Parasympathetic ganglia cranial nerves. Medical search. Frequent questions

The autonomic fibers come in part from the superior cervical ganglion through the internal carotid plexus. (deepdyve.com)
These are the cranial autonomic, or parasympathetic, fibers. (deepdyve.com)
The sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are chiefly vasoconstrictors, but they also include vasodilators, according to Dastre and Morat.1 The preganglionic fibers arise in the lower cervical and the upper thoracic portion of the cord, reaching the ganglion through the cervical sympathetic trunk. (deepdyve.com)
Vasodilator and secretory fibers from the sphenopalatine ganglion to References 1. (deepdyve.com)
8. Kuntz, A.: Nerve Fibers of Spinal and Vagus Origin Associated with the Cephalic Sympathetic Nerves , Ann. (deepdyve.com)
Presynaptic fibers are derived from the superior salivatory nucleus and carried by the chorda tympani nerve, which joins the lingual nerve traveling towards the ganglion. (medscape.com)
Postsynaptic fibers extend from the ganglion to the gland itself. (medscape.com)
The Vagus nerve is quite a complex nerve that has parasympathetic fibers as well as two branches of sensory ganglia. (vedantu.com)
The olfactory nerve (I) consists of the olfactory fibers, the bundledprocesses of sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium which enter the olfactory bulb( B8 ). (brainkart.com)
The taste fibers of the facial nerve emerge as an independent nerve, the intermediate nerve ( B14 ). (brainkart.com)
After exiting the skull base, the lesser petrosal nerve synapses in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve to supply parasympathetic control to the parotid gland. (tracks-movie.com)
The lesser petrosal nerve will distribute its parasympathetic post-ganglionic (GVE) fibers to the parotid gland via the intraparotid plexus (or parotid plexus), the branches from the facial nerve in the parotid gland. (tracks-movie.com)
5] It contains general somatic afferent nerve fibers and, after chorda tympani joins it, also carries general visceral efferent nerve fibers and special visceral afferent fibers. (tracks-movie.com)
One of these is a branch of the facial nerve, one is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and four are derived from sympathetic fibers. (tracks-movie.com)
It contains sensory, vasomotor, and parasympathetic fibers. (tracks-movie.com)
Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the posterior nerve root (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE) are the efferent nerve fibers that provide motor innervation to the muscles of the pharyngeal arches in humans, and the branchial arches in fish. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Where are visceral nerve fibers found? (darkskiesfilm.com)
GVE fibers provide motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the viscera. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The somatic and visceral afferent fibers of the oropharynx are supplied by a plexus derived from the vagus, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)
General visceral efferent fibers include preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers, which innervate lacrimal and seromucous glands in the nasal cavity and palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve and sublingual and submandibular glands via the chorda tympani nerve. (darkskiesfilm.com)
General visceral efferent fibers carry parasympathetic autonomic axons. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The following cranial nerves carry general visceral efferent fibers: 1. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Although general visceral afferent fibers are part of the ANS, they are not classified as part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
X Vagus nerve (mixed) contains motor fibers which start from nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers form dorsal nucleus and sensory fibers from superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen. (medmuv.com)
The vagus nerve is composed of both motor and sensory fibers, and has a more extensive course and distribution than any of the other cranial nerves, since it passes through the neck and thorax to the abdomen. (medmuv.com)
The sensory fibers arise from the cells of the jugular ganglion and ganglion nodosum of the nerve, and, when traced into the medulla oblongata mostly end by arborizing around the cells of the inferior part of a nucleus which lies beneath the ala cinerea in the lower part of the rhomboid fossa. (medmuv.com)
Some of the sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve have been seen to end in the upper part of this nucleus. (medmuv.com)
The somatic motor fibers arise from the cells of the nucleus ambiguus, already referred to in connection with the motor root of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (medmuv.com)
the vagus nerve contains about 75% of all parasympathetic fibers. (msdmanuals.com)
Parasympathetic ganglia (eg, ciliary, sphenopalatine, otic, pelvic, and vagal ganglia) are located within the effector organs, and postganglionic fibers are only 1 or 2 mm long. (msdmanuals.com)
Fibers that secrete acetylcholine (cholinergic fibers) include all preganglionic fibers, all postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, and some postganglionic sympathetic fibers (those that innervate piloerectors, sweat glands, and blood vessels). (msdmanuals.com)
The ophthalmic nerve, the first division of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, is a wholly afferent nerve that supplies the globe and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, It arises from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the cell bodies of its sensory nerve fibers. (dartmouth.edu)
Autonomic nerve fibers innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. (blogspot.com)
If the autonomic nerve fibers to an effector organ are cut, the organ may continue to function, but will lack the capability of adjusting to changing conditions. (blogspot.com)
If the autonomic nerve fibers to the heart are cut, the heart will continue to beat and pump blood normally, but its ability to increase cardiac output under stress will be seriously limited. (blogspot.com)
In either case the nerve fibers of the ANS are motor only, and represent the general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers of the cranial and spinal nerves. (blogspot.com)
The nerve fibers which comprise the sympathetic system originate in the inter-mediolateral horn (lamina VII) of the gray matter in all twelve thoracic and the first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord. (blogspot.com)
The axons of these GVE fibers travel through the anterior horn and exit the cord in the anterior root before entering the spinal nerve. (blogspot.com)
While the general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers (alpha and gamma motor neurons of the anterior horn) continue in the spinal nerve trunks to innervate skeletal muscle fibers and muscle spindles, almost all of the GVE fibers leave the spinal nerve trunks to enter sympathetic ganglia via a thin arm, the white ramus (Figs-1, 2, and 3). (blogspot.com)
Some of the fibers from nerve cells within the ganglia return to the spinal nerve trunk via a gray ramus. (blogspot.com)
Consequently, all 31 pairs of spinal nerves are in contact with the sympathetic chain and carry fibers of the sympathetic system. (blogspot.com)
It swaps parasympathetic fibers and taste fibers somewhat haphazardly and divides into numerous terminal branches. (pacs.de)
additionally it receives afferent fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve . (pacs.de)
The trigeminal nerve exits at the mid pons anteriorly, courses through the prepontine cistern (cisternal portion), and crosses the porus trigeminus to enter a prolongation of dura at the apex of the petrous temporal bone known as the Meckel cave (cavernous portion) where its fibers form the trigeminal ganglion, which is also known as the Gasserian or semilunar ganglion. (pacs.de)
Preganglionic autonomic fibers, which emerge from the spinal cord and pass through spinal segments from the first thoracic vertebra to the second lumbar vertebra, terminate in sympathetic trunk and splanchnic ganglia located outside the spinal column. (genealogyinternational.com)
The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. (wikidoc.org)
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion , providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland . (wikidoc.org)
The fibers of the chorda tympani travel with the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion . (wikidoc.org)
Here, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani synapse with postganglionic fibers which go on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. (wikidoc.org)
Special sensory (taste) fibers also extend from the chorda tympani to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue via the lingual nerve. (wikidoc.org)
Langley's coinage was based on the obsarvation that parasympathetic nerves emerge from the brain and the sacral segments of the spinal cord and thus to either side of the regions of the cord from wich sympathetic fibers arise. (blogspot.com)
Most peripheral nerves are classified as sensory, motor, or mixed indicating that they may contain sensory, motor, sensory and motor, as well as autonomic fibers (sympathetic or parasympathetic fibers). (nursekey.com)
The motor fibers that compose the peripheral nerves have their origin in the lower motor neurons. (nursekey.com)
a) Is found between the optic nerve and the medial rectus * b) Contains sympathetic nerve that supplies the sphincter pupillae * c) Is a parasympathetic relay ganglion for fibers from the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus? (globalguideline.com)

The oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from the midbrain, the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) from the pons, and the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) emerge from the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
Courses anteriorly in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus inferior to the trochlear nerve and is crossed medially by the oculomotor nerve . (pacs.de)
The parasympathetic division has craniosacral 'outflow', meaning that the neurons begin at the cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor nerve , facial nerve , glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve ) and sacral (S2-S4) spinal cord. (cloudfront.net)

The ganglia appear as a series of clusters of neurons linked by axonal bridges. (openstax.org)
Autonomic neurons are also carried by the spinal nerves and carry signals to autonomic ganglia and further on to the organs of the trunk. (innerbody.com)
Also, the fibrous region is composed of the axons of these neurons that are passing through the ganglion to be part of the dorsal nerve root (tissue source: canine). (lumenlearning.com)
These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. (lumenlearning.com)
The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. (lumenlearning.com)
The neurons of these autonomic ganglia are multipolar in shape, with dendrites radiating out around the cell body where synapses from the spinal cord neurons are made. (lumenlearning.com)
The neurons of the chain, paravertebral, and prevertebral ganglia then project to organs in the head and neck, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities to regulate the sympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms. (lumenlearning.com)
The cell bodies for the general somatic afferent (GSA) (sensory) neurons are located in the trigeminal ganglion within the trigeminal canal. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Somatic afferent neurons are unipolar neurons that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root & their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The SN projects to - among other regions - the reticular formation , parasympathetic preganglionic neurons , hypothalamus and thalamus , forming circuits that contribute to autonomic regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Efferent motor signals travel from the anterior horn cells (alpha motor neurons) into peripheral nerves by way of ventral roots. (mhmedical.com)
Efferent peripheral nervous system sympathetic autonomic signals originate in the intermediolateral columns of the thoracic spinal cord, synapse in paraspinal ganglia, and then travel in postganglionic neurons to end organs. (mhmedical.com)
also known as sensory neuronopathy ), alpha motor neurons ( motor neuron disease ), brachial or lumbosacral plexus ( plexopathy ), or one or more peripheral nerves ( peripheral neuropathy ). (mhmedical.com)
Furthermore, the vast majority of 5-HT 1D -IR neurons are unmyelinated peptidergic afferents that distribute peripherally, including the dura, cornea, and the sciatic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
We observed scattered 5-HT 1D -IR neurons in the nodose ganglia, and there was sparse terminal immunoreactivity in the solitary nucleus. (jneurosci.org)
The cell bodies of several sensory neurons form structures called ganglia. (nursekey.com)

