Parasite s apicoplasts. Medical search. Frequent questions

An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium spp. (wikipedia.org)
Among the most infamous Apicomplexan parasites is Plasmodium falciparum, a causative agent of severe malaria. (wikipedia.org)
The apicoplast contains the MEP pathway for isoprenoid precursor synthesis and is the sole site for such synthesis in the Plasmodium cell. (wikipedia.org)
A protein interaction network of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (nih.gov)
Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (nih.gov)
The ∼30 Mb genomes of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria each encode ∼5000 genes, but the functions of the majority remain unknown. (portlandpress.com)
The evolutionary relationship between plants and the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is well established and underscored by the P. falciparum apicoplast, an essential chloroplast-like organelle. (nih.gov)
Scientists are interested in the group to which Toxoplasma belongs, the Apicomplexa, because it includes such parasites as Plasmodium , which causes malaria. (uga.edu)
In each, including Plasmodium , the cause of malaria, we found the DrpA protein, suggesting a common mechanism for apicoplast division in these parasites," said Striepen. (uga.edu)
Ontogeny of the Plasmodium liver stage tubovesicular network revealed dynamic and tight association of the parasite interface with the host cell late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. (mpg.de)
Haussig, J.M., Matuschewski, K., and Kooij, T.W.A. (2014) Identification of vital and dispensable sulphur utilization factors in the Plasmodium apicoplast. (mpg.de)
Systematic experimental genetics of the apicoplast iron-sulphur cluster biosynthesis pathway of the Plasmodium parasite. (mpg.de)
First molecular phylogeny of haemosporidian parasites in Chiroptera from the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem uncovered a tight link of bat Plasmodium parasites with rodent Plasmodium taxa. (mpg.de)
In infected erythrocytes, the malaria parasite generates large quantities of toxic ferri-heme, the Achille's heel of Plasmodium. (iwerliewen.org)
The apicoplast is a plastid organelle, homologous to chloroplasts of plants or algae, that is found in apicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium or Toxoplasma. (iwerliewen.org)
A recent study supported by Tokyo Tech's World Research Hub Initiative discovered that gene expression within the apicoplast, an organelle in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is controlled by melatonin (the circadian signaling hormone) in host blood and intrinsic parasite cues via a factor called ApSigma. (azolifesciences.com)
Intraerythrocytic sexual stages of human malaria parasites are essential for the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum from human host to mosquito. (biomedcentral.com)
First, using a combinational approach that uses experimental data and bioinformatics, we are exploring the cytotoxicity of protein aggregation on Plasmodium falciparum parasites as a new antimalarial strategy. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Also, we are investigating the antimalarial properties of Domiphen bromide (DMB) a highly hydrophobic compound predicted to inhibit a key enzyme of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, absent in humans and found on the apicoplast organelle, a relic chloroplast of Plasmodium parasites. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
In addition, since emodin was also reported to be a relatively high-affinity inhibitor of the virulence regulator FIKK kinase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the antimalarial activity of the synthesized hybrid compounds has been evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
IspF is found in the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that causes cerebral malaria, as well as in many Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia cenocepacia . (biomedcentral.com)
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway is present in animals, fungi and archaea while the 2 C -methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is widely distributed in bacteria, algae and several apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium species responsible for malaria [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Perhaps the most unusual feature of biotin metabolism in malaria parasites is the presence of two HCS paralogs (HCS1, HCS2) encoded in the genomes of Plasmodium species. (pberghei.eu)
Plasmodium apicoplast Gln-tRNAGln biosynthesis utilizes a unique GatAB amidotransferase essential for erythrocytic stage parasites. (mpg.de)
The liver stage of the Plasmodium parasite remains one of the most promising targets for intervention against malaria as it is clinically silent, precedes the symptomatic blood stage and represents a bottleneck in the parasite life cycle. (unibe.ch)
We have generated for the first time Plasmodium berghei double-fluorescent parasite lines, allowing visualization of the apicoplast, mitochondria and nuclei in live liver stage parasites. (unibe.ch)
The Yeh Lab studies the apicoplast, a unique plastid organelle in Plasmodium falciparum parasites that cause malaria. (stanford.edu)
Plasmodium parasites are the causative agents of malaria and infect a wide range. (silverchair.com)
We illustrate the approach for glucose metabolism in malaria patients, by merging two detailed kinetic models for glucose metabolism in the parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the human red blood cell with a coarse. (silverchair.com)
Biochemical Society 2010 apicoplast endosymbiosis malaria Plasmodium falciparum plastid P. falciparum is the intracellular obligate parasite that causes the most virulent and prevalent form of human malaria, a major global disease. (silverchair.com)
Researchers from Tokyo Tech's World Research Hub Initiative conducted a study to investigate the regulation of gene expression in the apicoplast of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (drugtargetreview.com)
Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)

