Particles hazard of radioactive waste radioactive hazard release. Medical search. Frequent questions

Some of the most common water pollutants include industrial wastes (which are directly dumped into the sea of lakes making the water unfit for fishes and other organisms living in the water), domestic and farm wastes, oil spills, pesticides, as well as mining and agricultural wastes. (ukessays.com)
Dumping of various industrial waste products into water sources and improper contamination of industrial wastes often result in polluting the water. (microblife.in)

As the local newspaper, the Tri-City Herald, reports, this has happened multiple times in the last five years, such as when a building demolition released plutonium dust that blew for miles, or when plutonium and americium particles contaminated workers' cars, including a rental later returned to the company. (uchicago.edu)
Uranium and plutonium in fuel rods are used again, however other radioactive waste from the fuel rods are emptied into secure conditions until it all decays . (getrevising.co.uk)
Dr. Morgan explained to me that the way plutonium works is basically like this: when a particle of plutonium lodges in the body, the localized radiation dose to the nearby living cells from one of the "fine particles" can be 1000's of REM per year if the plutonium stays fixed in one place. (animatedsoftware.com)
Plutonium-239 emits alpha particles. (cdc.gov)
Certain radioactive elements, such as plutonium, will remain hazardous to humans and other living beings for hundreds of thousands of years. (theecologist.org)
A fire at the Dow Chemical Co. Rocky Flats plant Sunday released a small amount of radioactive plutonium contamination, a plant spokesman said. (huffpost.com)
Under the oversight of Dow Chemical and, later, Rockwell International, plant operators lost track of more than 2,600 pounds of plutonium and other radioactive material, as documented in later lawsuits and a Government Accountability Office assessment. (huffpost.com)
This suggests that plutonium release from sediments during stratification is not the dominant mechanism driving plutonium cycling in the pond. (bvsalud.org)

Further health hazards result from the chemical toxicity of the uranium to the kidneys, and from the radiation of the uranium (an alpha emitter). (ratical.org)
A 5 micrometers uranium dioxide particle can cause a high, localised yearly radiation dose to lung tissue. (converge.org.nz)
To calm troubled minds in the Amsterdam suburb Bijlmermeer, the radiation expert A.S. Keverling Buisman of the Energy Research Center (ECN) issued a press release[5] the same day that the news of the uranium contamination swept the world. (ratical.org)
This analogy works on the basis of thinking about matter as an enormous mass of atoms (that is nuclei with orbiting electrons) and that the radiation is a particle/photon passing through this type of environment. (wikibooks.org)
We can also appreciate from the table that alpha-particles are quite massive relative to the other types of radiation and also to the electrons of atoms of the material through which they are passing. (wikibooks.org)
A huge source of background radiation is radon gas which seeps through the floors from radioactive elements from underground. (getrevising.co.uk)
Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
Many buildings are still being demolished, and radiation leaks periodically force workers to take shelter, as happened in May 2017 when a tunnel used to store radioactive waste collapsed. (sciencehistory.org)
If inhaled, drunk or eaten, embedded uranium particles emit alpha radiation that can alter or destroy DNA in ways that can cause cancer. (nukewatchinfo.org)
Gross alpha radiation uranium and radium can get into your drinking water if your well is drilled into or near bedrock containing radioactive elements. (microblife.in)
The amount of gross alpha radiation in water varies because the Earth's bedrock contains varying amounts of radioactive elements. (microblife.in)
Once in seawater radiation can hurt ocean animals in several ways- by killing them outright creating "bizarre mutations" in their offspring or passing radioactive material up the food chain according to Joseph Rachlin director of Lehman College's Laboratory for Marine and Estuarine Research in New York City. (microblife.in)
In a study for Greenpeace, nuclear expert John Large, of Large & Associates, concluded a terrorist attack on a routine transport of nuclear waste in the UK could spread radiation over 100 kilometres. (theecologist.org)
Inhaling just one particle will bombard internal organs, particularly the lungs and liver, with harmful alpha radiation for decades. (huffpost.com)
3) "Byproduct material" means any radioactive material, except special nuclear material, yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material. (fl.us)
Compliance Officers should be aware of the potential radiation hazard to workers due to TENR in the oil and gas industry. (osha.gov)
TENR is a subset of a larger grouping referred to as naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM), Regulations to deal with NORM are being developed by a task force of the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) and have been through six drafts to date. (osha.gov)
Cosmic radiation is energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. (studyres.com)
Persons involved in disaster relief and cleanup need to be protected from infectious diseases, chemical exposures, radiation, electrical shock, and potential fire hazards. (cdc.gov)
Radiation is energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. (medscape.com)
Ionizing radiation can also be in the form of particulate radiation, which includes subatomic l charged or neutral particles traveling near the speed of light and therefore with high very high kinetic energy. (medscape.com)