The trigeminal nerve (V) is named in accordance with its three components (Latin: trigeminus meaning triplets), and the vagus nerve (X) is named for its wandering course (Latin: vagus). (wikipedia.org)
For example, the trigeminal nerve (V), which has a sensory and a motor role, has at least four nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Cranial nerve V, also known as the trigeminal nerve, originates from the pons, which is a part of the brainstem. (proprofs.com)
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and controlling the muscles involved in chewing. (proprofs.com)
Five nerves have developed from the branchial arch nerves of lower vertebrates:the trigeminal nerve (V), the facialnerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the accessory nerve (XI) . (brainkart.com)
The trigeminal nerve (V) emerges from the lateral part of the pons. (brainkart.com)
The lingual nerve is one of the sensory branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
The auriculotemporal nerve is a tributary of the mandibular division of cranial nerve five, the trigeminal nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
Axons enter the pons to form the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, which courses caudally through the medulla to the level of the first cervical spinal cord segment. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Stimulation of the trigeminal nerve or ganglion in the cat caused a frequency-dependent reduction in carotid vascular resistance. (nih.gov)
Section of the seventh cranial nerve reduced or abolished the response to stimulation of the trigeminal nerve but not that from the GSP nerve. (nih.gov)
TN is characterized by recurrent short episodes of sharp, electrical shock like pain, typically abrupt in onset and termination, along the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (asra.com)
The trigeminal nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the face as well as the sensory and motor innervation to the mastication muscles. (asra.com)
Wikipedia , except that the facial nerve and the auriculotemporal nerve have been removed, in order to emphasize the trigeminal nerve. (pacs.de)
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and its primary role is relaying sensory information from the face and head, although it does provide motor control to the muscles of mastication . (pacs.de)
SASPGB: Self-Administered SPG Blocks offer exceptional patient controlled pain relief especially for Trigeminal Nerve Pain of Herpes Zoster including Eye Pain! (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)

The neural crest also gives rise to the parasympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic postganglionic nerves in the head and neck. (clinicalgate.com)

Twelve of these nerve pairs, known as the thoracic spinal nerves, are found in the thorax. (innerbody.com)
Each thoracic spinal nerve forms many smaller branches to carry information to and from the many muscles and sensory receptors spread throughout the thorax. (innerbody.com)
Many autonomic nerves and ganglia pass through the thoracic region to innervate the internal organs. (innerbody.com)
Several nerves that originate outside of the thorax also play vital roles in the function of the thoracic region. (innerbody.com)
The phrenic nerve originates in the cervical spinal nerves of the neck, but descends through the thorax to innervate the thoracic diaphragm. (innerbody.com)
The sympathetic chain ganglia constitute a row of ganglia along the vertebral column that receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. (lumenlearning.com)
The terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves are found in the head and neck, as well as the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, whereas the terminal ganglia that receive sacral input are in the lower abdominal and pelvic cavities. (lumenlearning.com)
The first eight spinal nerves originate from the cervical spinal cord with the first pair exiting above the first cervical vertebra and the next 12 spinal nerves originate from the thoracic or dorsal spinal cord . (pediagenosis.com)
Each of the twelve thoracic and first two lumbar nerves is in contact with a paravertebral ganglion via a white and gray ramus. (blogspot.com)
However, there are three ganglia in the chain above the thoracic region as well as several below L2 (Fig. 14-2). (blogspot.com)
In 1732 Danish anatomist Jacques-Benigne Winslow (1669-1760) coined the term sympathetic nervous system to describe the hains of ganglia and nerves connented to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. (blogspot.com)

Superior to the chain ganglia are three paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region. (lumenlearning.com)
The effect on resistance was predominantly ipsilateral and was unaltered by cervical sympathectomy, but was abolished or substantially reduced by section of the trigeminal root proximal to the ganglion. (nih.gov)
The sympathetic ganglia are adjacent to the spine and consist of the vertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia, including the superior cervical, celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia. (msdmanuals.com)
The superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia probably represent the fusion of smaller individual cervical ganglia. (blogspot.com)
These three send gray rami to all eight cervical spinal nerves. (blogspot.com)
The superior cervical ganglion sends to the first four cervical nerves, the smaller middle cervical ganglion supplies the next two, and the large inferior cervical ganglion projects a gray ramus to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. (blogspot.com)
Nerve roots join to form plexuses (cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus), which give rise to peripheral nerves. (mhmedical.com)
Sympathetic connections of the submaxillary and superior cervical ganglia. (wikidoc.org)
The visceral efferents of the superior cervical ganglia did not contain 5-HT 1D immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
The retromandibular vein or its branches, the cervical branch of the facial nerve , and the greater auricular nerve , however, pass superficial to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)

and the medulla has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). (wikipedia.org)
Cranial nerve 9, also known as the Glossopharyngeal nerve, controls functions like taste and swallowing. (proprofs.com)
The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and the vagus nerve (X) emerge dorsal to the olive. (brainkart.com)
a communicating branch with the greater petrosal nerve, which comes from the tympanic cavity, having originated at the glossopharyngeal nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
Gustatory (taste) sensation from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the chorda tympani (from anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) (from posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (CN X) (from small area on the epiglottis). (wikipedia.org)
Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) from the carotid body and carotid sinus via (the carotid sinus nerve of) the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and from aortic bodies and sinoatrial node via the vagus nerve (CN X). (wikipedia.org)