Phylogenetic analysis reveals that apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and their similar morphologies emerged convergently at least three times. (elifesciences.org)
The analysis revealed that, unexpectedly, apicomplexan parasites do not share a close common ancestor and are therefore not a natural grouping from an evolutionary perspective. (elifesciences.org)
Further analysis demonstrated that cryptic chloroplasts are common in apicomplexan parasites, including in lineages where they were not previously known to exist. (elifesciences.org)
shed new light on the importance of chloroplasts in the evolution of life and may help develop new treatments for diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. (elifesciences.org)
Several drugs targeting the cryptic chloroplasts in malaria parasites are currently in clinical trials, and this work suggests that these drugs may also have the potential to be used against other apicomplexan parasites in the future. (elifesciences.org)
We therefore introduce the reader to CRISPR-based screens in the related apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii and discuss how these approaches could be adapted to develop CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-scale genetic screens in malaria parasites. (portlandpress.com)
Transmission of arthropod-borne apicomplexan parasites that cause disease and result in death or persistent infection represents a major challenge to global human and animal health. (biomedcentral.com)
First described in 1901 as Piroplasma equi , this re-emergent apicomplexan parasite was renamed Babesia equi and subsequently Theileria equi , reflecting an uncertain taxonomy. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding mechanisms by which apicomplexan parasites evade immune or chemotherapeutic elimination is required for development of effective vaccines or chemotherapeutics. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore comparative genomic analysis of T . equi was undertaken to: 1) identify genes contributing to immune evasion and persistence in equid hosts, 2) identify genes involved in PBMC infection biology and 3) define the phylogenetic position of T . equi relative to sequenced apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative genomic analysis of T . equi revealed the phylogenetic positioning relative to seven apicomplexan parasites using deduced amino acid sequences from 150 genes placed it as a sister taxon to Theileria spp . (biomedcentral.com)
Apicomplexan parasites harbor a secondary plastid that is essential to their survival. (elsevierpure.com)
Using the conserved cytochrome b (Cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome, phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. duncani defines a new lineage among apicomplexan parasites distinct from B. microti, Babesia bovis, Theileria spp. (pacb.com)
In most apicomplexan parasites the components of the MEP pathway are localized to an organelle known as the apicoplast, a relict chloroplast, which is also responsible for additional biosynthetic processes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
Collectively, these data claim that ALP1 participates in the forming of little girl cell membranes during cell department in apicomplexan parasites. (geogise.com)

The apicoplast evolved in its new role to preserve only those functions and genes necessary to beneficially contribute to the host-organelle relationship. (wikipedia.org)
The apicoplast is a vital organelle to the parasite's survival. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro, AZT interferes with malarial parasite replication by targeting the unique apicoplast organelle of the parasite ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Toxoplasma belongs to a group of parasites that contain a chloroplast-like organelle, the apicoplast. (uga.edu)
Using modern genetic and microscopy techniques, they showed that when the DrpA protein is no longer functional, the apicoplast can't pinch in two, preventing new parasites from acquiring this essential organelle. (uga.edu)
The apicoplast organelle is a preferred target of antimalarial drugs because it contains biochemical processes absent from the human host. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Several metabolic pathways confined to this organelle have emerged as promising parasite-specific drug targets. (elsevierpure.com)
We have studied the replication and segregation of this important organelle using the parasite Sarcocystis neurona as a cell biological model. (elsevierpure.com)
Here, we show that malaria parasites encode a single membrane-bound NTH that localises to the crystalloid, an organelle required for sporozoite transmission from mosquitos to vertebrates. (northumbria.ac.uk)
Its additional presence in the apicoplast of sporozoites identifies NTH as a likely supplier of NADPH for this organelle during liver infection. (northumbria.ac.uk)
A)-(C) Targeting of Trx2 to the parasitophorous vacuole and to a not yet characterized, non-dividing organelle within the parasite. (huji.ac.il)
To form merozoites, the parasite undergoes cytokinesis and the complex process of organelle development and segregation into the forming daughter merozoites could be analysed in detail using the newly generated transgenic parasites. (unibe.ch)

