Pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza virus infection. Medical search. Frequent questions

Avian influenza (H5N1) also known as bird flu is primarily a disease of birds that is caused by several types of influenza viruses. (who.int)
Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
The first human case of H5N1 bird flu was confirmed in Colorado on April 28 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (azhha.org)
In 29 U.S. states, poultry farmers are dealing with incessant outbreaks of the avian bird flu. (greenmatters.com)
As of April 26, 2022, about 33 million farmed birds have contracted the H5N1 bird flu virus, while almost 800 wild birds have been infected, as well. (greenmatters.com)
There have been human cases of the bird flu , and if the virus were to mutate, it could start to regularly affect human populations just like COVID-19 has. (greenmatters.com)
Bird flu, or avian flu, is a type of infection that occurs mainly in birds. (everydayhealth.com)
Most bird flu viruses don't infect humans, but some strains - particularly H5N1 and H7N9 - can, in rare cases, spread to humans and cause serious illnesses. (everydayhealth.com)
Bird flu is transmitted to humans when these viruses, which are part of a group called avian influenza A viruses, travel from the saliva, mucus , or droppings of an infected bird into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
The symptoms of bird flu typically begin within two to five days after catching the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
While bird flu infections are rare, most of them occur in people who've had unprotected contact with an infected bird or a contaminated surface. (everydayhealth.com)
There have been a few cases of H5N1 in humans who've eaten food made with raw, contaminated poultry blood, but there's no evidence that people have been infected with bird flu from eating properly cooked poultry. (everydayhealth.com)
To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional will take a swab from a person's nose or throat and send the sample to a lab, which can use a molecular test to detect the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
The average incubation period of bird flu H5N1 is two to five days, though it can last up to 17 days. (everydayhealth.com)
Bird flu in humans can be treated with antiviral drugs, which can hamper the viruses' ability to replicate and help people recover from the illness. (everydayhealth.com)
As a hub for slaughter and sale as well as transit, this market fuels the circulation of the viruses that cause « bird flu. (pasteur.fr)
Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
Avian influenza, or 'bird flu', is an infectious viral disease caused by influenza type A viruses. (qld.gov.au)
One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
The highly pathogenic bird flu, avian influenza, has been detected in a duck farm in France's eastern department of Ain, causing a total of 10,600 ducks culled, French daily news Le Figaro reported on Sunday. (news.az)
An epidemiological investigation is underway as the suspicion of the bird flu infection follows the observation of abnormal mortality of the ducks in the farm, wrote Le Figaro, adding that the first cluster of the high pathogenic bird flu was found on Saturday at the duck farm. (news.az)
The most notorious ones being the avian influenza or bird flu, H5N1 and H7N9. (biomedcentral.com)
Romania and Bulgaria Report Bird Flu Romania and Bulgaria have reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza among poultry, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) said on Friday, as Europe faces a seasonal upturn in the deadly disease. (medscape.com)
Poland, Major EU Poultry Producer, Reports Bird Flu Outbreak Poland, the European Union's largest poultry producer, has reported an outbreak of the highly contagious H5N1 bird flu virus among poultry in the northern part of the country. (medscape.com)
Norway Reports Bird Flu Outbreak in Backyard Poultry Norway has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, among poultry in the northern part of the country, the World Organisation for Animal Health said. (medscape.com)
Bird Flu Infects Commercial US Poultry Flock The US has detected its first case of avian flu on a commercial poultry farm since April, in a flock of 47,300 turkeys in Jerauld County, South Dakota, the US Department of Agriculture said. (medscape.com)