The cranial nerves are in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
The nervous system of the thorax is a vital part of the nervous system as a whole, as it includes the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and autonomic ganglia that communicate with and control many vital organs. (innerbody.com)
Extending from the spinal cord is a series of 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect the tissues of the body to the spinal cord. (innerbody.com)
Each spinal nerve pair exits the spinal cord between two adjacent vertebrae through the intervertebral foramen. (innerbody.com)
Spinal Cord and Root Ganglion. (lumenlearning.com)
The slide includes both a cross-section of the lumbar spinal cord and a section of the dorsal root ganglion (see also Figure 1) (tissue source: canine). (lumenlearning.com)
The PNS is defined as those nerves that lie outside the brain, brainstem or spinal cord, while the CNS embraces those cells that lie within these structures. (pediagenosis.com)
The efferent fibres of the ANS originate either from the intermediate zone (or lateral column ) of the spinal cord or specific cranial nerve and sacral nuclei, and synapse in a ganglion , the site of which is different for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (pediagenosis.com)
The PNS consists of nerve trunks made up of both afferent fibres or axons conducting sensory information to the spinal cord and brainstem, and efferent fibres transmitting impulses primarily to the muscles. (pediagenosis.com)
The peripheral nerves occasionally form a dense network or plexus adjacent to the spinal cord (e.g. brachial plexus in the upper limb). (pediagenosis.com)
The peripheral nerves connect with the spinal cord through foramina between the bones (or vertebrae ) of the spine (or verte- bral column ), or with the brain through foramina in the skull. (pediagenosis.com)
The spinal cord terminates in the adult at the first lumbar vertebra, and gives rise to 30 pairs (or 31 if the coccygeal nerves are included) of spinal nerves, which exit the spinal cord between the vertebral bones of the spine. (pediagenosis.com)
The spinal nerves consist of an anterior or ventral root that innervates the skeletal muscles, while the posterior or dorsal root carries sensation to the spinal cord from the skin that shared a common embryological origin with that part of the spinal cord (see Chapter 1). (pediagenosis.com)
The spinal cord itself consists of white matter , which contains the nerve fibres that form the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord , while the grey matter is located in the centre of the spinal cord and contains the cell bodies of the neurones (see Chapter 9). (pediagenosis.com)
The preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic system are located in the brain stem and sacral portion of the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Mixed nerves are two-way conduits: Efferent motor information travels from the spinal cord to the muscles and afferent sensory information travels in from the periphery to the spinal cord. (mhmedical.com)
Afferent sensory information travels from the peripheral nerves to dorsal root ganglia, and from dorsal root ganglia into the spinal cord by way of dorsal roots to enter the ascending sensory pathways (see Ch. 4 ). (mhmedical.com)
Synapse into 3 cord like chains of ganglia that run close to and in parallel on each side of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
3 This is why severance of the spinal cord in the neck area (at or above C4 to C5), shutting off brain impulses to spinal nerves, can cause paralysis of muscles from the neck down while the body's organs continue to function. (genealogyinternational.com)
Since the spinal cord ends at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra, spinal nerves pass down from the spinal cord (like the hair on a horse's tail) to exit openings between the lumbar vertebrae and from openings (foramina) in the sacrum. (genealogyinternational.com)

The preganglionic parasympathetic axons of this nerve synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. (tracks-movie.com)
It is concluded that activation of the trigeminal system increases carotid blood flow by a pathway involving the seventh cranial nerve, the GSP and Vidian nerves, and a parasympathetic synapse employing an unconventional transmitter. (nih.gov)

Muscles of Facial Expression are unique in that they migrate to their destinations about the scalp, neck, and mostly about the face from second pharyngeal arch mesenchyme and thus receive their motor innervation via the facial nerve (CN VII), the nerve of the second arch. (rxdentistry.net)
Considering the origin of these muscles, it is not surprising that they receive motor innervation from branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). (rxdentistry.net)
The gland itself lies on the hyoglossus muscle, superficial to both the hypoglossal and the lingual nerves, the latter supplying parasympathetic innervation by way of the chorda tympani nerve (from cranial nerve VII) and the submandibular ganglion. (medscape.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve is responsible for sensory innervation to the gingivae on the lower jaw. (tracks-movie.com)

