Pathogenic avian influenza avian proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
The price reprieve comes after an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2022 resulted in major losses for the commercial turkey flock. (usda.gov)
One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed additional cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in commercial poultry operations in three states - Queen Anne's County, Maryland (broiler flock with 150,000 birds), New Castle County, Delaware (pullet flock with 265,000 birds) and Jasper County, Missouri (turkey flock with 27,000 birds). (thepoultrysite.com)
The Polish Chief Veterinary Officer confirmed two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of subtype H5N1?in commercial farms of fattening turkeys in central Poland. (thebeefsite.com)
Japan will cull a record of more than 10 million chickens to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), the agriculture ministry announced after finding another case in southwestern Japan. (thecattlesite.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in a non-commercial, backyard flock (non-poultry) in Toombs County, Georgia. (provisioneronline.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. (feedstuffs.com)
WASHINGTON, April 6, 2015 -- The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza (HPAI) in a third commercial turkey flock in Stearns County, Minnesota. (govdelivery.com)
In the Pacific flyway, the HPAI H5N8 virus has mixed with North American avian influenza viruses, creating new mixed-origin viruses. (govdelivery.com)
Avian influenza viruses have been around for a very long time, but the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus strain (H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) that has been circulating in birds across much of the globe since 2021 has been the most long-lasting, widespread and severe on record. (epicscotland.org)
Referenced paper, optional) Geographical and Historical Patterns in the Emergences of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 and H7 Viruses in Poultry - Dhingra et al. (globalchallengesproject.org)
As meat prices continue to grow, poultry producers like Tyson Foods and Pilgrim's Pride stand to benefit from consumers cutting back on pricier proteins, even as they face challenges such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and higher feed costs. (sprayandscrap.com)
Evaluating the impact of environmental temperature on global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry. (flugenome.org)
The emergence and unfold of extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H5N1 in Asia, Europe and Africa has had an enormously socioeconomic influence and presents an vital risk to human well being due to its environment friendly animal-to-human transmission. (flugenome.org)
Genetic range and phylogenetic evaluation of extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. (flugenome.org)
Extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in Bangladesh since its first isolation in February 2007. (flugenome.org)
Pre-exposing Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to a low-pathogenic H1N1 avian influenza virus protects them in opposition to H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
In earlier research we examined the function of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) within the epidemiology of Eurasian extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flugenome.org)
To develop on this and higher perceive how pre-exposure to heterosubtypic low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses may affect the result of H5N1 HPAI an infection, we pre-exposed naïve juvenile Canada Geese to completely different North American wild-bird-origin LPAI viruses. (flugenome.org)
Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. (flugenome.org)
The domestic poultry industry hoped to never again endure anything like the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, but seven years later its in a very similar situation. (wattagnet.com)
The interspecies transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus to poultry populations often results in devastating disease outbreaks. (who.int)

The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety. (scientificamerican.com)
Two teams of scientists, led by Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, have created mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza. (scientificamerican.com)
Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
18 cases, six of them fatal, coincided with outbreaks of infection due to highly pathogenic H5N1 virus in domestic poultry on farms and in live markets. (who.int)
In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. (feedstuffs.com)
The flu currently circulating through bird populations up and down Atlantic coastlines is a type of influenza A known as H5N1. (motherjones.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype naturally infect different avian species, they have an enormous economic impact in the poultry farming, and they also have zoonotic and pandemic potential, representing a risk to human public health. (bvsalud.org)
In the present study, we describe a novel bacterium-based approach to identify amino acid residues in the PA-X protein of the HPAIV A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 that are important for its ability to inhibit host protein expression or cellular shutoff activity. (bvsalud.org)
Identified PA-X mutants displayed a reduced shutoff activity compared to that of the wild-type A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 PA-X protein. (bvsalud.org)
This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)
A highly infectious strain of avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds across Scotland, in other parts of the UK, and internationally. (epicscotland.org)
Background: The highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus is one of the causative agents of acute lung injury (ALI) with high mortality rate. (unair.ac.id)
The results suggested that MSC administration was a promissing strategy for treatment of acute lung injuries caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, although further optimization and combination use of anti-viral drugs will be obviously required to achieve the goal of reducing mortality. (unair.ac.id)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
The most highly pathogenic and most commonly-known strain is H5N1. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Since the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza caused thousands of deaths of wild bird in this area in 2005, Qinghai Lake in China has become a hot spot for study of the influence of avian influenza to migratory wild birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)