The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain . (bvsalud.org)
The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
Drs. Guan and Peiris began collaborating at The University of Hong Kong in the aftermath of the H5N1 avian flu outbreak in Hong Kong. (gairdner.org)
Guan and Peiris' investigations into the emergence and evolution of animal influenza H5 strains (and other H and N subtypes) and their role in identifying the SARS coronavirus, mode of transmission, risk factors, virus infectivity and period of infectivity, and identifying the original animal source were critical in the successful response to the outbreak. (gairdner.org)
The purpose of the plan was early detection and containment of any influenza outbreak caused by this virus and to ensure good coordination between public health sectors and ministries (agriculture, health, interior, and environment), the national influenza center, and laboratories ( 7 ). (blogspot.com)
9-11 Similarly, seroprevalence studies have been conducted in Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia as part of comprehensive outbreak investigations to evaluate key clinical, epidemiological and serological aspects related to human influenza A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
Genetic changes to avian influenza viruses have led to spread among many wild species, creating an uncontrollable global outbreak. (eswi.org)
People involved in poultry outbreak response activities and others with exposures to infected birds or contaminated material, surfaces, or water may be at risk of avian influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died. (citizen-news.org)
The State services (departmental directorate for the protection of populations) of Ain have highlighted an outbreak of avian influenza due to a strain of the H5N1 virus in a duck farm located in Saint-Nizier-le-Desert, Le Figaro reported, citing the prefecture of the Ain department. (news.az)
Wild birds quickly spread the virus from Europe to North America, where it is still causing the largest animal disease outbreak in US history. (nature.com)
Hence, strategic pandemic preparedness is a major concern, as we must be reasonably assured that we can contain a pandemic influenza outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)

The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. (ox.ac.uk)
Dr. King] We've all heard a lot in the news over the last few years about avian influenza in humans, poultry, and in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The highly pathogenic avian influenza is a highly contagious disease affecting wild birds and poultry with occasional infections in human. (who.int)
As of mid-June 2006, 54 countries, worldwide, confirmed the presence of H5N1 in domestic and wild birds. (who.int)
Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
Since December 2021, the H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been detected in multiple species of wild birds across Canada. (canada.ca)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 activity has intensified globally since 2021, increasingly causing mass mortality in wild birds and poultry and incidental infections in mammals. (eswi.org)
The H5N1 viruses in Peru were genetically similar to the H5N1 viruses that had circulated earlier in wild birds in North America, which supported the conclusion that the virus was introduced to Peru by migratory birds arriving from North America to overwinter in warmer climates. (nature.com)
Half of its genome was related to the Eurasian H5N1 virus that originally spread through wild birds from Europe to North America in late 2021. (nature.com)
The other half came from less pathogenic viruses that circulated in wild birds in the Americas, and was likely picked up while the H5N1 virus raced across the US, before it arrived in Peru. (nature.com)
Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)

Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
The authors found antibodies to a variety of influenza subtypes, like H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1 viruses, these with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
The potential exists for coinfection of multiple subtypes of influenza virus and with genetic reassortment and the creation of possible new strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, we recently hypothesized that annual vaccination may hamper the development of cross-reactive immunity against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes, that would otherwise be induced by natural infection. (eur.nl)
An age-related increase of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was observed in unvaccinated children that was absent in vaccinated children with CF. These findings highlight the importance of the development of vaccines that provide protection against influenza A viruses of all subtypes. (eur.nl)
Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
Nevertheless, we are still monitoring other subtypes such as H7 and H9 viruses "continues Dr. Dussart. (pasteur.fr)
Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A viruses have 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes. (citizen-news.org)
Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
Some AIV, such as H7, H5 and H9 subtypes, are associated with sporadic zoonotic human infection. (qld.gov.au)
Human infection of H5 or H7 subtypes are more commonly associated with severe disease and mortality. (qld.gov.au)
As of 2019, 2,644 human cases of avian influenza, mainly H7N9 or H5N1 subtypes have been reported. (qld.gov.au)
Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)

They have made major contributions towards understanding the emergence, transmission, epidemiology and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenzas including H5N1, H9N2, H6N1, H7N9, H5Nx and others and have provided evidence-based options for control of avian influenza viruses in Asia. (gairdner.org)
But the H7N9 and H5N1 viruses have become resistant to the antiviral drugs amantadine (Gocovri) and rimantadine (Flumadine) . (everydayhealth.com)
And for good reason, since 2013, China has suffered five successive epidemic waves of A (H7N9) virus. (pasteur.fr)
Risk assessment of the tropism & pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H7N9 virus using ex vivo & in vitro cultures of human respiratory tract. (hku.hk)
There have also been recent reports of human infection with A(H7N9) since May 2013. (biomedcentral.com)
Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)

Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
While these recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in North American birds may increase the likelihood of human infection in the United States. (cdc.gov)
For more information on the origin of the recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses in the United States, their clinical presentation in birds, and their suspected clinical presentation in humans, please see https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/hpai/hpai-background-clinical-illness.htm . (cdc.gov)
Until more is known about these newly-identified HPAI H5 viruses, public health recommendations are largely consistent with guidance for influenza viruses associated with severe disease in humans (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Rapid detection and characterization of novel influenza A viruses in humans remain critical components of national efforts to prevent further cases, evaluate clinical illness associated with them, and assess any ability for these viruses to spread among humans. (cdc.gov)
Contamination of pets such as cats could make it easier for the virus to cross into humans. (anses.fr)
This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
Transmission of H5N1 from infected birds to humans has been confirmed in Iraq, Egypt, Djibouti and Pakistan. (who.int)
Symptoms of infection in humans include cough, muscle aches, runny nose and sore throat. (who.int)
On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
An additional study was performed in humans, in which we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from annually vaccinated children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched unvaccinated healthy control children to study the virus-specific T cell response. (eur.nl)
Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
Through their research Guan and Peiris established that live poultry markets in southern China and Hong Kong were the source of the virus spreading to humans, where it exhibited up to 60% lethality in infected persons. (gairdner.org)
The isolation and characterization of the causative agent of SARS as a novel coronavirus and quick development of a diagnostic test of the virus in humans directly influenced public health policy to effectively monitor and control the spread of the disease. (gairdner.org)
Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
On-going research is focused on the development of appropriate vaccines against A(H5N1) circulating strains for use in humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans and felines, including domestic cats and tigers," a 2006 NLM report reads. (greenmatters.com)
In Lebanon, no cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus were reported in poultry or humans before 2016. (blogspot.com)
Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Humans can become infected by breathing in the virus, which can survive in air droplets or dust, or touching a surface that's harboring the virus and transferring it to eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
1 Numerous outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) viruses have occurred, with limited transmission to humans and as of yet unclear potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. (who.int)
Zoonotic infections have been noted for as long as humans have been documenting their past. (veterinary-practice.com)
Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
A second risk, of even greater concern, is that the virus - if given enough opportunities - will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. (citizen-news.org)
It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
Wild H5N1 viruses cannot latch on tothe cells in a person's nose and throat, but the mutant strains created by Fouchier and Kawaoka can spread between ferrets, which are viewed as a good animal model of flu transmission between humans. (scientificamerican.com)
More practically, the research could allow public-health workers to monitor wild viruses for similar mutations that make H5N1 more dangerous to humans. (scientificamerican.com)
Infections due to some of these strains have been detected in humans. (msdmanuals.com)
Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)

Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
Highly-pathogenic avian influenza A H5 viruses have been identified in birds in the United States since December 2014. (cdc.gov)
Between December 15, 2014, and May 29, 2015, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed more than 200 findings of birds infected with highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N2), (H5N8), and (H5N1) [1] viruses. (cdc.gov)
These are the first reported infections with these viruses in US wild or domestic birds. (cdc.gov)
Previous human infections with other avian viruses have most often occurred after unprotected direct physical contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated by avian influenza viruses, being in close proximity to infected birds, or visiting a live poultry market. (cdc.gov)
however, people with close or prolonged unprotected contact with infected birds or contaminated environments may be at greater risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
People should avoid unprotected exposure to sick or dead birds, bird feces, litter, or materials contaminated with suspected or confirmed HPAI H5 viruses. (cdc.gov)
The virus, comparable to those found in Eurasian strains, was identified in the US in December of 2021 and spread to domesticated animals and non-domestic birds. (news-medical.net)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
We analysed the first large-scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006-2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long-distance movements. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free-living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally-infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
According to CDC, the public remains at low risk for avian flu, but people who have job-related or recreational exposures to infected birds should take appropriate precautions. (azhha.org)
As part of the ongoing National Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance Program, CWHC-Atlantic received a large shipment of birds recently from the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables. (healthywildlife.ca)
This virus caused the deaths of 20,000 domestic birds. (blogspot.com)
The isolated virus (clade 2.3.2.1c) was similar to that detected in wild and domestic birds in Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey during January−March 2015 ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
This virus causes a contagious infection that particularly affects migratory species, including waterfowl (geese, snow geese, ducks) and birds of prey. (canada.ca)
Avian influenza A viruses circulate among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species to cause disease referred to as avian influenza. (cdc.gov)
People who are exposed to poultry or wild aquatic birds infected with avian influenza A viruses or associated contaminated environments may become infected with these viruses. (cdc.gov)
As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
AIV is commonly found in wild aquatic birds, such as waterfowl and shorebirds and infection can occur among domestic poultry such as chickens, ducks or turkeys. (qld.gov.au)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is associated with severe disease and mortality in birds. (qld.gov.au)
Human cases of avian influenza are usually associated with direct or indirect exposure to live or dead infected birds or their contaminated environment. (qld.gov.au)
However, complete genetic sequences of H5N1 viruses from three species of sea birds (sandpiper, pelican, cormorant) and two species of mammals (South American sea lion and common dolphin) were obtained, providing enough data to begin to piece together the story. (nature.com)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)