Again, the inferior vagus nerve ganglion is divided into two branches. (vedantu.com)
the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (unboundmedicine.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
The nucleus of the lesser petrosal nerve is the inferior salivatory nucleus. (tracks-movie.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve is a mandibular nerve branch. (tracks-movie.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve also branches into the mylohyoid nerve and the mental nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
The maxillary division exits the middle cranial fossa from foramen rotundum and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. (asra.com)
The mandibular division exits through the foramen ovale (FO) and divides into the buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves. (asra.com)
The orbit is related (1) on its superior side to the anterior cranial fossa and usually to the frontal sinus, (2) laterally to the temporal fossa in (anterior) and to the middle cranial fossa (posterior), (3) on its inferior side to the maxillary sinus, and (4) medially to the ethmoidal and the anterior extent of the sphenoidal sinuses. (dartmouth.edu)
The infraorbital foramen, for the nerve and artery of the same name, is less than 1 cm inferior to the inferior margin. (dartmouth.edu)
The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)
In summary, the orbit communicates with the middle cranial fossa (via the optic canal and superior orbital fissure), the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae ( via the inferior orbital fissure), the inferior meatus of the nose (via the nasolacrimal canal), the nasal cavity (via the anterior ethmoidal foramen), and the face ( via supraorbital and infraorbital foramina). (dartmouth.edu)
The transverse facial artery is interposed between the duct and the arch, whereas the buccal branches of the facial nerve can be found inferior and superior to the duct. (basicmedicalkey.com)

According to classical anatomical nomen-clature, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, although the first two pairs are not really peripheral nerves. (brainkart.com)
This is because peripheral nerves continue to grow throughout a person's lifetime, which means there is a lot of room for regeneration and improvement. (tracks-movie.com)
The peripheral nervous system includes the nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia, plexuses, and peripheral nerves. (mhmedical.com)
5 It includes the cranial nerves (CNs), spinal nerves and their roots and branches, ganglia, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. (nursekey.com)
6 Peripheral nerves are the major nerves in the extremities and are derived from associated plexuses (e.g., brachial, lumbosacral). (nursekey.com)

It passes through an opening called the hiatus of the facial canal, then along a narrow passage called the middle cranial fossa. (tracks-movie.com)
The foramen rotundum (plural: foramina rotunda) is located in the middle cranial fossa, inferomedial to the superior orbital fissure at the base of greater wing of the sphenoid bone. (tracks-movie.com)
Its sensory ganglion (the gasserian ganglion) resides in Meckel's cave, which is in the floor of the middle cranial fossa. (asra.com)
It transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery from the middle cranial fossa. (dartmouth.edu)
It communicates with the middle cranial fossa and transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, and the ophthalmic veins (fig. 45-5 ). (dartmouth.edu)
Just before exiting the skull it runs along the floor of the middle cranial fossa and gives off the middle meningeal nerve which ascends to supply the anterior dura of the middle cranial fossa. (pacs.de)

3. Sphincter papillae and ciliary smooth muscles via ciliary (parasympathetic) ganglion (visceral efferent) and short ciliary nerves. (rahulgladwin.com)
Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (unboundmedicine.com)
The efferent signals of the phrenic nerve cause the contractions of the diaphragm that permit breathing and keep the body alive. (innerbody.com)

It consists of the left and right vagus nerves. (vedantu.com)
Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
The vagus nerves are autonomic (parasympathetic) cranial nerves that originate in the brain stem, traversing openings in the base of the skull to pass down through the neck, thorax, and abdomen to supply organs along their path. (genealogyinternational.com)
The vagus nerves along with autonomic ganglia and nerve plexuses provide overlapping sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply from many directions and sources (in concert with chemical, hormonal, and circulatory factors) to assure continued function of the body's organs, independent of spinal nerves. (genealogyinternational.com)
Tenth pair- vagus nerves AUTONO MIC NERVES SYSTEM Secara umumnya, ANS adalah sebahagian daripada PNS untuk mengawal fungsi visceral (internal organ: liver, stomach, kidney. (powtoon.com)

Both types of afferent fibre project centrally from cell bodies in dorsal-root ganglia. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The dorsal root fibres have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia which lie just outside the spinal canal. (pediagenosis.com)

