Passive cell membrane. Medical search. Frequent questions

The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)
When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
Mechanisms for moving chemicals through the cell membrane include: passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. (visionlearning.com)
One of the mechanisms for moving chemicals through the cell membrane is passive diffusion . (visionlearning.com)
Passive diffusion of a chemical is based on the difference in concentration of the chemical between the outside of the cell as compared to inside the cell. (visionlearning.com)
The greater the difference in concentration between the outside and the inside, the greater the diffusion of the chemical to the inside of the cell. (visionlearning.com)
Very lipophilic drugs enter the cell membrane through passive diffusion, but polar or ionized organic compounds can enter the cell membrane only by transporters. (helsinki.fi)
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport where a "helper" molecule assists in the movement of solute across a cell membrane. (proprofs.com)
Animal steroid hormones initiate signaling by passive diffusion into cells and binding to their nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. (biologists.com)
The resulting model simulations fit the data reasonably well, and fit parameters suggest that TCPy is transported across basolateral and apical cell membranes by passive diffusion. (cdc.gov)
Ethanol molecules move across the membrane via passive diffusion . (duke.edu)
Learn more about diffusion across a biological membrane. (duke.edu)
To be absorbed substances must have the ability to cross cell membranes, which may occur as a result of either passive diffusion, if the substance is both water and lipid soluble, or, by active mechanisms if these physical chemical properties are not present. (europa.eu)
4 and this also does not favour absorption via passive diffusion directly across the respiratory tract epithelium. (europa.eu)
Substances with certain structural properties can directly traverse the membrane and move into the cell without being limited by the cell's transport machinery in a process known as passive diffusion. (doterra.com)

6. Bray, D. Cell movements: from molecules to motility. (edu.pl)
All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
Studying how molecules travel across plasma membranes (cell membranes) is the key to understanding and treating many medical conditions. (visionlearning.com)
Only uncharged, non-polar molecules are able to pass into or out of the cell without aid. (visionlearning.com)
All plasma membranes possess transporters to help move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. (visionlearning.com)
The plasma membrane of all cells is a barrier to most molecules . (visionlearning.com)
Only uncharged, non-polar molecules can easily pass through the membrane. (visionlearning.com)
The plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane because it permits only certain molecules to move in and out of the cell. (tutorialspoint.com)
All molecules are not free to diffuse into the cell. (tutorialspoint.com)
Ionizing radiations are extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves (X-rays and gamma rays), which have enough photon energy to produce ionization by breaking the atomic bonds that hold molecules in cells together. (intechopen.com)
Cell Surface Receptors It's shape fits signal molecules, such as hormones. (slideshare.net)
Carrier Proteins They do not extend through the membrane They bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side. (slideshare.net)
Cholesterol in Cell Membrane The phospholipid bilayer also contains cholesterol molecules. (slideshare.net)
Cell membranes are biologic barriers that selectively inhibit passage of drug molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Sometimes various globular proteins embedded in the matrix function as receptors and help transport molecules across the membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecules of ethanol travel across the membranes made of epithelial cells that line the stomach and small intestine. (duke.edu)
Once on the other side of the gut cells, these small ethanol molecules then easily pass through the walls of the tiny capillaries that line the gut. (duke.edu)
Ethanol molecules in the gut diffuse passively across epithelial cells, through the interstitial space, and then into nearby capillaries. (duke.edu)
These structures, sometimes pumping ions from one side to the other and sometimes merely providing channels through which diffusing ions can flow past the lipid molecules, maintain the ionic distribution that keeps the membrane polarized, and they also allow the abrupt changes in distribution that create nerve impulses. (britannica.com)
Biologics are large, polar, molecules that have a high potential for hydrogen bonding and therefore are precluded from passive paracellular or transcellular transport. (abiteccorp.com)
Each plasmodesma allows the transport of molecules between cells through the connected cytoplasm as well as through a desmotubule, the tubular continuation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (jove.com)
This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. (jove.com)
Depending on the reagent and technique, the DAT may detect a level of 100-500 molecules of IgG per red blood cell and 400-1100 molecules of C3d per red blood cell. (medscape.com)