HPAI H5N1 viruses that have caused human infections with high mortality in other countries). (cdc.gov)
In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in one poultry meat sample. (flu.org.cn)
Since its first detection in 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has devastated the poultry industry of numerous countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. (flutrackers.com)
As of January 2012, HPAI H5N1 virus caused 577 laboratory-confirmed human cases of infection, of which 340 were fatal. (flutrackers.com)
In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5-15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (greenmatters.com)
Here, we report a case of HPAI H5N1 infection in a domestic dog following ingestion of the carcass of an infected duck. (greenmatters.com)

The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
then infected ferrets with influenza virus and found that the vaccinated ferrets came down with more severe disease, and had higher viral titres in the lungs, than ferrets who had not received 'appropriate' flu vaccine. (blogspot.com)
Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
Accelerated evolution of H5N1 was previously reported in the area, and was possibly linked to the vaccine program, as evolved circulating strains can escape from recent vaccines. (thepoultrysite.com)
Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Of the 19 influenza A (H3) viruses (one from Europe, 12 from Latin America, three from Asia, two from Oceania, and one from the United States) that were characterized, 18 (95%) were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005, the H3N2 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas one (5%) had reduced titers to A/Wisconsin/67/2005. (cdc.gov)
The B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine belongs to the B/Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
Ten (43%) of the B/Victoria-lineage viruses were similar to B/Ohio/01/2005, the B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas 13 (57%) had reduced titers to B/Ohio. (cdc.gov)
[ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
RSV More Common in IBD All patients with IBD, regardless of age, may be at increased risk for contracting a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and, as such, may benefit from receiving an RSV vaccine. (medscape.com)
Flu-COVID Shot Generates Strong Immune Response: Pfizer, BioNtech The companies said on Thursday that their vaccine to prevent flu and COVID-19 generated a strong immune response against strains of the viruses in an early- to mid-stage trial. (medscape.com)
Moderna Combo COVID-19/Flu Vaccine Effective in Early Trial Moderna on Wednesday said its combination vaccine to protect against both COVID-19 and influenza generated a strong immune response compared to individual shots for the viruses in an early-stage study. (medscape.com)

Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
While at the moment attention is focused on the recent emergence of a new influenza A(H1N1) virus, other influenza viruses, including the avian influenza A(H5N1) strains, are still a cause for concern. (thepoultrysite.com)
While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
SPF BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus beforehand. (biomedcentral.com)
The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Sera were collected and pooled from mice infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus six weeks before. (biomedcentral.com)
The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
Even so, it seems likely that this virus has a greater mortality rate than either ordinary seasonal flu or possibly the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain . (scientificamerican.com)
Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. (bvsalud.org)
In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
According to 11alive , no dogs in the U.S. have been reported to contract the virus as of 2022. (greenmatters.com)

The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Their subsequent work established new protocols for periodic live poultry market closures, emptying markets of poultry overnight to reduce virus amplification within these markets and the appropriate use of poultry vaccines to protect both poultry and people in Hong Kong from H5N1 infections. (gairdner.org)
and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)
Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
This is the second human case of A(H5N1) ever reported in South America, which includes a January 2023 case reported by Ecuador ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Early in 2023 Peru's pristine beaches became littered with thousands of bird carcasses, as more than 40% of Peruvian pelicans ( Pelecanus thagus ) succumbed to the new and highly lethal H5N1 avian influenza strain that was quickly moving down the coast. (nature.com)
IDWeek 2023 Wastewater Signals Upswing in Flu, RSV Wastewater monitoring is an established tool for tracking COVID, and now new evidence shows it can be used alongside clinical testing to assess the burden of influenza and RSV in communities. (medscape.com)

Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe . (bvsalud.org)
The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
The team built phylogenetic interpretation trees and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tables using a reference including six segments from the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and two from non-domesticated avian viruses from the northern regions of America. (news-medical.net)

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
These results should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling HPAI in different species of ducks, since we demonstrated that not all duck species respond equally to avian influenza vaccination. (usda.gov)
Although vaccination has proven effective in protecting ducks against disease, different species of domestic ducks appear to respond differently to vaccination, and shedding of the virus may still occur in clinically healthy vaccinated populations. (usda.gov)
In this study we compared the response to vaccination between two common domestic duck species, Pekin and Muscovy, which were vaccinated using one of three different schedules in order to obtain protection to H5N1 HPAI before one month of age. (usda.gov)
In conclusion, differences in response to infection and vaccination were observed between the two domestic duck species. (usda.gov)
The virus continues to be active in non-domesticated bird reservoirs, and incidences of spillover and clinical disease in numerous animal species occur in European nations in 2021. (news-medical.net)
Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
This could pose a serious threat to avian species of all kinds, including endangered ones. (greenmatters.com)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
we previously analyse differences within the variables among domestic poultry in Egypt, caus- reported that the average infection rate examined (sample type, governorate, ing massive economic losses in the was about 7.7% between 2009 and 2014 species and production source). (who.int)
Thousands of animals infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strain H5N1 are dying along the coasts of South America, including many species of mammals, as the virus accrues mutations that may be contributing to mammal-to-mammal transmission. (nature.com)
Here, the authors report sampling and characterisation of HPAI A/H5N1 genomes from five marine mammal and seabird species in Peru. (nature.com)

Clinicians should consider the possibility of HPAI H5 virus infection in persons showing signs or symptoms of respiratory illness who have relevant exposure history. (cdc.gov)
These tests may be offered as respiratory panels that provide information on the presence of other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus. (medscape.com)
It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
Analysis of cellular receptors shows that raccoons have avian and human type receptors with a similar distribution as found in human respiratory tracts. (cdc.gov)
In 2003, following the emergence of novel coronavirus, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in China, Peiris led the team that first identified the virus responsible for the syndrome, the SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus, elucidating its pathogenesis, transmission, and quickly developed a diagnostic test which was then shared internationally. (gairdner.org)
Clinicians should contact their county health department to arrange testing for influenza A(H5N1) virus, collect respiratory specimens using personal protective equipment, consider starting empiric antiviral treatment and encourage the patient to isolate at home. (azhha.org)
Our mission is to reduce the burden of major acute respiratory virus infections by fostering stakeholder communication and cross-disciplinary research in Europe. (eswi.org)
The final objective is to propose prevention and awareness strategies for the most exposed populations," comments Dr. Erik Karlsson, Senior Research Fellow in charge of respiratory virus surveillance and research programs in the Virology Unit. (pasteur.fr)
Some avian influenza A viruses have caused rare, sporadic infections in people , resulting in human illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
Collect respiratory specimens from the patient to test for avian influenza A viruses at the state health department. (cdc.gov)
Signs/symptoms may include uncomplicated upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms also referred to as influenza-like illness (ILI) [fever ≥100°F plus cough or sore throat], fever (temperature of 100ºF [37.8ºC] or greater) or feeling feverish, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue, eye redness (or conjunctivitis), shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (cdc.gov)
Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
Risk Assessment on lung injury and transmission potential of influenza viruses using in vitro and ex vivo models of human respiratory tract. (hku.hk)

As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)
After 10 rounds, the virus could spread through the air to infect ferrets in neighboring cages. (scientificamerican.com)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses re-emerged in south-eastern Asia in 2003, and these viruses continue to circulate widely among domestic poultry in the region. (who.int)
In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)