Apart from their immediate effects, they have dramatic long-term effects on their victims - and also on their users - through radioactive contamination. (converge.org.nz)
The introduction of harmful waste materials, other forms of contamination which are a hazard to the life sustaining atmosphere of the planet earth is commonly known as pollution. (ukessays.com)
How can radioactive contamination of water resources affect life? (microblife.in)
There are two sources of radioactive contamination in drinking water. (microblife.in)
Pharmaceutical contamination is also a hazard for the beings that live in the polluted water. (timesofisrael.com)

I. INTRODUCTION - Technologically Enhanced Natural Radioactive Material (TENR) Naturally-occurring radionuclides arc ubiquitous in the environment. (osha.gov)
In addition, adsorption of two radionuclides, namely 60 Co and 137 Cs was investigated as liquid waste by using the gamma spectrometry analysis. (sapub.org)
Migration of radionuclides in a wet geological formation and engineered barrier is one of the most important factors to be considered for safety evaluation of a radioactive waste disposal facility [3, 4]. (sapub.org)
This is particularly important for Bangladesh due to high precipitation rate, as it potentially cause the release of radionuclides from shallow land disposal of L/ILW into clayey soil formation in the natural geological environment [5]. (sapub.org)

More rigorous modes of purification are used to rid the water of other wastes including radioactive materials. (microblife.in)

If the whole contents of a cylinder is released during a fire, lethal air concentrations of toxic substances can occur within distances of 500 to 1,000 meters. (ratical.org)
Then and since, the radioactive and highly toxic nature of these weapons was deliberately ignored. (converge.org.nz)
When depleted uranium ammunitions hit their targets, they release radioactive particles, as well as dust containing toxic heavy-metal elements. (converge.org.nz)
After decades of mismanaging its nuclear waste, the US Department of Energy wrestles with its toxic legacy. (uchicago.edu)
But as dangerous as they are, the toxic vapors Garza's crew encountered aren't necessarily the tanks' worst hazard. (uchicago.edu)
Ultimately, as many as two million people were exposed to Hanford's toxic waste. (uchicago.edu)
If not," says Kamps of Beyond Nuclear, "our waste will be the toxic burden of near endless generations to come. (rabble.ca)
Separating and isolating that toxic waste is one of the main industrial challenges of the human race in this century. (rabble.ca)
how about if we just outlaw toxic waste period? (rabble.ca)
I am all for a ban on the production of any new toxic waste, but we have to figure out how to dig up the stuff we have buried for around 200 years. (rabble.ca)
This uranium toxic waste is bad waste, but at least it is known. (rabble.ca)
The actions defied the Air Force's own legal advice that the toxic and radioactive ammunition be used only against hardened targets in compliance with the laws of war. (nukewatchinfo.org)
When a projectile hits a target, 70% of its depleted uranium burns and oxidizes, bursting into highly toxic, radioactive micro particles. (vijayvaani.com)
The rock itself releases inherently toxic materials that have been bound together with the shale for 400 million of years. (wespac.org)
When a molecule of EDTA travels through the bloodstream and gets near a toxic metal such as lead or mercury, it grabs the destructive particle and binds tightly with it, pulling it out of the membrane or body tissue it was embedded in. (smart-publications.com)

