu)
  • I think when my student repeated the principle finding that inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation blocked Th17 differentiation and promoted the emergence of Foxp3+ Treg cells more than five times. (uab.edu)
  • Th17 cells are critical drivers of autoimmune diseases and immunopathology. (listlabs.com)
  • There is an unmet need to develop therapies targeting pathogenic Th17 cells for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. (listlabs.com)
  • Here, we report that anxiolytic FGIN-1-27 inhibits differentiation and pathogenicity of Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of Th17 cell-driven pathology. (listlabs.com)
  • Remarkably, we found that the effects of FGIN-1-27 were independent of translocator protein (TSPO), the reported target for this small molecule, and instead were driven by a metabolic switch in Th17 cells that led to the induction of the amino acid starvation response and altered cellular fatty acid composition. (listlabs.com)
  • Our findings suggest that the small molecule FGIN-1-27 can be re-purposed to relieve autoimmunity by metabolic reprogramming of pathogenic Th17 cells. (listlabs.com)
  • Th17 pathogenic refers to a distinct phenotype of Th17 cells which is associated with immunopathology. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, Th17 pathogenic cells are associated with diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 pathogenic cells are known to display pro-inflammatory features like expressing transcription factor T-bet and secreting cytokine IFNγ, resembling Th1-like phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 cells are a very heterogenous subset and can switch to display all T helper-like phenotype markers including those typical for Th2, Treg and Tfh. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 cells gain the pathogenic phenotype by induction with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 during their maturation. (wikipedia.org)
  • GM-CSF and IL-17 were recognised as the main effector cytokines secreted by Th17 pathogenic cells that promote the development of immunopathology. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important molecule in the Th17 pathogenic phenotype generation is the transcription factor Foxo1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the Foxo1 deficient function results in over-expression of IL-1R and IL-23R which are one of the drivers of the Th17 pathogenic development. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is suggested that high consumption of a salty diet can lead to the development of Th17 pathogenic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following higher responsiveness to IL-23 stimulation, which is one of the key cytokines involved in Th17 pathogenic switch, and reduced production of regulatory anti-inflammatory IL-10 result in the phenotype change. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice with RBPJ deficiency have less severe manifestations and faster recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis due to fewer Th17 cells developing the pathogenic phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Th17 cells CD5L is predominantly expressed in non-pathogenic ones, where it functions as a pathogenicity repressor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of CD5L expression drives Th17 cells to the pathogenic phenotype through the subsequent changes in lipid metabolism, and through the alteration of binding of the transcription factor RORγt to its target genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • More specifically, the CD5L deficit in Th17 cells switches the fatty acid balance in favour of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and limits cholesterol synthesis, RORγt is regulated by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived ligands whose availability in CD5L deficient cells is limited. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 pathogenic cells were identified as one of the cross-reactive cell subsets causing inflammatory synovial and cartilage disruption in joints causing rheumatoid arthritis disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 pathogenic cells express CCR6 chemokine molecule which after binding to its ligand promotes the migration to the joints and synovial tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th17 pathogenic cells were identified as one of the cross-reactive cell subsets disrupting the protective myelin sheath of neurons causing multiple sclerosis disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elevated levels of IL-17, IL-23, GM-CSF pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with Th17 pathogenic cells play a key role in demyelination and consequent multiple sclerosis manifestations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The migration of Th17 pathogenic cells to the CNS is critical in multiple sclerosis progression and it is mediated by CCR6 chemokine expressed on Th17 pathogenic cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of metabolic functions and homeostasis with subsequent high levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol present in the gastrointestinal tract of obese patients are leading to chronic low-grade inflammation which has an impact on Th17 pathogenic formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • ACC1 in Th17 cells is over-activated in response to a high-fat diet. (wikipedia.org)
