Inhibit Cell ProliferationReceptorsCollecting tubuleHyperparathyroidismDisordersReabsorptionApoptosisMetabolismVitaminKidneysIntestineRegulationEpithelialPhosphateProteinEndochondral bone formationOsteoblastGlandsAngiogenesisThymicSerumAdiposeCytokinesCellsPromotesHepaticHypocalcemiaPatients with chronicCellPulmonarySecretionAdrenal cortexOsteoporosisTriggersCardiacLevels
Inhibit Cell Proliferation1
- Experimental Applications of Vitamin D Successfully Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Induce Differentiation in a Number of Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Cell Types. (healthy-vitamins-and-mineral-supplements.com)
Receptors5
- When parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on these cells, the osteocytic membrane pumps calcium ions from the bone fluid into the extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)
- activation and proliferation appear to be stimulated by cytokines released by activated osteoblasts and osteocytes or by differentiation of immature osteoclast precursors that possess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D receptors. (medscape.com)
- Although most cells have vitamin D receptors, several key genes that encode proteins and peptides are modulated in part by vitamin D and thus affect musculoskeletal functions, mitochondrial respiration, cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [13]. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Vitamin D Receptors Discovered in Cancer Cells Suggests Vitamin D plays an Important Anti-Proliferative Role, Essentially Putting the Brakes on Dangerous, Uncontrolled Cell Growth or "Proliferation" Common of Various Cancers. (healthy-vitamins-and-mineral-supplements.com)
- Recent research has confirmed that vitamin D receptors are present in most, if not all, cells of the body, reflecting the systemic importance of vitamin D. Many scientists have suggested it be referred to as a hormone rather than a vitamin. (edu.vn)
Collecting tubule1
- In the kidney, parathyroid hormone (PTH) blocks reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubule while promoting calcium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule. (medscape.com)
Hyperparathyroidism3
- Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is defined as abnormal hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), producing hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia . (medscape.com)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is the most common cause of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels. (medscape.com)
- Administered orally and intravenously, calcitriol is commonly used as a medication in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resultant metabolic bone disease, hypocalcemia in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis, and osteoporosis. (drugbank.com)
Disorders3
- This review focuses on the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying both the different sources of mild hypercortisolism and their clinical consequences (bone fragility, arterial hypertension, subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular remodeling, dyslipidemia, glucose metabolism impairment, visceral adiposity, infections, muscle damage, mood disorders and coagulation). (bvsalud.org)
- Skeletal dysplasias, also known as osteochondrodysplasias, are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders characterized by abnormalities of cartilage and bone growth, resulting in abnormal shape and size of the skeleton and disproportion of the long bones, spine, and head. (medscape.com)
- The patients, commonly complicated with cardiovascular diseases and neurologic disorders, are at high risk to progress into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. (hindawi.com)
Reabsorption3
- Calcitriol plays a role in plasma calcium regulation in concert with parathyroid hormone (PTH) by enhancing absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate from the gastrointestinal tract, promoting renal tubular reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium stores from the skeletal system. (drugbank.com)
- As an active form of vitamin D 3 , calcitriol elevates the plasma levels of calcium by stimulating intestinal calcium uptake, increasing reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and possibly increasing the release of calcium from skeletal stores. (drugbank.com)
- angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the steroid hormone aldosterone, which results in renal reabsorption of Na + and its associated osmotic recovery of water. (edu.vn)
Apoptosis1
- Tumour growth results from an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism3
- Vitamin D is the main hormone of bone metabolism. (hindawi.com)
- Vitamin D is the main hormone regulating calcium phosphate homeostasis and mineral bone metabolism. (hindawi.com)
- Several unexpected findings in genetically altered mice have prompted research into the direction of intermediate metabolism of skeletal cells. (mdpi.com)
Vitamin18
- In bone, vitamin D may play a synergistic role with parathyroid hormone (PTH) in stimulating osteoclast proliferation and bone resorption. (medscape.com)
- Compared to parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D exerts a much slower regulatory effect on calcium balance. (medscape.com)
- However, the ubiquitary nature of vitamin D receptor (VDR) suggests potential for widespread effects, which has led to new research exploring the effects of vitamin D on a variety of tissues, especially in the skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
- In vitro studies have shown that the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, acts in myocytes through genomic effects involving VDR activation in the cell nucleus to drive cellular differentiation and proliferation. (hindawi.com)