Radon gas is released into the atmosphere because of radioactive decay within the Earth's crust) being released into the atmosphere. (ukessays.com)
Radon a radioactive gas created through the decay of radium can also naturally occur in groundwater. (microblife.in)
The most common naturally occurring alpha particles in rocks and soil are radium-226 uranium-238 radon-222 polonium-210 and lead-206. (microblife.in)
Radon is a dissolved gas that dissolves easily in water and is present in most groundwater in the U.S. When water that contains radon is used in a home most of the radon is released from the water into the air and can be inhaled. (microblife.in)
Radon and thoron (collectively called rfadon) are natural radioactive decay products of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232. (studyres.com)

This releases, on average, three neutrons and a large amount of energy. (wikipedia.org)
The released neutrons then cause fission of other uranium atoms, until all of the available uranium is exhausted. (wikipedia.org)
During a nuclear reaction, several neutrons are released to split numerous atoms. (sharrettsplating.com)
Neutrons in itself are not radioactive. (bay12forums.com)
For more things about radioactive effects of neutrons. (bay12forums.com)
Alpha particles are charged particles made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons-essentially the nucleus of a helium atom. (medscape.com)

The radiometric device detects associated radioactive minerals which are decay products of the uranium, rather than the uranium itself. (world-nuclear.org)

We can see from the table that beta-particles have a negative electric charge. (wikibooks.org)
The path of beta-particles in matter is often described as being tortuous, since they tend to ricochet from atom to atom. (wikibooks.org)
A final and important point to note is that the energy of beta-particles is never found to be distinct in contrast to the alpha-particles above. (wikibooks.org)
The energies of the beta-particles from a radioactive source forms a spectrum up to a maximum energy - see figure below. (wikibooks.org)
Energetic beta particles penetrate the dead skin layer. (cdc.gov)

Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
This study raises the possibility we should also be looking for radioactive elements, such as radium isotopes and lead-210, and including them in our monitoring efforts. (chemeurope.com)
Vengosh's research team revealed that when the coal is burned, the radium isotopes become concentrated in the coal ash residues, and the lead-210 becomes chemically volatile and reattaches itself to tiny particles of fly ash. (chemeurope.com)
The U-238 series has 14 radioactive isotopes in secular equilibrium, thus each represents about 11 kBq/kg (irrespective of the mass proportion). (world-nuclear.org)

The State of Louisiana, Department of Environmental Quality has recently issued a notification concerning a potential health hazard associated with handling pipe used in oil and gas production that may be contaminated with radioactive scale from naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM). (osha.gov)

The leftover waste is highly radioactive (unstable continuously decaying elements with high-energy particles or rays that penetrate and damage anything that it touches), which makes it hard to contain. (electricityforum.com)
Particles of this size range penetrate deeply into the lungs upon inhalation and cause adverse health effects. (k-state.edu)

The helium is not radioactive. (bay12forums.com)
Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons, about 9% are helium nuclei (alpha particles) and about 1% are electrons (beta minus particles). (studyres.com)

If we'd stopped producing in 1945, we'd have a minuscule amount [of radioactive waste] compared to what's out there in those tanks now," Franklin says. (uchicago.edu)
But combine that with the enemies of various countries using widespread drug addiction as a defeatist mechanism and nations vying with each other in the manufacture and testing of nuclear weapons (and so increasing the amount of radioactive material free in the environment). (narconon-suncoast.org)

This issue was based on the premise that high dose rates to cells adjacent to radioactive particles deposited in the lungs led to much greater cancer risks than were represented by averaging the dose over the total lung tissue. (animatedsoftware.com)
the greater the total mass of particles one has in one's lungs, the higher the probability of a health effect. (animatedsoftware.com)

One type of natural transmutation observable in the present occurs when certain radioactive elements present in nature spontaneously decay by a process that causes transmutation, such as alpha or beta decay. (wikipedia.org)

Some nanoparticles have shown greater toxicity than larger particles of the same composition (titanium dioxide, aluminum trioxide). (k-state.edu)