  • The function of important molecules in Th17 pathogenic development like IL-23, CD5L, ACC1 and others are altered in patients with obesity contributing to the phenotype switch. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-23 is a key driver of pathogenic Th17 cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we show that T-bet expression by T cells is not required for the induction of colitis or the differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells but modifies qualitative features of the IL-23-driven colitogenic response by negatively regulating IL-23R expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Consequently, absence of T-bet leads to unrestrained Th17 cell differentiation and activation characterized by high amounts of IL-17A and IL-22. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pathogenic Th17 cells play important roles in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. (autophagy.center)
  • Here, we show that abolishing STIM1 and Ca2+ influx in T cells expressing a hyperactive form of STAT3 (STAT3C) attenuates pathogenic Th17 cell function and inflammation associated with STAT3C expression. (autophagy.center)
  • Deletion of STIM1 in pathogenic Th17 cells reduces the expression of genes required for mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) but enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. (autophagy.center)
  • STIM1 deletion or inhibition of OXPHOS is associated with a non-pathogenic Th17 gene expression signature and impaired pathogenic Th17 cell function. (autophagy.center)
  • Our findings establish Ca2+ influx as a critical regulator of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in pathogenic Th17 cell-mediated multiorgan inflammation. (autophagy.center)
  • In addition, we demonstrate that, under inflammatory conditions, loss of TNFR2 causes Treg cells to adopt a proinflammatory Th17-like phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The combined increase in IL-17A/IL-22 results in enhanced epithelial cell activation and inhibition of either IL-17A or IL-22 leads to disease amelioration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • How autoreactive T cells escape thymic selection and eventually become pathogenic in peripheral tissues represents a fundamental issue for understanding autoimmune diseases. (wustl.edu)
  • The shared embryological origins of fibroblasts and endothelial cells might shape the behaviour of these cell types in diseased adult tissues. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Progranulin is active in many different tissues in the body, where it helps control the growth, division, and survival of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
  • Tubular and glomerular cells represent target cells of hantavirus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We analyzed the cellular consequences of hantavirus infection by measuring adhesion and migration capacity of human renal cells infected with Puumala (PUUV) or Hantaan (HTNV) virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection of kidney cells with hantavirus species PUUV and HTNV causes a significant reduction of migration capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The direct impairment of migration capacity of renal cells by hantaviral N proteins may contribute substantially to proteinuria observed in the clinical picture of hantavirus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The infection of renal cells by hantaviruses may contribute to proteinuria and may represent a determinant in the clinical course of HFRS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms and effects of hantavirus infection on human renal cells have not been investigated so far. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To identify the consequences of hantavirus infection, we analyzed adhesion and motility capacity of human renal cells infected with hantaviruses PUUV or HTNV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To further assess the significance of such a process in AIDS pathogenesis, in vitro PCD was compared in HIV-1-infected persons and in various primate models that allow discrimination between pathogenic chronic lentiviral infection either in the same species, such as rhesus macaques infected with different simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), or in different species, such as SIV-infected African green monkeys and HIV-1-infected chimpanzees. (pasteur.fr)
  • Studies on therapeutic administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ALI caused by the viral infection have been limited in number and have shown conflicting results. (unair.ac.id)
  • The team of Bernhard Hube at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute - (HKI) in Jena, Germany, investigated the interactions between fungus and host on a molecular level and demonstrated that Candidalysin actually damages the host cell. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Overcrowded living conditions and day care center attendance predispose to infection, as do immunodeficiency states, asplenia, and sickle cell disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bona, Constantin A. and Stevenson, Freda K. (2004) B cells producing pathogenic autoantibodies. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Autoantibodies to the islet-specific Zn transporter ZnT8 (Slc30a8), as well as CD4 T cells, have been identified in patients with type 1 diabetes. (wustl.edu)
  • The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
  • Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
  • It is mediated by circulating autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte cell surfaces. (medscape.com)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune, intraepithelial, blistering disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes and is mediated by circulating autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte cell surfaces. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical and experimental observations indicate that the circulating autoantibodies are pathogenic. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, we generated genome sequence data from five additional Magnaporthales fungi including non-pathogenic species, and performed comparative genome analysis of a total of 13 fungal species in the class Sordariomycetes to understand the evolutionary history of the Magnaporthales and of fungal pathogenesis. (nature.com)
  • A new paper from Duke molecular genetics and microbiology shows how pathogenic Cryptococcus fungi evolved from having many sexes to just two through 50 million years of gene swapping. (phys.org)
  • But what about human pathogenic fungi? (abdn.ac.uk)
  • However, up until now, production of host cell-destroying toxins by the microscopic fungi that can infect us has never been shown. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • However, they did not find toxins in pathogenic fungi that directly damage their infected hosts, and distinguishes these dangerous species from their harmless relatives. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Mechanistically, we showed that oxidative phosphorylation regulates the strength of the T cell receptor signal and that this subsequently controls the induction of the key transcription factor BATF. (uab.edu)
  • More precisely, our results indicate that host cell receptor usage is encoded in the amino acid sequences of different CoV spike proteins in the form of a set of specificity determining positions (SDPs). (biorxiv.org)
  • Significance Unraveling the molecular basis for host cell receptor usage among β-CoVs is crucial to our understanding of cross-species transmission, adaptation and for molecular-guided epidemiological monitoring of potential outbreaks. (biorxiv.org)
  • We recently found that expression of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR)B4, an inhibitory member of the human LILR family, is augmented in auto-antibodyproducing plasmablasts/plasma cells of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, the mechanism behind the 'paradoxical' up-regulation of this inhibitory receptor upon pathogenic antibody-secreting cells is yet to be known. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We conclude that the elevated expression of this inhibitory receptor on pathogenic plasma cells was also relevant upon the murine SLE model. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Their function depends on T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and cytokines that activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). (autophagy.center)
  • Expressions of NF-κB, RAGE (transmembrane receptor for damage associated molecular patterns), TNFα, IL-1β, Sftpc (alveolar cell type II marker), and Aqp5+ (alveolar cell type I marker) were examined by immunohistochemistry. (unair.ac.id)
  • TNF receptor 2 signaling prevents DNA methylation at the Foxp3 promoter and prevents pathogenic conversion of regulatory T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Previous studies have established the importance of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) in the generation and/or activation of Treg cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In a paper published in Metabolism, Kardassis lab reveals a novel role of the nuclear receptor HNF4A in glucose homeostasis and in the liver-α-cell axis in mice. (forth.gr)
  • The non-immune cells of synovial tissue are expressing the CCR6 ligands upon pro-inflammatory stimulation with IL-17, IL-1β, GM-CSF cytokines secreted by originally recruited immune cells, this is one of the mechanisms of the vicious circle of chronic joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Knowledge of the physiological and pathological mechanisms that involve joint mesenchymal stromal cells has begun to cast new light on why joint inflammation persists. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cells of mesenchymal origin sustain inflammation in the synovial membrane and tendons by various mechanisms, and the important contribution of newly discovered fibroblast subtypes and their associated crosstalk with endothelial cells, tissue-resident macrophages and leukocytes is beginning to emerge. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Knowledge of these mechanisms should help to shape the future therapeutic landscape and emphasizes the requirement for new strategies to address the pathogenic stroma and associated crosstalk between leukocytes and cells of mesenchymal origin. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Gene silencing by RNA interference can act in a cell -autonomous and non- cell -autonomous manner, providing mechanisms of intercellular regulation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