For example, the olfactory nerve (I) supplies smell, and the facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of the face. (wikipedia.org)
Bell palsy is an acute, unilateral, peripheral, lower-motor-neuron facial nerve paralysis that gradually resolves over time in 80-90% of cases. (medscape.com)
Bell palsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting the cranial nerves, and it is the most common cause of facial paralysis worldwide. (medscape.com)
The parotid and its surrounds in a schematic horizontal section-the facial nerve is the most superficial of the structures traversing the gland. (rxdentistry.net)
the parotid gland develops in the crotch formed by the two major branches of the facial nerve. (rxdentistry.net)
The facial nerve emerges from the stylomastoid foramen, winds laterally to the styloid process and can then be exposed in the inverted V between the bony part of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process. (rxdentistry.net)
This has a useful surface marking, the intertragic notch of the ear, which is situated directly over the facial nerve. (rxdentistry.net)
The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
the greater petrosal nerve, which comes from the facial nerve and runs through the hiatus on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. (tracks-movie.com)
The nervus intermedius is the sensory and parasympathetic division of the facial nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
Taste pathways of the facial nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
The facial nerve (VII) innervates all muscles of facial expression . (amboss.com)
[3] Additional minor GVA input from the nasal cavity, soft palate and sinus cavities enters via the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal , just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen . (wikidoc.org)
Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue , runs through the middle ear , and carries taste messages to the brain. (wikidoc.org)
Rather than leave the skull with the facial nerve, the chorda tympani travels through the middle ear , where it runs from posterior to anterior across the tympanic membrane . (wikidoc.org)
Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. (wikidoc.org)
The course and connections of the facial nerve in the temporal bone. (wikidoc.org)
Peripheral facial palsy was diagnosed in 53/100 (53%) patients, in 16/53 (30.2%) cases both facial nerves were affected. (bvsalud.org)
OBJECTIVE: We document the first successful transmastoid surgical treatment of facial nerve palsy for a patient with craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD), a rare genetic disease. (bvsalud.org)
The parotid gland is somewhat artificially divided into two lobes by the facial nerve as it passes through. (basicmedicalkey.com)
A large area of communication, referred to as the isthmus , is related to the proximal part of the intraparotid portion of the facial nerve. (basicmedicalkey.com)
This blood vessel is usually superficial to the facial nerve trunk as it exits from the skull by way of this same foramen. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. (lumenlearning.com)
Three other autonomic ganglia that are related to the sympathetic chain are the prevertebral ganglia , which are located outside of the chain but have similar functions. (lumenlearning.com)
Another group of autonomic ganglia are the terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves and are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms. (lumenlearning.com)

Others come from the great superficial petrosal nerve, synapsing in the sphenopalatine ganglion. (deepdyve.com)
Blier, X.: Physiology of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion , Am. J. Physiol. (deepdyve.com)
An article in the Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology "Sphenopalatine ganglion block - a new treatment for burning mouth syndrome? (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
describes the use of Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blocks to treat Burning Mouth Syndrome. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
The procedure is a Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block which is delivered with a cotton tipped trans-nasal swab. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Sphenopalatine (Pterygopalatine, Nasal) Ganglion Blocks and Neuromodulation of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion are rapidly becoming the Holy Grail of treatment of headaches and migraines of the Trigeminal Nervous System. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
A new article in August 2020 in Womens Midlife Health "Cortical and subcortical changes following sphenopalatine ganglion blocks in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache: a preliminary longitudinal study. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
looks at how Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Blocks offer significant improvement in chronic migraine related to medication overuse headache. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
SHINGLES RELIEF: Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Blocks Offers Fast Relief for Herpes Zoster as does Stellate Ganglion Blocks. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Enhancing Effectiveness of Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Blocks with Iontophoresis and Neurostimulation. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Blocks have been called "The Miracle Block" for good reason. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blocks can give almost immediate relief of sinus pain. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)

2. Somatic visceral (Edinger Wesphal accessory nucleus): Cranial end of main nucleus. (rahulgladwin.com)
A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. (nih.gov)

These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. (deepdyve.com)

The cranial nerves emerge from the central nervous system above the level of the first vertebra of the vertebral column. (wikipedia.org)
The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory (I), optic (II), and trigeminal (V) nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
The ANS completes its operation through the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. (vedantu.com)
The parasympathetic nervous system regulates body functions. (vedantu.com)
The vagus nerve is one of the most important components of the parasympathetic nervous system. (vedantu.com)
The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system. (vedantu.com)
The vagus nerve plays a vital role in the autonomic nervous system. (vedantu.com)
To coordinate all these responses, the connections in the sympathetic system diverge from a limited region of the central nervous system (CNS) to a wide array of ganglia that project to the many effector organs simultaneously. (openstax.org)
The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. (nih.gov)
The other major category of ganglia are those of the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (lumenlearning.com)
Anatomically and functionally, the autonomic nervous system is made up of two subdivisions: the sympathetic system with long-lasting and diffuse effects, and the parasympathetic system with more transient and specific effects. (blogspot.com)
The notion that sympathetic nervous system coordinates body functions originated by Greek physician Galen who taught that nerves were hollow tubes distributing "animal spitrits" in the body , thereby fostering concerred action, or "syphathy" of the organs. (blogspot.com)
English physiologist John Langley (1852-1925) introduced the term autonomous nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system to denote the cranial and sacral portions of the nervous system, in contrast with the sympathetic nervous system, which originates from thoracolumbar ganglia. (blogspot.com)
Although conflicting reports about its subdivisions exist in the literature, the autonomic nervous system has historically been considered a purely motor system, and has been divided into three branches: the sympathetic nervous system , the parasympathetic nervous system , and the enteric nervous system . (cloudfront.net)
[8] The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the ' fight or flight ' system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the 'rest and digest' or 'feed and breed' system. (cloudfront.net)
A more modern characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a 'quick response mobilizing system' and the parasympathetic is a 'more slowly activated dampening system', but even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm , wherein both play a role. (cloudfront.net)
Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as 'X' in blue. (cloudfront.net)
The autonomic nervous system has been classically divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system only (i.e. exclusively motor). (cloudfront.net)
the peripheral nervous system contain ganglia. (flashnews.net)
membawa maklumat deria dari organ reseptor khas ke pusat penyepaduan (integrating centers) CNS (Center Nervous System) -PNS terdiri daripada dua jenis saraf, 1.Saraf tulang belakang (SPINAL NERVES) dan 2.saraf. (powtoon.com)