Currently, coal ash disposal sites are not monitored for radioactivity, Vengosh noted, "so we don't know how much of these contaminants are released to the environment, and how they might affect human health in areas where coal ash ponds and landfills are leaking. (chemeurope.com)
People breathing this air may face increased risks, particularly since tiny particles tend to be more enriched in radioactivity," Lauer said. (chemeurope.com)
While the spent fuel only accounts for around three per cent of the volume of all waste from a nuclear facility, it holds 95 per cent of the radioactivity and is deemed to be high-level waste. (theecologist.org)
The spent fuel rods remain hot because fission energy continues to be released as the radioactivity decays, so the pools contain boric acid to slow the process down. (theecologist.org)

It is known that dust particles can be blown by the wind for kilometers[4]. (ratical.org)

P501 Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant. (americanelements.com)
4) "Commercial low-level radioactive waste management facility" means a parcel of land, together with the structures, equipment, and improvements thereon or appurtenant thereto, which is used or is being developed by a person for the treatment, storage, or disposal of low-level radioactive waste other than that person's own generated waste. (fl.us)
5) "Commercial low-level radioactive waste management license" means a specific license issued, after application, to a person to construct, operate, or provide for the closure and stabilization of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility in order to treat, store, or dispose of low-level radioactive waste other than that person's own generated waste. (fl.us)
Fill out a Waste Pick-Up Request for disposal of nanoparticle containing waste streams. (k-state.edu)
Present experiments simulate the migration behavior of radionuclide through the cement and soil barrier into the environment if the waste packs inside a disposal site encounter rain infiltration. (sapub.org)
Near-surface repositories are accepted publicly in many countries as a good option for low or intermediate level radioactive waste (L/ILW) disposal that generates at nuclear power plants [1]. (sapub.org)
The concept of secure isolation criteria of the waste in repository development has enhanced the confidence in the feasibility of safe disposal. (sapub.org)
This is because, excessive precipitation promotes radionuclide release from shallow land disposal to the engineered barrier, and consequently the clayey soil of natural geological formation can raise potential safety concern. (sapub.org)
Such preventive measures include proper waste disposal, monitoring of hazardous materials, conducting environmental audit periodically and intensifying health education while remediation includes stream stripping, oxygen sparging, bioremediation, chemical oxidation and thermal treatment. (scirp.org)

They emit alpha particles which are a health hazard if breathed in. (getrevising.co.uk)

The American physicist Robert L. Parker wrote in Nature [3], in a worst-case scenario involving the crash of a Boeing 747, that about 250,000 people would run health risks (or near-poisoning) as a result of inhalation or swallowing of uranium oxide particles. (ratical.org)
The concern is the possible inhalation and/or ingestion of scale particles contaminated with radium-226 and possibly other radioactive material that may become airborne during welding, cutting or reaming of pipe containing the radioactive scale. (osha.gov)

The common air pollutants (the substances which cause pollution) include smoke and harmful gases from industries, CFCs and oxides produced by the automobiles, the burning of solid wastes, i.e. sulphur oxides, CO, CO2, particulate matter, NH3, smoke produced by explosives and other radioactive particles (e.g. (ukessays.com)
Drugs, radioactive wastes, pollutants and chemical agents of all types are not only everywhere, but are becoming even more prevalent as time goes on. (narconon-suncoast.org)

More than 2000 people are victims of hazardous materials releases in these states each year. (medscape.com)

It was first consciously applied to modern physics by Frederick Soddy when he, along with Ernest Rutherford in 1901, discovered that radioactive thorium was converting itself into radium. (wikipedia.org)
Radioactive radium and lead-210 ends up concentrated in these tiny particles of fly ash, which though individually small, collectively comprise the largest volume of coal ash waste going into holding ponds and landfills," said Nancy Lauer, a Ph.D. student in Vengosh's lab who was lead author of the study. (chemeurope.com)
For example radioactive radium and uranium are found in small amounts in almost all rock and soil and can dissolve in water. (microblife.in)

Radioactive materials persist in the soil and groundwater, and leftover waste from the reactor trickles from leaky underground tanks. (sciencehistory.org)

In order to split the atom, it must be struck with a subatomic particle called a neutron. (sharrettsplating.com)