  • The development of the pathogenic phenotype can be shaped by various environmental stimuli and genetic factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • ACC1 regulates the development of pathogenic phenotype by altering the fatty acid metabolism and the availability of lipid-derived regulatory partners of transcription factors including RORγt. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vitro, these cells have a multipotent phenotype, which manifests as the ability to differentiate into several mesodermal lineages, especially adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • In this thesis I examine the role of these paradoxical T cells in autoimmunity, which by their nature break the classical rules of antigen processing and presentation. (wustl.edu)
  • Expression of onconeural antigens by the cancer cells resulting in autoimmunity appears to be the mechanism. (medscape.com)
  • Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and among the emerging pathogens that attract the attention of kidney research due to increasing numbers of cases and due to identification of novel species with pathogenic potential to humans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Pathogenic stromal cells as therapeutic targets in joint inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Conclusion: The administration of MSCs prevented further lung injury and inflammation, and enhanced alveolar cell type II and I regeneration, while it did not significantly affect viral proliferation and mouse morbidity and mortality. (unair.ac.id)
  • In inflammation, loss of TNFR2 results in increased severity and chronicity of experimental arthritis, reduced total numbers of Treg cells, reduced accumulation of Treg cells in inflamed joints, and loss of inhibitory activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It was concluded that TNFR2 signaling is required to enable Treg cells to promote resolution of inflammation and prevent them from undergoing dedifferentiation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • June 2, 2021 Scientists have found how platelets interacting with white blood cells contribute to the resolution of bacterial lung inflammation in mice. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The hyphal form, constituted by filamentous cells, has the ability to invade tissue and induce inflammation. (lu.se)
  • The immune cells of the central nervous system, known as microglia, recognize misfolded proteins in the brain. (genengnews.com)
  • Without this division of labor, individual immune cells would have to shoulder a major part of the degradation work and would be overwhelmed. (genengnews.com)
  • Treg cells transferred microRNAs ( miRNA ) to various immune cells , including T helper 1 (Th1) cells , suppressing Th1 cell proliferation and cytokine secretion . (bvsalud.org)
  • Immune homeostasis is critically regulated by the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on various immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes, and myeloid cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
  • however, it needs to be emphasized that most autoimmune diseases are driven by a dysfunction in the immune network consisting of B cells, T cells, and other immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • b) Pathogenic effects of deposited immune complexes. (hindawi.com)
  • In the human body, small numbers of yeast cells are harmless and our immune system realizes that it does not face any (immediate) danger. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Many studies have shown that MSCs possess immunosuppression abilities, such as the capacity to inhibit proliferation and functions of many immune cell types. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • TLRs are expressed on immune cells, where they recognize pathogenic patterns. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Mar. 30, 2022 Mycobacteria are a group of pathogenic bacteria that cause diseases like leprosy and tuberculosis in humans. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Recent study at IMBB, published in Cell Death and Disease revealed that CISD-1, an iron sulfur cluster binding protein implicated in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder Wolfram Syndrome type 2, modulates longevity and proteostasis by engaging autophagy and the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis pathway. (forth.gr)
  • Dysregulated functions of B1 cells have been implicated in the disease progression of various autoimmune disorders, but it remains largely unclear whether B1 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Together, these results have demonstrated a pathogenic role of B1a cells in the development of autoimmune arthritis through RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • This new understanding of the role of B cells opened up novel therapeutic options for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • In a Preview article published in Cell Metabolism, Prof. Nektarios Tavernarakis discusses a study that delineates a signaling cascade that is mobilized by neurons in the hypothalamus to modulate autophagy and metabolism in the liver. (forth.gr)
  • In NOD mice, we found two sets of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that recognize the dominant antigen, B:9-23 of the insulin B chain. (wustl.edu)
  • In this particular study, we focused on a mouse model of the human autoimmune disorder Multiple Sclerosis, however, we think that these findings are applicable to other T cell mediated disorders such as Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. (uab.edu)
  • Importantly, blockade of oxidative phosphorylation led to the emergence of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4 T (Treg) cells. (uab.edu)
  • Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells prevent inflammatory disease but the mechanistic basis of suppression is not understood completely. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we demonstrate that non- cell -autonomous gene silencing , mediated by miRNA -containing exosomes , is a mechanism employed by Treg cells to suppress T-cell -mediated disease . (bvsalud.org)
  • Use of Dicer-deficient or Rab27a and Rab27b double-deficient Treg cells to disrupt miRNA biogenesis or the exosomal pathway, respectively, established a requirement for miRNAs and exosomes for Treg- cell -mediated suppression . (bvsalud.org)
  • Transcriptional analysis and miRNA inhibitor studies showed that exosome-mediated transfer of Let -7d from Treg cell to Th1 cells contributed to suppression and prevention of systemic disease . (bvsalud.org)
  • These studies reveal a mechanism of Treg- cell -mediated suppression mediated by miRNA -containing exosomes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our findings reveal that, in health, TNFR2 is important not only for the generation of Treg cells, but also for regulating their functional activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We also show that TNFR2 maintains Foxp3 expression in Treg cells by restricting DNA methylation at the Foxp3 promoter. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DNA methylation influences gene expression, embryonic development and cell fate commitment. (bmj.com)
  • Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGEnC) (ScienCell) were maintained in endothelial cell medium ECM (ScienCell). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knowledge of how the joint functions as an integrated unit in health and disease requires an understanding of the stromal cells populating the joint mesenchyme, including fibroblasts, tissue-resident macrophages and endothelial cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pathogenic strains enter the upper respiratory tract through droplet inhalation or direct contact. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of alleles with a pathogenic transition variant that is potentially correctable with a base editing strategy and proportion of patients with a base-editable allele. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The most prevalent pathogenic MKRN3 variant p.Gly312Asp was exclusively found among the Cypriot CPP cohort, indicating a founder effect phenomenon. (frontiersin.org)
  • It remains unclear whether metastasis-enhancing pathogenic mutant mtDNA in tumor cells is intercellularly transferred between tumor cells and stromal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we investigated whether mtDNA with the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 ( ND6 ) G13997A pathogenic mutation in highly metastatic cells can be horizontally transferred to low-metastatic cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that metastasis-enhancing pathogenic mtDNA derived from metastatic tumor cells is transferred to low-metastatic tumor cells and stromal cells via S-EVs in vitro and in the tumor microenvironment, inferring a novel mechanism of enhancement of metastatic potential during tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely spread in adult organisms. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • In a study appearing early online Aug. 11 in PLOS Biology , Duke researchers have mapped the evolutionary turning point that transformed the pathogenic form of Cryptococcus from an organism of many sexes to one with only two. (phys.org)
  • B1 cells express high levels of CD19, IgM and CD11b, and can be further divided into CD5 + B1a and CD5 - B1b subsets. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, the composition and dynamics of the epidermal T cell subsets during ACD are not known. (ku.dk)
  • Huang and Chang then looked at the proteins GATA1 and PU.1, transcription factors that normally favor differentiation into red and white blood cells, respectively. (sciencedaily.com)
  • On the other hand, intercellular transfer of mitochondria and cellular components via extracellular vesicles (EVs) and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) has recently attracted intense attention in terms of cell-to-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They found that PML limits breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting cancer stem cell survival, tumor cell migration and blood vessel formation. (forth.gr)
  • Astrocytes that are infected by the virus enlarge and take bizarre appearance (distortion of the nuclei with enlargement or multiple nuclei) and resemble the tumor cells in giant cell astrocytomas. (medscape.com)
  • Although B1 cells have been recognized for their protective functions against viruses, bacteria and parasites by producing natural IgM antibodies [ 3 ], increasing evidence indicates that B1 cells, especially the highly polyspecific B1a cells, play a role in autoimmune pathogenesis [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Here we show that the unsupervised analysis of conservation patterns across the β-CoV spike protein family, using sequence information alone, can provide rich information on the molecular basis of the specificity of β-CoVs to different host cell receptors. (biorxiv.org)
  • We show that the unsupervised analysis of statistical patterns in a MSA of the spike protein family can help tracing the amino acid space encoding the specificity of β-CoVs to their cognate host cell receptors. (biorxiv.org)