When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
Kawaoka notes that H5N1 viruses already circulate in nature, mutate constantly and could cause pandemics. (scientificamerican.com)
Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)

Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
Here we summarize our findings in animal models in which we demonstrated that vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, otherwise induced by a prior infection with influenza A/H3N2 virus. (eur.nl)
In animal models, H3N2-vaccination prevents heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1. (blogspot.com)
An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)

The FDA has approved an influenza RT-PCR test developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that can provide results within 4 hours. (medscape.com)
Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)

Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
À l'inverse, la surveillance au cours du dernier trimestre 2015 a constaté la quasi-absence du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes. (who.int)
La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)

Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
It may be possible, however, to find antibodies that a person has produced to fight off the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
A study in Hanoi in 2001, before the epizootic that was identified in 2003, found influenza A(H5N1) specific antibodies in 4% of poultry market workers (PMWs). (who.int)
We conducted a seroprevalence survey to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) among PMWs in Hanoi, Thaibinh and Thanhhoa provinces. (who.int)
6,7 An antibody seroprevalence study conducted among 200 poultry market workers (PMWs) in Hanoi in 2001 detected antibodies against influenza A(H5N1) virus in 4% of subjects, 8 suggesting that there were human infections with influenza A(H5N1) before the first case was officially confirmed. (who.int)
Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
The genome of the airborne strain differed from the original one by just five mutations, which have all been spotted individually in wild viruses. (scientificamerican.com)
However, the use of vaccination at the early critical stages of an influenza pandemic has major challenges due to our inability to accurately predict the nature of the virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has caused ≈1,000 human infections since the first case was reported in 1997 (overall case-fatality rate 54%) ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)

As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
The percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza as reported by the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System remained below the epidemic threshold. (cdc.gov)
In Viet Nam, as of July 2014, there have been 127 human cases of influenza A(H5N1) infection with 63 deaths. (who.int)
During November 2014-April 2015, a total of 165 case-patients with influenza virus A(H5N1) infection, including 6 clusters and 51 deaths, were identified in Egypt. (cdc.gov)
The design approach obtains the marginal effect of the characteristic parameters of NPIs, social behavior, and their interactions on various pandemic outcome measures including total number of contacts, infections, and deaths. (biomedcentral.com)

For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)

This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)

These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to seven days, and they became ill with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and even encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)
When comparing the response to infection in non-vaccinated ducks, differences were also observed, with infected Muscovy ducks presenting a lower mean death time and more severe neurological signs than Pekin ducks. (usda.gov)
The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
These recommendations are consistent with existing infection control guidance for care of patients who might be infected with a novel influenza A virus associated with severe disease. (cdc.gov)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)

Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
The virus detected in this cat had genetic characteristics of adaptation to mammals. (anses.fr)
Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
However, the continuing evolution and genetic diversification of influenza A(H5N1) viruses is worrying since as few as four amino acid changes are necessary to render the viruses transmissible between ferrets, reinforcing the ongoing pandemic threat from these viruses. (who.int)
In some cases it was difficult to extract enough virus RNA for genetic sequencing, as the animals tested had been dead for a while and their tissues exhibited extensive degradation. (nature.com)
Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)

Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
Clear differences in response to vaccination were observed, with the Muscovy ducks presenting lower viral antibody titers induced by vaccination and higher number of sick and dead ducks after challenge with a H5N1 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
Now Dutch researchers provide evidence in both human and animal models that the immunity generated by natural infection provides significant cross-immunity to related flu viruses, which is lacking from vaccination. (blogspot.com)
Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
As seen during the past influenza pandemics, the most effective mitigation measure is vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
This year, for the first time, healthcare professionals in France are invited to offer influenza vaccination to all children. (medscape.com)

HPAI A (H5N1) has spread over Europe and the US from October 2021 onward. (news-medical.net)
But the new H5N1 that emerged in Eurasia in 2021 was unusually transmissible and lethal. (nature.com)
One human infection was confirmed in 2021, and it was in India. (msdmanuals.com)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)