What is the function of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane? (cheatography.com)
As explored in Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes , there is a wide variety of embedded components that are essential to the life of the cell, including lipids , carbohydrates, and proteins - many of which regulate what is allowed to pass into and out of the cell (Figure 1). (visionlearning.com)
This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
This notion has been challenged by the discovery of new membrane transport functions, especially those exerted by aquaporins (AQPs), a family of membrane channel proteins widespread in nature [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Proteins act as Cell Identification Markers Lipids and proteins within the membrane may have a carbohydrate chain attached These glycolipids and glycoproteins often function as cell ID markers, allowing cells to identify other cells This is particularly important in the immune system where cells patrolling the body's tissues identify and destroy foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. (slideshare.net)
Channel Proteins In some cases the channel proteins simply act as a passive pore. (slideshare.net)
Proteins used to attach Cytoskeleton Receptor proteins help to attach the cytoskeleton inside the cell. (slideshare.net)
Major Histocompatibility Complex Unique to every individual Except identical twins Consists of proteins that attach to exterior cells and antigens Allows T-Cells in the immune system to recognize and attack foreign cells Glycolipids also differentiate between tissues of same individual A, B, AB and O blood group markers. (slideshare.net)
The cell membrane consists mainly of phospholipids and proteins in the form of a lipid bilayer. (visionlearning.com)
The structural relationship of the proteins and phospholipids in the membrane was determined by two scientists, S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson, and is termed a "fluid mosaic model . (visionlearning.com)
Investigating the role of cell membrane proteins has increased over the last decade, as drugdrug interactions and genetic polymorphisms have been found to cause changes in drug pharmacokinetics and dynamics. (helsinki.fi)
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed when a set of six proteins called connexins arrange themselves to form a cylindrical structure within the plasma membrane. (jove.com)
Please join us for our Research Seminar Series Speaker, Jerome Lacroix, Associate Professor, Western University presentation on: Channel proteins catalyze the passive transport of solutes across cell membranes. (kgi.edu)

Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
They span the membrane of cells, allowing the selective permeation of K + ions from one side of the membrane to the other, usually from the inside of the cell to the outside. (ersjournals.com)
Given the concentrations of all three ions on each side of the membrane and the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion, researchers can calculate the combined effect of K + , Na + , and Cl − on the membrane potential by using the so-called constant-field equation. (britannica.com)

The cellular membrane is composed of lipids. (doterra.com)

Broadens the temperature range of optimum membrane fluidity. (flashcardmachine.com)
Ester derivatives of C8 and C10 fatty acids like Capmul MCM C-10 and Capmul MCM C-8 EP/NF have been utilized to open the tight junction (5, 6) while long chain fatty acid derivatives like Capmul GMO-50 EP/NF have been shown to affect membrane fluidity and inhibit the Pgp efflux pump to increase transcellular absorption. (abiteccorp.com)

Quick guide on the plasma membrane its different regions and solute processes. (mcat-prep.com)

A group of autoimmune blistering diseases affecting primarily the mucous membranes is termed mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) (also termed cicatricial pemphigoid ). (medscape.com)
Mucous membranes, which are the moist, inner linings of some organs and body cavities. (medlineplus.gov)
It includes barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. (medlineplus.gov)

The plasma membrane serves as a semi-permeable barrier to the cell. (visionlearning.com)
The plasma membrane of the neuron is highly permeable to K + , and in fact the recorded membrane potential of most neurons (−60 to −75 mV) is close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for K + . However, it is not exactly the same, because K + is not the only ion affecting the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
This equation, by including relative permeability as an important factor, takes into account the phenomenon that the more permeable a membrane is to a particular ion, the greater is the influence of that ion on the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
The cellular membrane has a crucial double role of keeping out unwanted intruders while still being permeable (passable). (doterra.com)

In addition, the root cause of the disease has been identified: The plasma membranes of cells in the affected organs are missing a key component and so do not function properly. (visionlearning.com)
Glucose rapidly increased DAG content and PKC enzyme activity in microsomes, but not in plasma membranes or other membranes, during a 30-min treatment of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
Glucose-induced activation of DAG/PKC signaling in microsomes was not associated with a change in the translocation of Glut-4 transporters from microsomes to the plasma membrane, a biological response that is known to be stimulated by agonists, e.g., phorbol esters, which increase DAG/PKC signaling in plasma membranes, as well as in microsomes. (jci.org)

The discussion above demonstrates that the electrical potential existing in neurons is based on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and that this distribution comes about through permeation of the membrane. (britannica.com)
Permeation actually occurs through protein structures embedded in the lipid bilayer and spanning the membrane from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. (britannica.com)
Therefore, formulators need to enhance permeation through the tight junction gaps or cell membrane. (abiteccorp.com)

Glucose is another example of a polar molecule that cannot easily pass through the membrane . (visionlearning.com)
Chemicals must pass through the membrane to enter or exit cells. (visionlearning.com)