  • Hantaviral N protein was detected in tubular and glomerular cells and cell-to-cell contact structures were changed in biopsy samples of patients with serologically confirmed PUUV infections [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein α-syn performs important tasks in the nerve cells of the brain. (genengnews.com)
  • Immunization with a cytoplasmic domain of the protein or with peptides predicted to bind to I-A g7 resulted in a CD4 T-cell response, indicating a lack of deletional tolerance. (wustl.edu)
  • They began by examining populations of seemingly identical blood stem cells, and found that a cell marker of "stemness," a protein called Sca-1, was actually present in highly variable amounts from cell to cell -- in fact, they found a 1,000-fold range. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, studies have shown that the disorder is characterized by the buildup of a protein called TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in certain brain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The TDP-43 protein forms clumps (aggregates) that may interfere with cell functions and ultimately lead to cell death. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with a mutation in one copy of the GRN gene in each cell (heterozygotes) have some functional progranulin protein and develop GRN -related frontotemporal lobar degeneration. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Instead, it supports the idea that cells differentiate through the collective behavior of multiple genes in a network that ultimately leads to just a few endpoints -- just as a marble on a hilltop can travel a nearly infinite number of downward paths, only to arrive in the same valley. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Again, they found tremendous variability within the apparently uniform cell population: more than 3,900 genes were differentially expressed (turned "on" or "off") between the low- and high-Sca-1 cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In a final step, Huang and Chang used microarrays to look at the cells' entire genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We have proposed that inappropriate induction of programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis, a physiological cell-suicide process, may play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. (pasteur.fr)
  • and current B-cell-based therapeutic treatments. (hindawi.com)
  • The work also suggests a much more efficient way of differentiating stem cells for therapeutic purposes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Background: The highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus is one of the causative agents of acute lung injury (ALI) with high mortality rate. (unair.ac.id)
  • The results suggested that MSC administration was a promissing strategy for treatment of acute lung injuries caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, although further optimization and combination use of anti-viral drugs will be obviously required to achieve the goal of reducing mortality. (unair.ac.id)
  • Candida albicans grows in two different forms: either as an egg-shaped yeast cell or as a filamentous hyphal form. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Gp49B genetic deletion, however, did not abolish the serum auto-antibodies or fully ameliorate the lethal glomerulonephritis, indicating that gp49B is not the sole regulator of lupus but a pathogenic element in the disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Modifying the fate of CD4+ T-cells to transition from either inflammatory T cells or regulatory T cells is extremely relevant to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. (uab.edu)
  • In this study, we found that peritoneal B1a cells underwent proliferation and migrated to the inflamed joint tissue with upregulated RANKL expression during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development in mice. (oncotarget.com)
  • Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). (sciencedaily.com)
  • The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
  • Likewise B cells function as crucial antigen presenting cells in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
  • The term pemphigus refers to a group of autoimmune blistering diseases of the skin and mucous membranes characterized histologically by intraepidermal blister and immunopathologically by the finding of in vivo bound and circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody directed against the cell surface of keratinocytes. (medscape.com)
  • In mice, B1 cells mainly reside in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, but aberrant B1a cell migration has been found in the pancreas of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice [ 5 ], and in the kidney, thymus and lung of NZBW F1 mice [ 6 - 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The main virulence factor of C. albicans is the ability to transform from planktonic yeast-form cells into a filamentous form (hyphae or pseudohyphae), with the subsequent formation of biofilm. (lu.se)
  • Subsequent mouse bioassay revealed high levels of infectivity present in these cells. (nih.gov)
  • Adoptive transfer of B1a cells exacerbated arthritic severity and joint damage while intraperitoneal depletion of B1 cells ameliorated both arthritic symptoms and joint pathology in CIA mice. (oncotarget.com)