Pathogenic viruses such as H5N1 have been noted to cause mortality in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
The virus is usually highly pathogenic and is associated with high morbidity and overall mortality rates that reach 61 per cent. (thepoultrysite.com)
The article of J.P. Dudley published in the same issue of Eurosurveillance examines the age- and sex-specific rates of infection and mortality for human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt, concluding that they differ markedly from those recorded in other countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
Results showed that the H5N6 AIVs were highly pathogenic to chickens and caused not only systemic infection in multiple tissues, but also 100% mortality within 3-5 days post-infection. (frontiersin.org)
For those patients hospitalized with avian influenza, mortality is more than 50 percent for all of the strains combined. (everydayhealth.com)
The mortality rate for H5N1 has been estimated to be 60 percent. (everydayhealth.com)
Some avian influenza A viruses cause high morbidity and mortality in infected poultry, while others cause no illness or only mild disease in poultry. (cdc.gov)
However, the true mortality rate will be lower because there are probably some milder, unrecorded infections of H5N1. (scientificamerican.com)
Background: The highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus is one of the causative agents of acute lung injury (ALI) with high mortality rate. (unair.ac.id)
The results suggested that MSC administration was a promissing strategy for treatment of acute lung injuries caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, although further optimization and combination use of anti-viral drugs will be obviously required to achieve the goal of reducing mortality. (unair.ac.id)

Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th Century. (cdc.gov)
There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003-2004 flu season. (nationalacademies.org)
Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
A viruses can cause pandemics. (citizen-news.org)
Influenza pandemics have occurred on average three times in each century since the 1500s. (biomedcentral.com)
This publication evaluates the present pandemic threat on the basis of what we know about pandemics, influenza A viruses, and the H5N1 virus in particular. (bvs.br)

318 (2%) were positive for influenza ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
The majority (92%) of these isolates were tested from mid-May through late June, when 3.6% of specimens tested were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
Since July 1, of specimens tested, 0.6% were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)

They initiated seminal studies of the underlying causes of H5 virus pathogenicity, the evolution of the H5N1 virus, and developed a highly effective monitoring and surveillance program of avian and swine influenza strains. (gairdner.org)
The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
The continued circulation and evolution of influenza A(H5N1) requires comprehensive surveillance of both human and animal sites throughout the country with follow-up studies on PMWs to estimate the risk of avian-human transmission of influenza A(H5N1) in Viet Nam. (who.int)
Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
In contrast, surveillance in the last quarter of 2015 indicated a near absence of H5N1 in Egyptian poultry. (who.int)
Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian and findings from the surveillance have data. (who.int)
virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities influenza viruses in Egypt during 1 year in Egypt implemented a comprehensive of active surveillance in 2015. (who.int)

Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)

The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)
A potent influenza pandemic emergency crisis would likely last much longer than most other emergency events, and the resources needed to address the crisis such as supplies of vaccines, antiviral drugs, healthcare providers, hospital beds and medical supplies would be limited. (biomedcentral.com)

For more information on recommended infection prevention and control measures, please visit Infection Control Within Healthcare Settings for Patients with Novel Influenza A Viruses . (cdc.gov)

Epidemiology studies have shown this virus to be especially pathogenic. (springer.com)

Viral RNA obtained from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from the patient has been sequenced and genetically analyzed by the National Influenza Centre in Chile (Instituto de Salud Pública) and by the Influenza Division/CDC. (cdc.gov)
The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)
Cat viral sequences were highly similar (n = 21), suggesting a potential common infection source. (flu.org.cn)
In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that destroys the infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)
By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
Studies on therapeutic administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ALI caused by the viral infection have been limited in number and have shown conflicting results. (unair.ac.id)

The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)

Clade 2.2 A(H5N1) influenza viruses that have been associated with human infections in Egypt since September 2008 are the ones with the most geographically disperse distribution and have caused outbreaks in poultry in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (thepoultrysite.com)

The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
The chapter continues with descriptions of the approach taken by two countries most severely affected by the H5N1 epidemic: Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
Each country's circumstances and their handling of the epidemic-beyond the use of common, time-tested strategies for detecting and stamping-out of infection-were unique, as illustrated in these contributions. (nationalacademies.org)

In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)

