• infected rabbits, indicating that extrahepatic replication may The recent discoveries of HEV-like viruses in rats and fish be common. (cdc.gov)
  • This group of viruses cause enteric or respiratory tract infections in a variety of animals including humans, livestock and pets. (nhbs.com)
  • This section includes reviews of the three prototype viruses, namely avian infectious bronchitis virus, feline coronavirus and mouse hepatitis virus. (nhbs.com)
  • Mouse coronaviruses, also known as mouse hepatitis viruses (MHVs), are histologically classified as respiratory strains such as MHV-1, MHV-2, MHV-3, MHV-A59, and MHV-JHM as well as enterophilic strains such as MHV-y and MHV-R1. (hindawi.com)
  • Many human viruses utilise or suppress ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like pathways during infection, enhancing their replication. (gla.ac.uk)
  • With the scarcity of data from efficient animal models, there are still open-ended questions about designing new models to study pathogenesis, types, virology, and evolution of these viruses. (aku.edu)
  • Virology Journal is an open access, peer reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of virology, including research on the viruses of animals, plants and microbes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis B is the only human representative of a family of DNA viruses (Herpadnaviradae) of which related viruses have been found in woodchucks, Peking ducks and ground squirrels. (virology-online.com)
  • The replicative process of the hepadnaviruses is unique among animal DNA viruses in that reverse transcription is involved. (virology-online.com)
  • On the contrary, current evidence indicates that mutant spectra contribute to viral pathogenesis, can modulate the expression of phenotypic traits by subpopulations of viruses, can include memory genomes that reflect the past evolutionary history of the viral lineage, and, furthermore, can participate in viral extinction through lethal mutagenesis. (springer.com)
  • The use of animal models to address questions that are difficult or impossible to answer in human studies is a common approach to complement in vitro and epidemiological data for human viruses in general. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Animal models are based either on studies of human viruses in animals, often requiring the use of immunocompromised hosts and/or host-adapted viruses, or the use of related viruses in their natural hosts. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Among his major accomplishments are the discovery of more than 70 new viruses of humans and animals (e.g. human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, influenza viruses), elucidation of the pathogenesis of major human and animal virus infections, and development of novel intervention strategies. (eswiconference.org)
  • Replicative strategies employed by animal DNA viruses. (jinnah.edu)
  • Viruses that cause cancer and the mechanisms by which they do so: DNA cancer viruses (polyoma, herpes, papilloma, hepatitis, adenovirus). (jinnah.edu)
  • The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses, with a virion diameter of 42nm, but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. (wikidoc.org)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
  • Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
  • Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biology of animal viruses / Frank Fenner. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis viruses of man / Arie J. Zuckerman and Colin R. Howard. (who.int)
  • Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a bloodborne pathogen. (cshlpress.com)
  • Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine examines all aspects of the biology of HCV, the pathological consequences of infection, the current standard of hepatitis C treatment, and ongoing efforts to control the disease. (cshlpress.com)
  • This volume includes additional perspectives on the discovery of HCV, historical milestones in HCV research, and animal and cell culture models of HCV infection. (cshlpress.com)
  • During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the UPS is shown to act as a double-edged sword in viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considering the important role of the UPS in HBV infection, a better understanding of the HBV-UPS interaction could provide novel insight into the mechanisms that are involved in viral replication and pathogenesis and help to develop potential treatment strategies targeting the UPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During HBV infection, a variety of cellular factors are recruited by the virus to regulate multiple steps in the HBV replication cycle [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This information, along with data on ZDV efficacy in preventing perinatal transmission (3) and evidence that PEP prevented or ameliorated retroviral infection in some studies in animals (4), prompted a Public Health Service (PHS) interagency working group *, with expert consultation (5), in June 1996 to issue provisional recommendations for PEP for HCWs after occupational HIV exposure (6). (cdc.gov)
  • In Part II of the book, the focus is on molecular and cellular pathogenesis and infection control. (nhbs.com)
  • These vaccines provide long-term protection against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The similarities between the epidemiology of hepatitis A and poliomyelitis suggest that widespread vaccination of appropriate susceptible populations with HepA vaccines can substantially lower disease incidence, eliminate virus transmission, and ultimately, eliminate HAV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis A is caused by infection with HAV, an RNA virus that is classified as a picornavirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Mechanistic studies of HBV-induced immune responses and pathogenesis, which could be significantly influenced by HIV infection, have been hampered by the scarcity of immunocompetent animal models. (princeton.edu)
  • Here, we demonstrate that humanized mice dually engrafted with components of a human immune system and a human liver supported HBV infection, which was partially controlled by human immune cells, as evidenced by lower levels of serum viremia and HBV replication intermediates in the liver. (princeton.edu)