Learn how methionine is essential in sustainable animal protein supply, food safety, and poultry welfare. (wattagnet.com)
A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Impacts of disease outbreaks, such as high-pathogenic avian influenza, have certainly disrupted trade in poultry meat and could have longer term consequences affecting consumption in some countries. (choicesmagazine.org)
Avian influenza (AI) is caused by an influenza type A virus which can infect poultry (such as chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese and guinea fowl) and is carried by free flying waterfowl such as ducks, geese and shorebirds. (govdelivery.com)
These mixed-origin viruses contain the Asian-origin H5 part of the virus, which is highly pathogenic to poultry. (govdelivery.com)
Some recent research at the Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station Poultry Research Farm has been focused on low protein diets in broilers. (zootecnicainternational.com)
Avian influenza (bird flu) is a viral disease, and the high pathogenic strains can cause severe disease or death in some poultry and wild bird species. (epicscotland.org)
The latest figures are available for cases in poultry in Scotland , wild birds in GB and non-avian wildlife in GB . (epicscotland.org)
We investigated the circulation of avian influenza viruses in poultry populations throughout Papua New Guinea to assess the risk to the poultry industry and human health. (who.int)
This study demonstrated that avian influenza viruses were not circulating at detectable levels in poultry populations in Papua New Guinea during the sampling period. (who.int)
However, avian influenza remains a significant risk to Papua New Guinea due to the close proximity of countries having previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the low biosecurity precautions associated with the rearing of most poultry populations in the country. (who.int)
4 The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 virus in China (March 2013) has increased fears about the spread of influenza viruses with pandemic potential from poultry populations. (who.int)
Relatively few poultry farms are commercialized and therefore do not have high biosecurity settings to reduce potential introduction of influenza viruses into the poultry population. (who.int)
In this paper we report a cross-sectional study to determine the presence of circulating avian influenza viruses and the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to avian influenza viruses in poultry populations across Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)

Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
In birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza is an extremely contagious and aggressive disease that causes rapid systemic illness and death in susceptible birds. (who.int)
Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the public health risk associated with these avian influenza detections in birds remains low. (provisioneronline.com)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
Because of this, there is a year-round risk of avian influenza, which can increase depending on the disease status in a region and the migration season of wild aquatic birds. (feedstuffs.com)
The spread of a highly infectious strain of avian influenza is killing wild birds and has prompted the culling of domesticated animals. (motherjones.com)
The avian flu outbreak has killed thousands of birds. (motherjones.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the Goose/Guangdong (Gs/Gd) lineage are an emerging threat to wild birds. (bvsalud.org)
Following 2014 H5N8 infection, the proportion of birds with detectable influenza nucleoprotein antibody declined from 100% (8/8) in tufted ducks and 78% (7/9) in mallards after 1 month to 33% (2/6) in tufted ducks and 29% (2/7) in mallards after 9 months. (bvsalud.org)
All bird keepers are legally required to follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent avian influenza infection in their birds. (epicscotland.org)
With so many outbreaks occurring in both wild and domesticated birds, the spread of this highly pathogenic strain is of grave concern. (epicscotland.org)
Birds are the natural hosts for avian influenza viruses therefore infections in humans are uncommon. (epicscotland.org)
However, it is rare for strains of avian flu to be transmitted to mammals from birds. (epicscotland.org)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
The interspecies reassortment of H13 subtype virus among Anseriforme sand Charadriiformes wild birds emphasizes the importance of strengthening avian influenza surveillance in this region. (biomedcentral.com)
Wild aquatic birds serve as natural reservoirs harboring 16 Hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 Neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A viruses, except for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 and H7 subtype viruses, usually cause mild or even asymptomatic infection among birds (known as low pathogenic avian influenza). (biomedcentral.com)
The viruses in migratory wildfowl may spillover to birds or mammals, or reassort with other influenza A viruses, causing diseases with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
1 Currently all known influenza A viruses are naturally maintained in aquatic birds. (who.int)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)

Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
However, avian influenza viruses may occasionally infect humans: one human case has been reported in the UK since October 2021. (epicscotland.org)
Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
2 Occasionally these influenza viruses of avian lineage cross natural species barriers and infect other susceptible bird species and/or mammals including humans, pigs and horses. (who.int)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)

These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
such mutation products may contain hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. (medscape.com)
Flu virus strains are categorized by the combination of the two proteins found on the outside of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) -- for example, H5N6 or H9N2. (feedstuffs.com)
AI viruses are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins: hemagglutinin or "H" proteins, of which there are 16 (H1-H16), and neuraminidase or "N" proteins, of which there are 9 (N1-N9). (govdelivery.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)

However, LPAI is monitored because two strains of LPAI- the H5 and H7 strains-can mutate into highly pathogenic forms. (usgs.gov)
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. (feedstuffs.com)

This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that evolve rapidly, hence the existence of various subtypes and strains. (epicscotland.org)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
They are the natural reservoirs for all avian influenza subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
The data of the ecology and distribution of influenza A virus subtype, especially the low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in the Qinghai Lake region is lacking. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)

TPCK-treated trypsin is used to improve infection yield in laboratory tissue culture of some wild virus isolates that are not well-adapted to growth in vitro, such as some low-pathogenic avian influenza strains or fresh clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2. (wikipedia.org)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
The H protein binds to cell receptors in order to initiate infection, while the N protein helps release new viruses from an infected cell, the institute explained. (feedstuffs.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
Infection of certain influenza viruses is triggered when its HA is cleaved by host cell proteases such as proprotein convertases and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP). (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Based on the structure of MSPL, we also constructed a homology model of TMPRSS2, which is essential for the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and infection. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)

This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
There are four main types of influenza: A, B, C, and D. While all are capable of causing illness in humans, types A and B cause the majority of infections in flu season. (motherjones.com)
Clinical evidence in humans suggests that sauna therapy reduces the incidence of the common cold and may reduce the incidence of influenza, pneumonia and respiratory diseases. (healwithheat.com)
An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)

Avian influenza , commonly known as 'bird flu,' is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. (feedstuffs.com)

Meanwhile, South Korea continues to grapple with cases of the highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza. (provisioneronline.com)

Mexico has reported an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza on three commercial layer farms in the state of Jalisco, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health. (wattagnet.com)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
For months, I have been following the media coverage of the devastating outbreak of avian influenza as it's killed thousands of seabirds in Scotland. (motherjones.com)
Above the usual measures put in place for the prevention, surveillance, and reporting of avian influenza, additional investigations are being conducted in wild and domestic bird populations to identify why this outbreak has been more severe than previous outbreaks. (epicscotland.org)

The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)

Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
254 Increase in Human Infections with Avian Influenza that their parents might find out. (cdc.gov)

The flock of 76,000 turkeys is located within the Mississippi flyway where this strain of avian influenza has previously been identified. (govdelivery.com)

This event is a typical example of the global transmission of avian influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)

Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)

In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)

Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus, which has 8 RNA segments. (medscape.com)

Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease. (cdc.gov)

Two H13N8 subtype influenza viruses were isolated. (biomedcentral.com)
The two H13N8 subtype influenza viruses are highly associated with gull origin. (biomedcentral.com)
A few of influenza A subtype viruses were isolated from collected samples, among which two H13N8 subtype influenza viruses were identified and their characteristics were studied. (biomedcentral.com)

It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)

WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)

Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)

Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses continue to pose a huge threat to global animal and human health. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen that infects an average of 5−15% of the global population each year, with approximately 500 000 human deaths related to influenza annually. (who.int)

WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
As part of existing avian influenza response plans, Federal and State partners are working jointly on additional surveillance and testing in areas around the affected flocks. (provisioneronline.com)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
This project-based avian influenza surveillance in Qinghai lake region was initiated in year 2012. (biomedcentral.com)
In view of this, the project-based avian influenza surveillance of relevant environmental samples in Qinghai Lake was implemented in year 2012 Samples of bird feces and lake surface water were collected in core areas of Qinghai Lake, such as Bird Island and Xiannvwan. (biomedcentral.com)
b Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America. (who.int)
Qualified field officers from the Papua New Guinea National Agriculture Quarantine and Inspection Authority carried out the sampling during their routine surveillance programme, adhering to the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for avian sampling. (who.int)

Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
Changes in the virus genetics from mutation or reassortment make it very difficult to anticipate how influenza viruses will spread through a population and whether current vaccines will be suitable for the strains that are circulating, Pirbright announced. (feedstuffs.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)

The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)

Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
V) in HA protein of some clade 2.2 Bangladeshi viruses together with the human isolates , suggesting there was antigenic drift in clade 2.2. (flugenome.org)

Neither influenza A viruses nor antibodies were detected in any of the samples. (who.int)

The trypsin performs the maturation cleavage of the viral envelope proteins efficiently. (wikipedia.org)
IAV PA-X protein modulates virus-induced host innate immune responses and viral pathogenicity via suppression of host gene expression or cellular shutoff, through cellular mRNA cleavage. (bvsalud.org)

The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)

However, the segmented genome also has the potential to allow re-assortment of genome segments from different strains of influenza in a co-infected host. (medscape.com)
The institute explained that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and when they replicate, small errors called mutations are copied into their genome. (feedstuffs.com)
Despite of the limited genome size of Influenza A virus (IAV), the virus encodes eight main viral structural proteins and multiple accessory nonstructural proteins, depending on the IAV type, subtype, or strain. (bvsalud.org)

Although the timing cannot be predicted, influenza pandemics have followed a recurring pattern and invariably cause great loss of life, social disruption, and economic costs. (who.int)
There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003-2004 flu season. (nationalacademies.org)
Only influenza A viruses are known to cause pandemics. (motherjones.com)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)

Committee for Africa expressed concern about the general lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic and the need for Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans. (who.int)
3. Preparedness and response in regard to avian influenza and threats of influenza pandemic require concerted action under government leadership with increased urgency and participation of all stakeholders and partners. (who.int)
This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)

An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)

Some of these will alter the virus's proteins, allowing the virus to escape detection by the immune system. (feedstuffs.com)
The invention provides a method to reduce or ameliorate inflammation, by administering an effective amount of a protein factor originally isolated from thymic tissue, and referred to as T4 immune stimulating factor (TISF). (justia.com)
The present invention provides such a method, using a protein factor known as T-4 immune stimulating factor (TISF). (justia.com)
The subjects were tested a few weeks later to evaluate their secondary cytotoxic killer cell response against influenza virus-infected cells, as a way to measure the effect of TISF on their cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to the virus. (justia.com)
Thus subjects treated with TISF developed enhanced adaptive immune responses to influenza virus. (justia.com)
Overall, sitting in a sauna for approximately 15-30 minutes per day, for 4 or more days per week, is a great way to increase heat shock proteins, activate the immune system and potentially inhibit viral replication. (healwithheat.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms40

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science5

Health Care25

Geographicals15

HPAI28

H5N137

Poultry21

Birds31

Infect6

Hemagglutinin6

LPAI2

Subtypes7

Infection11

Humans7

Bird flu1

Highly pathogenic strain1

Outbreak4

H1N13

Infections5

Strain of avian influenza1

Transmission of avian influenza2

Spread of influenza1

Seasonal influenza2

Caused by influenza A vir1

20181

Subtype influenza viruses3

Eurasian1

Epidemiological and virological1

Vaccine3

Threat4

Respiratory1

Surveillance7

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Treatment of influenza1

Clade3

Antibodies1

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Known influenza1

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Immune6