Committee for Africa expressed concern about the general lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic and the need for Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
In an article in Eurosurveillance , A. Melidou writes that the A(H5N1) influenza virus has re-emerged in 2003 in Asia, Africa, the Pacific Region as well as Europe and since then has become endemic in some countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
The number of affected countries increased during 2003−2008, and infections spread from East and Southeast Asia to West Asia and several regions of Africa ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
In Africa, South Africa reported predominantly A (H3) viruses, and Madagascar reported a limited number of A (H3) and A (H1) viruses. (cdc.gov)

In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)

Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Our investigations indicate onward mink transmission of the virus may have occurred in the affected farm . (bvsalud.org)
In-depth phylogenetic analyses which included full-length genomic sequences of the viruses involved were performed to elucidate possible origins of incursions and transmission pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
The establishment of the role of wild game animal markets in the transmission of the virus was pivotal in the decision by local Guangdong authorities to discontinue such markets to prevent future outbreaks of this or another emerging zoonosis. (gairdner.org)
More rarely, the virus has spread from person-to-person, but this type of transmission has been limited, and does not seem to happen easily. (everydayhealth.com)
1,5 Contact with sick or dead poultry has been consistently identified as a risk factor for human influenza A(H5N1) infection, and live poultry markets have been shown to be important locations for amplifying influenza A(H5N1) virus transmission. (who.int)
These avian influenza A viruses are of public health concern because they can cause infection resulting in illness in people and because of their pandemic potential if a virus acquires the ability for sustained human-to-human transmission. (cdc.gov)
Some clusters of limited, non-sustained human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A viruses have been reported . (cdc.gov)
Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
Limited person to person transmission of avian influenza has occurred however, continued transmission is low risk. (qld.gov.au)
Fouchier later added, however, that his mutant virus "does not spread yet like a pandemic or seasonal flu virus" and that the ferrets did not die when infected through aerosol transmission. (scientificamerican.com)
The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)

Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)

However, currently used seasonal vaccines provide only limited protection against (potentially) pandemic influenza viruses. (eur.nl)
Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
As seen during past pandemic influenza outbreaks, pharmaceutical interventions (PHIs) with vaccines and antivirals are the most effective methods of mitigation. (biomedcentral.com)

Evolution of the A/chicken/pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. (cdc.gov)

Live poultry markets were eligible if their regular number of poultry sellers exceeded 100 individuals and they were located in a large city with a history of laboratory-confirmed cases of human influenza A(H5N1) infection. (who.int)
Supported by the Cambodian National Animal Health and Production Research Insititute, the researchers pay frequent visits to the live poultry markets to monitor the circulation of avian influenza viruses, in particular highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses. (pasteur.fr)
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)

The purpose of this HAN Advisory is to notify public health workers and clinicians of the potential for human infection with these viruses and to describe CDC recommendations for patient investigation and testing, infection control including the use personal protective equipment, and antiviral treatment and prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance emerged in the United States during the 2008-2009 influenza season, and the CDC issued revised interim recommendations for antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. (medscape.com)

Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)

3. Preparedness and response in regard to avian influenza and threats of influenza pandemic require concerted action under government leadership with increased urgency and participation of all stakeholders and partners. (who.int)
A preparedness plan for avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection was activated in Lebanon in 2016 after reported cases in poultry. (blogspot.com)

Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)

Anatomy28

Organisms65

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs51

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care9

Geographicals3

Bird flu26

Outbreak19

Wild birds23

Subtypes15

H7N96

Humans44

Birds29

HPAI H5N110

Vaccine13

H1N114

20225

Hong Kong6

20234

Clade 2.3.4.45

Species14

Respiratory13

Infect3

Domestic poultry2

Circulate3

H3N24

Centers for Diseas2

Populations6

Antibodies6

Strain3

19971

Deaths8

Strains of influenza1

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response1

Severe8

Genetic6

Vaccination9

20214

Mortality10

Pandemics6

Positive for influenza4

Surveillance9

Control of influenza1

Antiviral drugs2

Novel influenza A viruses1

Epidemiology1

Viral7

Neuraminidase5

Outbreaks in poultry1

Epidemic3

H5N61

Africa5

H9N22

Transmission14

Migratory1

Vaccines3

H5N21

Live poultry3

Treatment and prophylaxis3

Laboratory-confirmed1

Seasonal influenza viruses1

Preparedness2

Characterization1