  • The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species. (mdpi.com)
  • These models have been beneficial for studying HIV, including analyzing viral and host factors that promote viral replication, HIV interactions with the host's immune response, and as platforms for testing therapeutic approaches to control or cure HIV infection. (medgadget.com)
  • My research focuses on companion animal virology and immunology with a view to understanding disease pathogenesis, correlates of immunity to infection and the development of novel approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of viral diseases. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Although studies have demonstrated that circRNAs are involved in the regulation of host cells after viral infection, there is a lot to unravel to understand the role that circRNAs play in virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although tick salivary gland components have been shown to potentiate virus infection in vertebrate non-reservoirs (i.e. incidental hosts or small animal models of disease), there is a lack of information on the effect of tick salivary gland components on viral infection and shedding in vertebrate reservoirs. (cdc.gov)
  • The pathogenesis of infection with a respiratory MHV strain begins with replication in the nasal epithelium, followed by dissemination via the blood stream to other tissues including liver, vascular endothelium, lymphoreticular tissues and brain, depending on host susceptibility. Pulmonary involvement is restricted to vascular endothelium and does not involve respiratory mucosa. The route of dissemination of infection to the brain is agedependent. (askjpc.org)
  • in 1965 which was recognized to be associated with hepatitis B. Previously hepatitis B was diagnosed on the basis of infection occurring 60 - 180 days after the injection of human blood or plasma fractions or the use of inadequately sterilized needles. (virology-online.com)
  • We have been developing a new curative strategy to latent HSV infection, in which an HSV-targeted endonuclease induces mutagenesis of essential HSV genes, disabling viral genomes and rendering the virus incapable of replication or reactivation from latency. (grantome.com)
  • Here, we propose to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus (Sa)CRIPSR/Cas9 and homing endonucleases (HEs) for their ability to disable HSV in latently infected neurons by targeted viral genome disruption, thus eliminating the source of viral pathogenesis in an animal model of HSV infection. (grantome.com)
  • Use of large-scale comparative genomic technologies to explore the molecular pathogenesis of chronic infectious diseases and the human genetics of susceptibility and resistance to infection. (drexel.edu)
  • Ideally, the best HuNoV animal model would use HuNoV or a virus with high genetic similarity that closely mirrors the biology and clinical features of HuNoV infection in an animal host. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To combat such an unprecedented global public-health crisis before these experimental agents are available, alternative available interventions that can target different steps in the replication cycle of the EBOV should be explored in the management of the human EBOV infection as contingency preparation for the international dissemination of the EBOV outbreak in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pathogenesis of hairy leukoplakia is clearly complex, potentially requiring a convergence of factors including EBV co-infection, productive EBV replication, EBV genetic evolution, expression of specific EBV "latent" genes, and immune escape. (medscape.com)
  • Following hepatitis B infections, cccDNA can remain following clinical treatment in liver cells and can rarely reactivate. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a highly transmissible pathogen, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health threat and causes variable degrees of liver diseases, including acute and chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Until now, the molecular mechanisms related to HBV replication and associated liver diseases have not been well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that rhT β 4 significantly increased the survival rate of mice infected with MHV-A59 through inhibiting virus replication, balancing the host's immune response, alleviating pathological damage, and promoting repair of the liver. (hindawi.com)
  • therefore, it is urgent to deeply analyze the pathogenesis and treatment of liver cancer ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Significant gross and histological lesions were limited to the liver, where KASV-infected bats developed mild to moderate, acute viral hepatitis, which was first observed at 3 days postinfection (DPI), peaked at 6 DPI, and was resolved by 20 DPI. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus replication was confirmed by ISH in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and tongue. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emergent source of viral hepatitis worldwide, with an increasing burden of jaundice, liver failure, extrahepatic illnesses, and deaths in developed countries. (aku.edu)
  • However, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) preferred to stress prevention and control measures of HEV infections in animals, zoonotic transmission, and foodborne transmission. (aku.edu)
  • A large number of studies have demonstrated that the synergistic collaboration of a number of microRNAs (miRNAs), their growth factors and their downstream agents is required for the initiation and completion of pathogenesis in the liver. (wjgnet.com)
  • On the other hand, thymoquinone has shown safety concerns from several animal studies, involving serious adverse effects (death and liver toxicity) at high doses of 2 to 3g/kg, of which safety margin for use in humans has not been established. (globinmed.com)
  • HMGB1 is closely related to many inflammatory diseases, such as ischemia of liver and kidney, hepatitis, arthritis, stroke, ischemia buy ICG-001 of liver buy ICG-001 and kidney, sepsis, and systemic lupus erythematosus [21C25]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • Direct-acting antiviral regimens to treat infected patients, the impacts of those treatments on hepatitis C epidemiology, and obstacles to HCV elimination (e.g., vaccine development) are also covered. (cshlpress.com)