- On the contrary, vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve muscle strength and gait in different settings, especially in elderly patients. (hindawi.com)
- Despite some controversies in the interpretation of meta-analysis, a reduced risk of falls has been attributed to vitamin D supplementation due to direct effects on muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
- Recent evidence has confirmed that vitamin D may modulate muscle growth. (hindawi.com)
- In this review, we will specifically address the effect of vitamin D on skeletal muscles and its clinical implications, especially frailty and the risk of fall. (hindawi.com)
- In October 2014, we performed a comprehensive literature search in the bibliographic database "Pubmed," looking at studies discussing the following topics: "hypovitaminosis D and physical performance: observational studies," "can vitamin D supplementation improve muscle function? (hindawi.com)
- relationship between vitamin D status, muscle and falls," and "link between vitamin D and frailty. (hindawi.com)
- Vitamin D is both a vitamin and a hormone. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Vitamin D is a micronutrient that is metabolized into a multifunctional secosteroid hormone that is essential for human health, reproduction, and sustenance of life. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Vitamin D, or the sunshine vitamin , is actually a steroid hormone formed within your body by the photolytic action of sunlight within the skin. (healthy-vitamins-and-mineral-supplements.com)
- 10,11] Part of the calcidiol is converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D.[12] Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone. (truthwiki.org)
- Used to treat vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, refractory rickets (vitamin D resistant rickets), familial hypophosphatemia and hypoparathyroidism, and in the management of hypocalcemia and renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis. (drugbank.com)
- As vitamin D is synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight [ citation needed ] , it is not strictly a vitamin , and may be considered a hormone as its synthesis and activity occur in different locations. (all-in-one-nutrition.com)
- This active form of vitamin D can inhibit immune cell proliferation, promote an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, expand regulatory T cells, enhance glucocorticoid actions, increase glutathione production, and inhibit hepatic stellate cells. (springer.com)
- Vitamin D inhibits proliferation and profibrotic marker expression in hepatic stellate cells and decreases thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. (springer.com)
Kidneys1
- The major target end organs for parathyroid hormone (PTH) action are the kidneys, skeletal system, and intestine. (medscape.com)
Intestine1
- Its main sites of action are the intestine, bone, kidney and parathyroid hormone Label . (drugbank.com)
Regulation2
- It has pleotropic actions that extend beyond calcium and phosphate homeostasis, regulation of parathyroid hormone, and the prevention of osteomalacia, rickets, falls, and fractures. (vitamindwiki.com)
- The primary function of the hormone leptin is the regulation of adipose tissue mass through central hypothalamus mediated effects on hunger , food energy use, physical exercise and energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
Epithelial1
- Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. (spandidos-publications.com)
Phosphate3
- Calcium homeostasis is a complex process involving the following 4 key components: serum calcium, serum phosphate, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). (medscape.com)
- The primary response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the kidney is to increase renal calcium resorption and phosphate excretion. (medscape.com)
- Renal production of calcitriol is stimulated in response to PTH, low calcium and low phosphate 4 . (drugbank.com)
Protein3
- In endochondral bone formation, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-expressing RZSCs are the source of growth plate chondrocytes, which give rise to bone-forming osteoblasts as well as bone marrow skeletal stem cells 1 . (nature.com)
- IHH signal induces activation of Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHRP) on the articular surface and gets rid of the hypertrophy of chondrocytes [ 49 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)
- Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos , 'thin' or 'light' or 'small') is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
Endochondral bone formation1
- PSCs are considered to exert their effects exclusively in intramembranous bone formation, since Ctsk -Cre-mediated deletion of Sp7 , an essential transcriptional factor for osteoblast differentiation, impacted intramembranous but not endochondral bone formation 3 . (nature.com)
Osteoblast1
- In this system however, osteoblast differentiation of PSCs is selectively inhibited by Sp7 deficiency but PSCs are still present and may still play a role in skeletal growth. (nature.com)
Glands3
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids that is secreted by the parathyroid glands after cleavage from preproparathyroid hormone (115 amino acids) to proparathyroid hormone (90 amino acids) to the mature hormone. (medscape.com)
- In the face of persistent hypercalcemia, parathyroid hormone levels should be low due to feedback inhibition of the parathyroid glands. (medscape.com)
- Hypocalcemia - Hypocalcemia, resulting from underdevelopment of the parathyroid glands, is another potentially life-threatening manifestation of DGS. (medilib.ir)