The terminal nerves (0), olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) emerge from the cerebrum, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) arise from the base of the forebrain, and the other nerves, III to XII, arise from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered to emerge from the lateral geniculate nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), the cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory nerves emerge from the olfactory bulbs on either side of the crista galli, a bony projection below the frontal lobe, and the optic nerves (II) emerge from the lateral colliculus, swellings on either side of the temporal lobes of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
The exceptions to the 12 CNs are the olfactory bulbs (a component of the olfactory nerves which are special extensions of the brain) and the optic nerves. (nursekey.com)

The olfactory nerves are omitted from consideration. (deepdyve.com)

orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. (pacs.de)

The branches of the nerve then emerge on the anterior aspect of the parotid to lie on the masseter, thence to pass to the muscles of the face. (rxdentistry.net)
The pharyngeal nerve and the laryngeal nerve along with esophageal, and pulmonary branches. (vedantu.com)
The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
Branches of the T1 and T2 spinal nerves also form part of the brachial plexus that supplies nervous connections to the arms. (innerbody.com)
It gives branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion but also receives parasympathetic nerves from the ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve . (pacs.de)

The statement suggests that one of these cranial nerves exits from the intermedullary fossa. (proprofs.com)
This nerve exits the cranium via the jugular foramen originating from the medulla of the brainstem. (vedantu.com)

The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
What does the lesser petrosal nerve innervate? (tracks-movie.com)
it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. (tracks-movie.com)

In addition to the paired paravertebral ganglia, there are several unpaired prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen and pelvis. (blogspot.com)

A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery. (lumenlearning.com)
The solitary nucleus (also called nucleus of the solitary tract , nucleus solitarius, or nucleus tractus solitarii (SN or NTS) ) [1] [2] is a series of sensory nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) forming a vertical column of grey matter in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)

the abducens nerve (VI) emerges from the lower border of the pons. (brainkart.com)
For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. (lumenlearning.com)
The nerve originates from the midlateral surface of pons. (asra.com)
The motor nucleus is located in the upper pons and gives off the smaller motor root which bypasses the trigeminal ganglion and innervates the muscles of mastication as well as mylohyoid , the anterior belly of digastric , tensor tympani and tensor palatini . (pacs.de)

The cranial nerves that come from the pontomedullary junction are the sixth (VI) and seventh (VII) cranial nerves. (proprofs.com)
Bell palsy is a non-progressive neurological condition characterized by the acute onset of ipsilateral seventh cranial nerve paralysis. (bvsalud.org)
It could be caused by ischaemic compression of the seventh cranial nerve, which could be caused by viral inflammation. (bvsalud.org)

However, these visceral sensory nerves often colocalize within sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)

It is both large and complicated and has multiple brainstem nuclei (sensory and motor) as well as many interconnections with other cranial nerves. (pacs.de)
Spinal nerves supply the sensory and motor (voluntary) functions of musculoskeletal structures. (genealogyinternational.com)

Where do Cranial nerves 9,10 & 11 originate from? (proprofs.com)
Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 originate from the Medulla. (proprofs.com)
The remaining 10 pairs of spinal nerves originate from the lower cord, five from the lumbar and five from the sacral regions. (pediagenosis.com)

Because Latin was the lingua franca of the study of anatomy when the nerves were first documented, recorded, and discussed, many nerves maintain Latin or Greek names, including the trochlear nerve (IV), named according to its structure, as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley (Greek: trochlea). (wikipedia.org)

We compared the distribution of 5-HT 1D receptor-immunoreactive (5-HT 1D -IR) peripheral afferents within the trigeminal ganglion (TRG) and lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the rat. (jneurosci.org)

The sympathetic ganglia lie close to the vertebral bodies and are also known as paravertebral ganglia. (blogspot.com)

The majority of ganglia of the sympathetic system belong to a network of sympathetic chain ganglia that runs alongside the vertebral column. (openstax.org)
These two sets of ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic, often project to the same organs-one input from the chain ganglia and one input from a terminal ganglion-to regulate the overall function of an organ. (lumenlearning.com)

Medially -lies the styloid process and its muscles separating the parotid from the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, last four cranial nerves and the lateral wall of the pharynx. (rxdentistry.net)
A central neuron in the lateral horn of any of these spinal regions projects to ganglia adjacent to the vertebral column through the ventral spinal roots. (openstax.org)
7 Furthermore, the ganglion has a somatotropic distribution: thus the mandibular portion lies in the rostral and lateral part, the maxillary division does in the middle portion, and the ophthalmic division does in the cephalad and medial region. (asra.com)
they also migrate lateral to the rhombencephalon to form the mesenchyme of the maxillary and mandibular regions of the first arch ( Fig. 35.2C,D ). The second (hyoid) population gives rise to the otic ganglion and then migrates from prorhombomere B (which forms rhombomeres 3 and 4), into the second pharyngeal arch. (clinicalgate.com)