  • This thematic series emphasizes advances and key discoveries in the animal origin, viral evolution, epidemiology, diagnostics and pathogenesis of different emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • His research programme follows an integrated "viroscience" concept, bringing together world-leading scientists in molecular virology, immunology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and intervention studies for human and animal virus infections. (eswiconference.org)
  • Development of serologic tests allowed definitive diagnosis of hepatitis B. In the 1970s, identification of the virus and development of serologic tests helped differentiate hepatitis A from other types of non-B hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Coronavirus (CoV) infections are commonly associated with respiratory and enteric disease in humans and animals. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Antibodies against HEV have complete genome sequence of HEV passed in the macaques been detected in numerous animal species, including dogs, with that of the inoculum showed 99.8% nucleotide identity. (cdc.gov)
  • pgRNA translates viral HBc and Pol proteins, and also acts as a template for the replication of the HBV genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the HBV is a small DNA virus, and there is only limited genetic information in the viral genome, the virus heavily relies on cellular factors for viral replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, this molecular approach will add incrementally to our current knowledge of the HEV-genome organization and pathogenesis in chronic hepatitis E. (nature.com)
  • Mutant spectra are continuously and avoidably generated during RNA genome replication, and they are not just a by-product of error-prone replication, devoid of biological relevance. (springer.com)
  • Other topics include SARS-CoV virus pathogenesis, SARS-CoV interaction with the host INF and antiviral cytokines, the newly recognized bat coronaviruses and human coronavirus NL63, and strategies for coronavirus vaccine development and the development of novel antiviral coronavirus agents. (nhbs.com)
  • The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infects mice and serves as an ideal model of viral pathogenesis, mainly because experiments can be conducted using animal-biosafety level-2 (A-BSL2) containment. (hindawi.com)
  • Aside from coronavirus studies, mice models are considered the best small animal models for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Zika virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). (medgadget.com)
  • Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that infects mice, although the virus shares antigenic cross reactivity with Group 2 coronaviruses, including rat coronavirus and bovine coronavirus(5). (askjpc.org)
  • However, there was one in-vitro study identified, conducted on a different strain of murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus-A59), reporting Ns extract effects on inhibition of viral replication through alteration of gene expression. (globinmed.com)
  • However, efficacy is seen among different virus species and strains, which may not resemble the structure or pathogenesis similar to the coronavirus species (SARS-CoV-2) implicated in COVID-19. (globinmed.com)
  • HEV from chickens, other known animal strains of HEV and is experimentally which is phylogenetically distinct from HEV from mam- transmissible to swine ( 17 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is being reviewed that with current knowledge on HEV and existing prevention tools, there is an excellent room for in-depth information about the virus strains, their replication, pathogenicity, and virulence. (aku.edu)
  • In addition, cccDNA can serve as a template for viral replication and DNA transcription for five viral RNAs which allows for the production of the viral antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken together, a novel PRV replication inhibitor, ginkgolic acid, which worked through suppressing the transcription of the late genes, was found in this study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) is a canonical transcription factor (TF) and is associated with the pathogenesis of several cancers, but its biological functions and molecular targets in HCC remain unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
  • For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)
  • The virus was not discovered until 1965 when Baruch Blumberg , then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered the Australia antigen (later known to be Hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people. (wikidoc.org)
  • The molecular interaction of HBV with the UPS to modulate viral propagation and pathogenesis is summarized in the review. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis A (formerly called "infectious hepatitis") was first differentiated epidemiologically from hepatitis B, which has a longer incubation period, in the 1940s. (cdc.gov)
  • Mice models are essential tools to study the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and for the preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapies against various human pathogens. (medgadget.com)
  • With the emergence of new infectious diseases, the animal model has become a vital tool for studying disease mechanisms and developing therapeutics. (medgadget.com)
  • Mice with xenografted human immune systems have been used to study the pathogenesis of various infectious agents, including Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dengue virus, and influenza virus. (medgadget.com)
  • Mice models are an essential resource for studying the mechanisms underlying infectious disease pathogenesis and as platforms for testing potential vaccines and therapies. (medgadget.com)
  • After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with jaundice and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. (wikidoc.org)