If the ions move through the cytoplasm at a faster rate, compensating for the passive influx, this theory may fail. (edu.pl)
Potassium ions are vital for the functioning of all living cells. (wikipedia.org)
Ions , such as sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl - ), have an even more difficult time going through the membrane than glucose . (visionlearning.com)
Moreover, AA is a major reducing agent for iron and copper [Cu2+/Fe3++electron from AA→Cu+/Fe2++dehydroascorbate (DHA)] and potentially for other transition metal ions, such as Mn2+/3+, inside and, hypothetically, outside the cell. (deepdyve.com)
As stated above, the Nernst potential is the potential difference that exists across a membrane when a particular ion , having reached equilibrium between the tendency to diffuse down its concentration gradient and the tendency to be drawn back by other ions, is in a state of no net flux. (britannica.com)
As a consequence, K + leaves the cell until an equilibrium state is reached in which the leak inward of Na + is equaled by the leak outward of K + and there is no net flux of ions. (britannica.com)
In fact, ions are almost always hydrated in the form of ion-water complexes, which have great difficulty in penetrating the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. (britannica.com)

it depends partly on the concen-tration of non-pe-net-rating solutes relative to the inside of a cell. (cheatography.com)

The ionized form has low lipid solubility (but high water solubility-ie, hydrophilic) and high electrical resistance and thus cannot penetrate cell membranes easily. (msdmanuals.com)
Most substances cannot penetrate the cellular membrane, so a number of specialized transport mechanisms (cofactors, transport vesicles, etc.) are employed to allow necessary substances to move into the cell in a controlled and well-regulated fashion. (doterra.com)

Transporters in the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte facilitate drug entry and access to drug metabolizing enzymes. (helsinki.fi)
In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
A Transwell in vitro rat salivary acinar cell system was utilized, where protein levels in the basolateral (27.2 mg/ mL) and apical (1.3 mg/mL) culture chambers, which represent blood and saliva compartments respectively, were altered using bovine serum albumin to more closely mimic physiological levels. (cdc.gov)

Because the cell membrane is lipoid, lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly. (msdmanuals.com)
The un-ionized form is usually lipid soluble (lipophilic) and diffuses readily across cell membranes. (msdmanuals.com)
Because essential oils are lipid soluble and small, they have no problem crossing the membrane. (doterra.com)
The lipid soluble nature of essential oils offers them independent function and cell accessibility. (doterra.com)

elevation, while cation channel blockers, free radical scavengers, low extracellular [Ca2+], transition metal chelators, and removal of the cell wall inhibit this reaction. (deepdyve.com)
There is some evidence that necroptosis may be a backup system that kicks in when certain pathogens, which can inhibit apoptosis, infect a cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The two lipid layers face each other inside the membrane, and the more water soluble parts of the phospholipid molecule (phosphate groups) face the aqueous media inside the cell (cytoplasm) as well as outside the cell (intercellular fluid). (visionlearning.com)
Osmotic balance is maintained between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm by movement of water through the plasma membrane when the total concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other. (britannica.com)

Bio-fuel cells (BFCs) are useful for powering implantable electrically operated medical devices, including pacemakers and insulin production generators. (electronicdesign.com)

This gene subfamily is constitutively active at physiological resting membrane potentials in excitable cells, including smooth muscle cells, and has been particularly linked to the human pulmonary circulation. (ersjournals.com)

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. (cheatography.com)
How do substances travel across the cell membrane? (tutorialspoint.com)
It also includes some cells and chemicals which can attack foreign substances. (medlineplus.gov)

Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
For example, water cannot pass directly through a biological membrane because it is a polar molecule , with partial positive and partial negative charges . (visionlearning.com)
The interior environment of the plasma membrane is highly hydrophobic because of the close crowding of all of the fatty acid hydrocarbon tails (see Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes ). (visionlearning.com)
NIR can not cause ionization however have been shown to produce other biological effects, for instance by heating, altering chemical reactions or inducing electrical currents in tissues and cells. (intechopen.com)
These are not random events, but part of a finely tuned biological mechanism called programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The array of transporters expressed in any given cell defines the cell's function and effectiveness. (wikibooks.org)
These transporters can be active (pumps) or passive (channels) and are sometimes regulated by gates. (visionlearning.com)
Throughout the years, ROS and NO have been widely considered to enter cells by freely diffusing through the cell membrane lipid bilayer and not via specific transporters or channels. (hindawi.com)
Transporters in the canalicular domain (apical) of the hepatocyte faclitate removal of drugs or metabolites from the cell interior. (helsinki.fi)