There are two of these chains, one on either side of the vertebral column connected in front of the coccyx by the single ganglion impar (Fig-2). (blogspot.com)

The SPG blocks are also known as Pterygopalatine Ganglion Blocks, Nasal Ganglion Blocks, Sluders Ganglion Blocks and Meckel's Ganglion Blocks. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)

Cranial nerve V comes from what part of the brain stem? (proprofs.com)

The facialnerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) leave the medulla oblongata at the cerebellopontine angle. (brainkart.com)

The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that arises from the brain, passes through the neck, and innervates many vital organs in the thorax and abdomen. (innerbody.com)
The effects of the vagus nerve on these organs help to prevent high blood pressure and hyperventilation. (innerbody.com)
This is an important feature, enabling those effector organs which are innervated only by spinal nerves (cutaneous and skeletal muscle blood vessels, sweat glands, and pilomotor smooth muscle) to receive sympathetic input. (blogspot.com)
The parasympathetic control of the organs of the thorax and most of the organs of the abdomen comes from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10), with the exception of the final third of the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the reproductive organs, which receive parasympathetic input from nerves arising from nerve roots from sacral levels 2 through 4. (mhmedical.com)
Involuntary function of the body's organs is regulated by autonomic nerve ganglia and plexuses located outside the spinal column and by autonomic cranial and sacral nerves that pass through solid bony openings. (genealogyinternational.com)
Transplanted organs, reconnected with blood supply, function without reconnection of severed nerves. (genealogyinternational.com)

In the case of the submandibular gland, this is mediated through the submandibular ganglion. (medscape.com)

The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) with its vestibular part represents a phylo-genetically old connection to the organ ofbalance already present in lower vertebrates. (brainkart.com)

Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. (wikipedia.org)
The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain and brainstem, from front to back. (wikipedia.org)
Cranial nerves are numbered based on their position from front to back (rostral-caudal) of their position on the brain, as, when viewing the forebrain and brainstem from below, they are often visible in their numeric order. (wikipedia.org)
The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)

Where does greater petrosal nerve come from? (tracks-movie.com)
After leaving the geniculate ganglion, the greater petrosal nerve continues forward toward the cheek. (tracks-movie.com)

The peripheral component of the ANS is defined in terms of the enteric (see Chapter 4), sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (see Chapter 3). (pediagenosis.com)

There are conventionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are described with Roman numerals I-XII. (wikipedia.org)
Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including cranial nerve zero. (wikipedia.org)
Most typically, humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves (I-XII), with the terminal nerve (0) more recently canonized. (wikipedia.org)
It is the longest pair of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. (vedantu.com)

These nerves send signals to all parts of the body which include the stomach, cardiac muscles, pancreas, etc. (vedantu.com)
The muscles supplied by these nerves are derived from the branchial arch muscles of the foregut. (brainkart.com)
There are many facilities around the country that treat this condition and the treatment is massaging, dialators, etc. of the muscles that could be entrapping the pudendal nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
Damage to an individual nerve leads to weakness of the muscles it innervates and sensory loss in the area from which it conveys sensory information. (pediagenosis.com)
This chapter gives an overview of the important structures, muscles, fasciae , and vessels ( arteries , veins , lymph , nerves) of the head and neck region. (amboss.com)
The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
1 Today, chiropractic is defined as a method of adjusting a "vertebral subluxation complex," an asymptomatic and undetectable "joint dysfunction" (involving nerves, muscles, connective tissues, blood vessels, and other factors) alleged to influence organ system function and general health. (genealogyinternational.com)
Spinal nerves supplying bladder and bowel sphincter muscles pass through the solid bony openings of the sacrum (a pelvic bone at the bottom of the spine) and are not subject to compression by a subluxation. (genealogyinternational.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms2

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Fibers55

Oculomotor6

Neurons16

Trigeminal nerve16

Postganglionic1

Thoracic11

Cervical10

Glossopharyngeal nerve6

Spinal cord22

Synapse2

Innervation4

Inferior14

Peripheral nerves5

Middle crani6

Efferent3

Vagus nerves5

Dorsal root ga2

Facial24

Autonomic ganglia3

Sphenopalatine12

Somatic3

Afferent1

Nervous system20

Optic8

Olfactory nerves1

Ciliary ganglion1

Branches5

Exits2

Innervate3

Prevertebral ganglia1

Cell bodies2

Pons4

Seventh3

Visceral1

Sensory and motor2

Originate3

Trochlear nerve1

Lumbar1

Bodies1

Chain ganglia2

Lateral4

Vertebral column1

Pterygopalatine ganglion1

Brain stem1

Medulla1

Organs6

Submandibular ganglion1

Vestibulocochlear nerve1

Brainstem4

Greater petro2

Enteric1

Pairs4

Muscles8