But the neutron (not radioactive in itself), if absorbed by other particles, can often make the said particles radioactive, like the inner plating (which will then be radioactive waste). (bay12forums.com)

As stars begin to fuse heavier elements, substantially less energy is released from each fusion reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Actinides - radioactive elements with atomic numbers equal to or greater than that of actinium (i.e., 88). (cdc.gov)
Actinide elements are all radioactive. (cdc.gov)
The term background is also sometimes used in this report to indicate radioactive elements present in the environment that are not a direct result of SRS activities (e.g. atmospheric weapons testing fallout, see definition for fallout ). (cdc.gov)
How does radioactive elements get in water? (microblife.in)
Which of the following radioactive elements are soluble in water? (microblife.in)

Until 1971, Hanford's radioactive reactor effluent was discharged straight into the Columbia River, which has long been a vital waterway to the nearby towns of Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick, referred to today as the Tri-Cities. (uchicago.edu)
Why would anyone visit a radioactive ghost town or the remnants of a nuclear reactor? (sciencehistory.org)
Each 1000-megawatt nuclear power reactor produces about 30 metric tonnes of such high-level waste a year. (theecologist.org)
The reactor is being built to ensure that only minor quantities of radioactive substances are discharged to the surrounding area even if the highly unlikely were to occur, that is, if an accident were to happen. (balticworlds.com)

Exposure to radioactive substances increases one's risk of developing cancer. (ibilabs.com)

He explained that "the four DU particles were near the upper end of the "'respirable' size range, which is about 5 micrometres. (converge.org.nz)
Respirable means that particles will pass through the upper respiratory airway to the lung and become deposited in various interior regions of the lung, where many will remain for many years. (converge.org.nz)
All these averaging factors and searching for a threshold of noticable effects denies the excruciatingly obvious point that Dr. Morgan was making: If you release billions and billions of particles in a spectrum of respirable sizes into the atmosphere, people will breath them and health effects will occur. (animatedsoftware.com)

There may also be some radioactive materials produced at fusion plants, such as tritium. (forbes.com)
It was designated as a Superfund site in the early 1990s, and the radioactive materials have been removed. (huffpost.com)
404.20 Transportation of radioactive materials. (fl.us)
Of course, it's dangerous for (as said), organics, as if you become radioactive yourself (do not try this at home), but on other materials, it change them into radioactive waste (most are not very dangerous, but some can be nasty). (bay12forums.com)
These can be gases, liquids, or solids and include radioactive and chemical materials. (medscape.com)
Grout materials are commonly used to immobilize low-level radioactive waste. (bvsalud.org)

Those fires, along with inadequate storage procedures and regular day-to-day operations, also released uranium, beryllium, tritium and carbon tetrachloride, a carcinogenic cleaning solvent, into the area. (huffpost.com)
IARC, 1987b), a formal system for making overall evaluations of carcinogenic hazard to humans was introduced. (who.int)
This was not evaluated independently as a carcinogenic hazard at that time, but was subsequently evaluated in Volume 55 (IARC, 1992). (who.int)

A transmutation can be achieved either by nuclear reactions (in which an outside particle reacts with a nucleus) or by radioactive decay, where no outside cause is needed. (wikipedia.org)

Even after decades of radioactive decay, a few minutes' unshielded exposure could deliver a lethal dose. (theecologist.org)
Reasonable measures should be taken to prevent human exposure and release to the environment. (k-state.edu)

However, we do know quite a lot about the risks to human health posed by some of the chemicals used in the process or released by it. (wespac.org)

Even more troublesome, the plant has yet to stop producing dangerous nuclear waste. (rabble.ca)

About 9000 releases of hazardous substances occur annually, with 75% occurring at chemical facilities and 25% occurring during transportation. (medscape.com)

The amount of heat is higher than if you were to release energy through a chemical process such as burning . (getrevising.co.uk)

Since EDTA is an artificial amino acid, and since the body regards it as a foreign substance, the body eliminates the entire particle-the heavy particle coated with EDTA. (smart-publications.com)
California lumber companies use this practice to kill unwanted trees at 1/4 the price of cutting and clearing which eliminates the fire hazard. (abovetopsecret.com)