Angiogenesis1
- Although the pathogenesis of diabetic tendinopathy is still not fully understood, the potential mechanisms by which DM causes and exacerbates tendinopathy are - accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), adipokine dysregulation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death and inflammatory cytokines, imbalance in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/tissue inhibitor (TIMP) ratio, and impaired angiogenesis and tendon sheath differentiation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thymic1
- plays a major role in promoting the proliferation of mTECs, and OPG expressed by mTECs fine-tunes the RANKL-mediated mTEC proliferation and thymic medulla formation. (mi-rna.com)
Serum1
- This develops in the newborn period in up to 60 percent of DGS patients and may present with jitteriness, tetany, or seizures, with low serum calcium, elevated serum phosphorus, and very low parathyroid hormone levels. (medilib.ir)
Adipose2
- Mild hypercortisolism is defined as biochemical evidence of abnormal cortisol secretion without the classical detectable manifestations of overt Cushing's syndrome and, above all, lacking catabolic characteristics such as central muscle weakness, adipose tissue redistribution, skin fragility and unusual infections. (bvsalud.org)
- Predominantly, the 'energy expenditure hormone' leptin is made by adipose cells , and is thus labeled fat cell-specific . (cloudfront.net)
Cytokines2
- There is also evidence that calcitriol modulates the action of cytokines and may regulate immune and inflammatory response, cell turnover, cell differentiation 4 . (drugbank.com)
- introduced a new concept of CKD-associated secretory phenotype (CASP), which indicates that senescent renal cells could secrete SASP components of various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cells7
- A putative transmembrane receptor may be responsible for nongenomic effects leading to rapid influx of calcium within muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
- At distinct anatomical sites, bone tissue harbors multiple types of skeletal stem cells, which may independently supply osteogenic cells in a site-specific manner. (nature.com)
- However, it remains unclear whether there is functional crosstalk between these two types of skeletal stem cells. (nature.com)
- Thus, crosstalk between periosteal and growth plate stem cells is essential for post-developmental skeletal growth. (nature.com)
- A recent study identified cathepsin K ( Ctsk )-Cre expressing PSCs as a unique class of skeletal stem cells residing in the periosteum 3 . (nature.com)
- Combinatorial signalling and gene transcription in neuroendocrine cells: does PACAP potentiate hormone-dependent gene transcription? (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- DHH/PTC1 signaling triggers differentiation of Leydig cells by up-regulating Steroidogenic Factor 1 and expression of cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage enzyme located outside testicular cord [ 145 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)
Promotes1
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes absorption of calcium from the bone in 2 ways. (medscape.com)
Hepatic1
- About 25% of patients with APL treated with VESANOID (tretinoin) have experienced a syndrome called the retinoic acid-APL ( RA -APL) syndrome characterized by fever, dyspnea , acute respiratory distress, weight gain, radiographic pulmonary infiltrates, pleural and pericardial effusions, edema, and hepatic, renal, and multi- organ failure . (rxlist.com)
Hypocalcemia1
- The classic triad of features of DGS on presentation is conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia (resulting from parathyroid hypoplasia). (medilib.ir)
Patients with chronic1
- Thus, even high normal parathyroid hormone levels are considered pathologic in patients with chronic hypercalcemia. (medscape.com)
Cell3
- ECM environment provides appropriate conditions for cell growth, cell differentiation and survival of tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Deficits may also result in problems with cell proliferation, neuromuscular function, blood clotting, and the inflammatory response. (edu.vn)
- The central location of action ( effect ) of the fat cell-specific hormone leptin is the hypothalamus , a part of the brain , which is a part of the central nervous system. (cloudfront.net)
Pulmonary1
- Loss of muscle mass and frailty are prevalent in many chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac insufficiency, cancer, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Secretion1
- Calcium is vitally important in bone health, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and neurotransmitter release. (edu.vn)
Adrenal cortex1
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone produced by the mammalian adrenal cortex [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Osteoporosis1
- Osteoporosis is a syndrome of dysadaptation which leads to low bone mass, bone micro architecture disruption of bone tissue, decreased skeletal strength and increased predisposition to fracture at different sites as the spine, hip or wrist [4,5] . (ommegaonline.org)
Triggers1
- The hormone hCG triggers a positive pregnancy test. (ehd.org)
Cardiac1
- Typified by short stature (defined as height that is three or more standard deviations below the mean height for age), skeletal dysplasias can be accompanied by involvement of other systems, including the neurologic, respiratory, and cardiac systems. (medscape.com)
Levels1
- Key laboratory findings include elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and low estrogen levels. (lecturio.com)