The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
Whether or not a molecule is able to pass easily, or at all, into or out of a cell is largely dependent on its charge and solubility in water. (visionlearning.com)
Receptors enable cells to detect hormones and a variety of other chemicals in their environment The binding of a molecule and a receptor initiates a chemical change within the cell. (slideshare.net)
Passive paracellular transport requires the molecule be small enough to pass through the tight junction gap while passive transcellular transport requires that molecule have low hydrogen bonding potential, be relatively small, and contain a certain lipophilicity. (abiteccorp.com)

The membranes are composed primarily of a bimolecular lipid matrix, which determines membrane permeability characteristics. (msdmanuals.com)
The permeability to Na + may be low, but the high concentration of this cation outside the cell and the slightly negative electric charge inside the cell tend to drive Na + inward. (britannica.com)

Those hydrocarbon tails are filled with non-polar bonds , and there are essentially zero polar bonds anywhere in the interior section of the membrane. (visionlearning.com)
Enables them to be embedded in the nonpolar (hydrophobic) area of the membrane  Polar regions are anchored in the water  Provide CHANNELS into the cell but only for selected items. (slideshare.net)

Whereas the pemphigus subset of diseases is mediated by autoantibodies that target the extracellular skin components that link one epidermal cell to another, the pemphigoid subset is mediated by autoantibodies that target the extracellular skin components that link the skin basement membrane components either to the lowermost layer of epidermal cells or to the dermal components. (medscape.com)

This process is essential for maintaining concentration gradients across cell membranes and is crucial for various physiological processes in living organisms. (proprofs.com)
Because these processes cause the cell to burst, components from within the cell spill into the surrounding space. (medicalnewstoday.com)

For example, chemicals that enter the digestive tract must be absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine and then be transferred through the cell to the other side where the chemical can then be absorbed by the capillary cells into the bloodstream. (visionlearning.com)

What is the most important feature of the cell's phosph-olipid membrane? (cheatography.com)

These three characteristics of the neuron-semipermeability of the membrane, osmotic balance, and electroneutrality on each side-create an equilibrium electrical potential at which the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside. (britannica.com)

Imbedded in the membrane are surface receptors that serve as a line of communication between that individual cell and the rest of the body. (doterra.com)

What is cell transport? (cheatography.com)
Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)
Transport of NO and ROS by AQPs would be required for cell homeostasis to play a critical role in maintaining endothelial function. (hindawi.com)
This review focuses on an emerging topic, the functional involvement of AQPs in ROS membrane transport, with specific regard to the movement of hydrogen peroxide and NO into and out of cells, in both health and oxidative stress-induced diseases. (hindawi.com)
The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
Recent research interests on these LNTs are owing to their crucial role in the spread of infection from diseased cells and on the other hand its role in the facilitation of drug transport across cells. (aps.org)
Extrapolating salivary acinar cell in vitro pesticide transport to whole animals using computational modeling. (cdc.gov)
Entry of the vitamin into cells is mainly facilitated by carrier-mediated transport through a specific riboflavin-binding protein on cell membranes. (medscape.com)
Passive transport at high concentrations and receptor-mediated transport systems have also been reported. (medscape.com)

4 would hinder the ability of the substance to dissolve in gastric fluids and hence preclude contact with the mucosal cell surface. (europa.eu)
It usually does not affect oral and other mucosal membranes. (medscape.com)

For the first time, passive nanoparticles have been employed to spontaneously generate dynamically evolving LNT structures encompassing growth and retraction regimes. (aps.org)

Drugs diffuse across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration (eg, gastrointestinal fluids) to one of low concentration (eg, blood). (msdmanuals.com)

Ethanol moves passively across membranes in the gut into the capillaries, bringing it to the veins, leading to the heart. (duke.edu)

For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)

When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. (britannica.com)
There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)
Fromherz P, Lambacher A (1991) Spectra of voltage-sensitive fluorescence of styryl-dye in neuron membrane. (yale.edu)

If the cytoplasmic conductance for Ca2+ is low enough compared to the membrane conductance, the theory could correctly predict the actual behavior. (edu.pl)
Finally, an analysis of the spatial density of NMDA conductance required for NMDA spike production implies that, at least up to the age (postnatal day 35) that these events have been observed, most of the excitatory synaptic conductance arriving at pyramidal cells is NMDA mediated. (jneurosci.org)

There are two types of DMFC technologies: active-based and passive-based. (electronicdesign.com)
De Schutter E, Bower JM (1994) An active membrane model of the cerebellar Purkinje cell II. (yale.edu)
Unique structural features of essential oils allow them to be active both on the surface of cells and within cells. (doterra.com)