  • In culture, RANKL-expressing B1a cells significantly promoted the expansion of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow cells, which were in accord with the in vivo findings of increased osteoclastogenesis in CIA mice transferred with B1a cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Here we show that exposure of the skin to the experimental contact allergen 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) results in a displacement of the normally occurring dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) concomitant with an accumulation of epidermal CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells in mice. (ku.dk)
  • By studying knock-out mice, we provide evidence that CD8+ T cells are required for the displacement of the DETC and furthermore, that DETC are not required for recruitment of CD8+ TRM cells to the epidermis following allergen exposure. (ku.dk)
  • However, presentation by intraislet antigen-presenting cells (APC) to the T cells was not detectable in prediabetic mice. (wustl.edu)
  • A T cell directed to one peptide (345-359) resulted in the transfer of diabetes, but only in conditions in which the recipient NOD mice or NOD.Rag1 -/- mice were subjected to light irradiation. (wustl.edu)
  • In late diabetic NOD mice, CD4 T cells were found as well as a weak antibody response. (wustl.edu)
  • We conclude with a discussion of novel therapies aimed at the selective targeting of pathogenic B cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Researchers have isolated macrophages from blood samples of affected individuals which can be converted into microglia-like cells. (genengnews.com)
  • Similarly, intercellular transfer of mitochondria-related EVs occurred between A11 cells and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs, WA-mFib), macrophages (RAW264.7) and cytotoxic T cells (CTLL-2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
  • Abnormal levels of PCD in CD4(+)-T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), containing the CD8+ T cells, were observed in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic models. (pasteur.fr)
  • This study demonstrates that manipulating metabolic pathways in CD4 T cells can alter the functional properties of the cells, which is key for solving chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. (uab.edu)
  • Western-blot analysis showed an activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, Bid and Bax, and a decrease of Bcl-2, in JB6 cells treated with TiO2 particles. (cdc.gov)
  • and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES). (bvsalud.org)
  • Cell nuclei (blue) can join together using tubular projections (red) to degrade dangerous proteins in a division of labor. (genengnews.com)
  • It undergoes DNA replication and synthesis of viral capsid proteins inside the cell. (medscape.com)
  • Human renal epithelial cells (HREpCs) (PromoCell) were cultured in renal epithelial cell growth medium-2 (PromoCell). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human podocyte cell line was derived from human normal podocytes conditionally transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model has been supported by several reports of abnormal levels of PCD in vitro in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons. (pasteur.fr)
  • To this end, in this study, we examined if glycoprotein 49B (gp49B), the murine counterpart of human LILRB4, is also elevated in auto-antibody-producing cells in several SLE mouse models, and tried to clarify the underlying mechanism. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) constitute an appropriate cellular model that can be exploited to mimic and recapitulate brain development. (bmj.com)
  • Candidalysin, as the new toxin was called, destroys human cells by forming holes in their membranes. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The initial impulse for the discovery came from Julian Naglik's research group at King's College London, who has been studying how human oral cells respond to fungal infections. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • These T cells were highly deleted in the thymus. (wustl.edu)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
  • The findings also help explain why the process of differentiating stem cells into specific lineages in the laboratory has been highly inefficient. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Throughout evolution, pathogens have come up with many tricks to infect and damage their hosts: viruses capture whole cells and turn them into factories for their own replication until the cells are exhausted and die. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • We demonstrate that the magnitude of the allergic reaction correlates with the number of CD8+ epidermal TRM cells that again correlates with allergen dose and number of allergen exposures. (ku.dk)
  • Finally, in an attempt to elucidate why CD8+ epidermal TRM cells persist in the epidermis, we show that CD8+ epidermal TRM cells have a higher proliferative capability and are bioenergetically more stable, displaying a higher spare respiratory capacity than DETC. (ku.dk)
  • The term organoid nevus may be used to emphasize the admixture of epidermal cells often evident in individual lesions of epidermal nevi. (medscape.com)
  • The present study investigates TiO2 nanoparticle -induced cytotoxicity and the mechanism involved in this process in a mouse epidermal cell line, JB6 cells. (cdc.gov)