  • MHV is an excellent model for studying the pathogenesis, tropism, and virulence, as well as the host's antiviral immune response. (hindawi.com)
  • Non-human primates (NHPs) can sustain viral replication in relevant cell types and develop a robust immune response, but they do not develop overt disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to validate the immune response. (mdpi.com)
  • The animal studies reviewed, experimented on murine cytomegalovirus, and another on Newcastle Disease virus species. (globinmed.com)
  • Disease, symptoms and pathogenesis. (jinnah.edu)
  • For clinical aspects of the disease, see Hepatitis B . (wikidoc.org)
  • The lack of a relevant, tractable, and immunocompetent animal model for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has severely impeded investigations of viral persistence, immunity, and pathogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusion: We developed RHV-rn1-infected rats as a fully immunocompetent and informative surrogate model to delineate the mechanisms of HCV-related viral persistence, immunity, and pathogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • As a result, the CDC recommends the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine be administered immediately at birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • From 1996, when the HepA vaccine was introduced, through 2011, hepatitis A cases decreased by over 95%, but re-emerged in 2016 in the United States due to widespread outbreaks among persons reporting drug use and homelessness. (cdc.gov)
  • Interviews were conducted and specimens were collected from persons living or working on participating farms and from multiple animal species. (cdc.gov)
  • Antiviral - A total of six studies consisting of two human studies and four animal studies reported on Nigella sativa (Ns) and thymoquinone antiviral effects on different virus species. (globinmed.com)
  • For this reason, the infect humans, this virus can infect cordance between humans and ex- question about tumour site concor- several other species - including perimental animals. (who.int)
  • Cells are rigged with devices to prevent viral replication and the proteins that perform these functions are determinants of viral transmission. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The first descriptions of hepatitis (epidemic jaundice) are generally attributed to Hippocrates. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of jaundice, probably hepatitis A, were reported in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in association with military campaigns. (cdc.gov)
  • MFIA and IFA positive for mouse hepatitis virus and murine norovirus (serology performed on an immunocompetent cagemate). (askjpc.org)
  • In this study, we characterized MERS-CoV replication and cytotoxicity in human and monkey cell lines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These characteristics were used to develop an assay for antiviral compound screening in 96-well format, which was used to identify cyclosporin A as an inhibitor of MERS-CoV replication in cell culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Furthermore, the data generated will be highly relevant to the development of cures for other chronic or latent viral infections such as hepatitis B virus, HIV, or human papillomavirus. (grantome.com)
  • Rabbit HEV has also been isolated from rabbits currently classified as the sole member of the genus Hep- in Virginia, USA, which showed a high prevalence of evirus , family Hepeviridae ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, it was found that ginkgolic acid could efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV, and the IC50 and CC50 were 3.407 µM and 102.3 µM, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, it was discovered that ginkgolic acid had no effect on the adsorption, entry, and release stages of the PRV replication cycle. (bvsalud.org)
  • In SA2: Optimize the efficacy of in vivo gene editing and determine the impact on viral pathogenesis, we will evaluate whether the simultaneous targeting of two HSV sites provides superior efficacy over targeting a single site, and the efficacy of gene editing necessary to impact viral pathogenesis. (grantome.com)
  • This project is expected to demonstrate the feasibility of our therapeutic approach directed towards the elimination of HSV pathogenesis in vivo, and to provide critical information for the development of a larger scale animal study necessary to bring this new therapeutic approach to the clinic. (grantome.com)
  • Hepatitis A (HepA) vaccines were first licensed for use in the United States in 1995. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, studies in animal models are critical for gaining a greater understanding of viral pathogenesis as well as the development of vaccines and therapeutics. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of these diseases remains complex. (cusabio.com)
  • To study the zoonotic potential for and this isolate could experimentally infect nonhuman and pathogenesis of rabbit HEV, we infected 2 cynomolgus primates ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • One interventional human trial reported efficacy of Ns supplementation against hepatitis C virus, while 2 case studies showed improvements in viral load and CD4 counts among sero-positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. (globinmed.com)
  • We suggest that buy ICG-001 more research with both animal and human models is needed to confirm that HMGB1 has the therapeutic potential suggested by initial studies. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • Natural HIV-1 Nef accelerates virus replication in primary human lymphocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Moreover, MHV readily infects mice but not humans, and experiments can be conducted using animal-biosafety level-2 (A-BSL2) containment instead of A-BSL3 that is required for handling SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Endemic infections are usually subclinical, sustained by continued arrival of naive susceptible animals (newborns), as there is generally no carrier state(1). (askjpc.org)
  • Many microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals enter ambient waters after import from various point and diffuse sources. (nationalacademies.org)