The Pentagon has employed the controversial DU shells because of their reported armor-piercing power and because the United States military is saddled with 700,000 tons of the waste uranium-238. (nukewatchinfo.org)

Once shattered, the bedrock releases more than just bubbles of natural gas. (wespac.org)

Every alpha-particle emitted from this radionuclide has this energy. (wikibooks.org)
Organic moieties can be unintentionally present in common ingredients used to make these grout waste forms, which may result in the formation of organo-radionuclide species. (bvsalud.org)

Taking notice of the growing military use of DU, we must consider not only the increased threats of radioactive battlefields but also the whole dirty cycle in the uranium industry connected with the DU technology and its impact on health and the environment in the surroundings of test areas and in the uranium industry itself. (ratical.org)
From World War II to the 1970s, the Oregon Public Health Division called the Columbia the most radioactive river in the world. (uchicago.edu)
He confirmed the presence of DU in the wrecked plane, but denied any hazard to public health or the environment. (ratical.org)
It is simply that such a great many billions of particles might be released in the first place, and each one is capable of producing a health effect. (animatedsoftware.com)
What Is The Most Common Health Effect From Radioactive Poisoning In The Water Supply? (microblife.in)
Correspondence to: M. Shamsuzzaman, Health Physics and Radioactive Waste Management Unit, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (sapub.org)

But radioactive material getting into the general public does not need autonomy. (uchicago.edu)
She said her fellow workers thanked her by contaminating her protective equipment with radioactive material. (huffpost.com)
Engaged in determining what would happen if water and radioactive material were released into the fractures, he had a "weird and wonderful idea" - using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, like those used to study the human body, to measure how fluids flow through rock fractures. (timesofisrael.com)
The material is formed by bonding nano-sized iron particles onto a matrix made from a natural, silica-based filtration material. (timesofisrael.com)
[ 1 ] The main challenge was adapting the existing models, whose primary focus was containing a hazardous material release, to one that reflected the chaos of a large-scale disaster involving a large number of affected individuals. (medscape.com)

Anisokinetic sampling - a sampling condition that involves a mismatch between the air or \fluid velocity in the sampling probe and that in the stack releasing airborne effluents. (cdc.gov)

Depleted uranium or U-238 is a waste product deriving from the enrichment process of natural uranium which makes it possible to obtain the fissile U-238 uranium used for both military purposes (nuclear weapons and submarines) and civil purposes (nuclear power stations, aviation). (converge.org.nz)

We can see from the table above that alpha-particles have a double positive charge and we can therefore easily appreciate that they will exert considerable electrostatic attraction on the outer orbital electrons of atoms near which they pass. (wikibooks.org)

Aerodynamic diameter, AD - the physical diameter of a particle of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) that has the same gravitational settling velocity as the particle of interest. (cdc.gov)

Dry powders can be highly reactive and pose a fire/explosion hazard. (k-state.edu)

Dispose of nanoparticles and nanoparticle containing mixtures as a separate waste stream. (k-state.edu)

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care9

Industrial wastes2

Plutonium8

Radiation22

Contamination5

Radionuclides4

Including radioactive materials1

Toxic15

Radon5

Neutrons6

Decay products1

Beta-particles5

Isotopes4

Potential health hazard1

Penetrate2

Helium2

Amount of radioactive2

Lungs2

Certain radioactive1

Toxicity1

Radioactivity4

Dust particles1

Disposal9

Emit1

Inhalation2

Pollutants2

20001

Radium3

Leftover waste1

Subatomic1

Neutron1

Elements6

Reactor4

One's1

Respirable3

Materials6

Carcinogenic3

Nucleus1

Exposure2

Chemicals1

Dangerous1

Hazardous substances1

Chemical1

Eliminates2

Uranium-2381

Bedrock1

Radionuclide2

Health6

Material5

Airborne1

Nuclear weapons1

Electrons1

Velocity1

Explosion1

Mixtures1