Unless given IV, a drug must cross several semipermeable cell membranes before it reaches the systemic circulation. (msdmanuals.com)

It is also a crucial mechanism of defense against pathogens, as cells that are infected with bacteria or viruses are removed this way. (medicalnewstoday.com)

In the lungs, red blood cells unload carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen brought in by respiration (breathing). (duke.edu)

Staub C, De Schutter E, Knöpfel T (1994) Voltage-imaging and simulation of effects of voltage- and agonist-activated conductances on soma-dendritic voltage coupling in cerebellar Purkinje cells. (yale.edu)

These activate so-called death receptors on the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When the proper substance binds with these receptors, it initiates a cascade of chemical changes on the inner side of the cellular membrane, triggering modifications in the function of the cell. (doterra.com)
Interaction with these easily accessible receptors is one way that essential oils communicate with cells and impact cellular activity. (doterra.com)

The main hallmark of necrotic cell death is swelling leading to rupture of the cell membrane. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Exogenous ascorbate also induces a moderate increase in programmed cell death symptoms in intact roots, but it does not activate Ca2+ influx currents in patch-clamped root protoplasts. (deepdyve.com)
Konnerth A, Llano I, Armstrong CM (1990) Synaptic currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells. (yale.edu)
Llano I, Marty A, Armstrong CM, Konnerth A (1991) Synaptic- and agonist-induced excitatory currents of Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slices. (yale.edu)
In what manner are NMDA spikes boosted by the dendritic membrane currents? (jneurosci.org)

Phagocytes patrol our tissues on the lookout for "find-me" signals released by dying cells, and then engulf them when they encounter "eat-me" signals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
To make it easy for patrolling phagocytes to home in and engulf apoptotic cells, they release strong "find-me" and "eat-me" signals. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Contact-dependent signaling requires the establishment of a direct contact between cells for communication. (jove.com)
In some tissues, cell junctions, such as gap junctions act as contact points between neighboring cells and facilitate contact-dependent signaling. (jove.com)
Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. (jove.com)
In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants. (jove.com)

Formic-acid fuel cells feed formic acid to the anode and oxygen to the cathode. (electronicdesign.com)
This causes leaks in the membranes of mitochondria, which are the powerhouses that convert oxygen into energy in the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Your immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs. (medlineplus.gov)

The rat salivary cell system maintained the protein gradient and tight junctions over the duration of the experiment as evidenced by consistent transepithelial electrical resistance levels. (cdc.gov)

Passive transfer experiments have demonstrated that purified autoantibodies from patients with the pemphigus group of diseases can induce blister formation when delivered to newborn mice. (medscape.com)

Bernander O, Douglas RJ, Martin KA, Koch C (1991) Synaptic background activity influences spatiotemporal integration in single pyramidal cells. (yale.edu)

Reformed methanol to hydrogen fuel cells (RHFCs) reform methanol to liberate hydrogen and feed into the fuel-cell stack to generate electricity. (electronicdesign.com)

Among immunodeficient individuals, toxoplasmosis most often occurs in those with defects of T-cell-mediated immunity, such as those with hematologic malignancies, bone marrow and solid organ transplants, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ).In most immunocompetent individuals, primary or chronic (latent) T gondii infection is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)

This technique is an evolutionarily invaluable contribution to innate immunity, combining the killing of pathogen-infected cells with alerting the immune system through the release of DAMPs," noted the authors of a recent review about programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Passive immunity happens when you receive antibodies to a disease instead of making them through your own immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
People can also get passive immunity through blood products that contain antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)

Passive calcium influx is one of the theories to explain the cathodal galvanotaxis of cells that utilize the electric field to guide their motion. (edu.pl)
17. Chen, T.H. and Jaffe, L.F. Effects of membrane potential on calcium fluxes of pelvetia eggs. (edu.pl)
Dynamics of Cytosolic Calcium in Purkinje Cells. (yale.edu)

Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. (jove.com)
Similarly, in plants, the rigid walls of adjacent cells are connected via membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata. (jove.com)

TYPES OF CELLS Borohydride fuel cells use sodium borohydride with a standard proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) stack. (electronicdesign.com)

Medications may cause the formation of antibodies, either against the medication itself or against intrinsic red blood cell antigens resulting in a positive DAT, immune red cell destruction, or both. (medscape.com)

Anatomy53

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs89

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations3

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Diffusion17

Molecules27

Proteins13

Side of the membrane3

Lipids1

Fluidity2

Solute1

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Plasma membranes3

Permeation3

Pass through the membrane2

Ions7

Solutes1

Cannot penetrate2

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19941

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