However, in vitro selection for AZT resistance identified a G76V mutation among conserved active site amino acids at position 71-79 in P. falciparum apicoplast-encoded ribosomal protein L4 ( Pf RpL4) (PFC10_API0043) ( 1 . (cdc.gov)
We investigated the inhibitory effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), methoxyamino chalcone (C3), and iron chelators including deferiprone (DFP), 1-( N -acety1-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) and deferiprone-resveratrol hybrid (DFP-RVT) against the growth of wild-type (WT) P. falciparum parasites and those with k13 and fd mutations. (biorxiv.org)
ART-resistant P. falciparum parasites emerged in Western Cambodia in the 2000s showing a slow clearance phenotype in malaria patients and an increased ring survival rate [ 2 , 3 ]. (biorxiv.org)
In contrast to the 48-hour blood stage life cycle of asexual parasites, it takes 9-12 days for P. falciparum gametocytes to fully develop inside human red blood cells (RBCs). (biomedcentral.com)
All MEP pathway enzymes in P. falciparum are synthesized in the cytoplasm but they carry an apicoplast targeting sequence, which then drives localization [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A genome-wide association study identified variants in the ferredoxin fd ), apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 ( arps10 ), multidrug resistance protein 2 ( mdr2 ), and chloroquine resistance transporter ( crt ) genes as additional factors contributing to ART resistance, in which a missense fd mutation fd -D193Y) was the most frequent variant among resistant parasites [ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Because apicoplasts are vital to parasite survival, they provide an enticing target for antimalarial drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Loss of apicoplast function in progeny of treated parasites leads to slow, but potent, antimalarial effect. (medscape.com)
an excellent target for antimalarial drug development, Life Sciences (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.030) Apicoplast. (iwerliewen.org)
The evolution of resistance by the malaria parasite to artemisinin, the key component of the combination therapy strategies that are at the core of current antimalarial treatments, calls for the urgent identification of new fast-acting antimalarials. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
He have observed and purified highly insoluble protein aggregates form living parasites from which we have selected a list of potential protein candidates to be tested as antimalarial agents. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Apicoplasts are a relict, nonphotosynthetic plastid found in most protozoan parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. (wikipedia.org)
Most Apicomplexa contain a single ovoid shaped apicoplast that is found at the anterior of the invading parasitic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Members of the phylum Apicomplexa are unicellular parasites that cause many important livestock and human diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis [ 1 , 2 ]. (portlandpress.com)

Insights into the evolution and drug susceptibility of Babesia duncani from the sequence of its mitochondrial and apicoplast genomes. (pacb.com)
Here we report the first known completed sequence and annotation of the apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes of B. duncani. (pacb.com)
Annotation of the apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes of B. duncani identified targets for development of effective therapies. (pacb.com)
Comparative sequence analysis of Cyclospora cayetanensis apicoplast genomes originating from diverse geographical regions. (cdc.gov)

There is enormous demand for lipids due to parasite growth inside the host cell [developing organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, food vacuoles and apicoplast) surrounded by membranes and accumulating lipids in lipid bodies] and subsequent replication. (biomedcentral.com)
The disruption of apicoplast replication results in parasites that are isopentenyl pyrophosphate auxotrophs [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During the liver stage, the parasite undergoes extensive replication, forming tens of thousands of infectious merozoites from each invading sporozoite. (unibe.ch)

What the team showed is that a protein called DrpA is crucial to the division of the apicoplast. (uga.edu)
Malaria parasites contain a plant-like ACC, and this is the only protein predicted to be biotinylated in the parasite. (pberghei.eu)
Crystal structure of plasmoredoxin, a redox-active protein unique for malaria parasites. (mpg.de)

This study provides reliable and comprehensive information about the epidemiology of the parasite infections and hematological profile of the infected goats in Hainan, which encourages further investigations to develop practical control strategies for Theileria spp. (parasite-journal.org)

Tracking the evolution of dynamins, the current work suggests that cells have the ability to retool these proteins to perform novel tasks, in this case to divide the symbiotic alga that was the ancestor of the apicoplast. (uga.edu)
To modify the PV, the parasite secretes an array of proteins, including dense granule proteins (GRAs). (biomedcentral.com)
The dense granule (GRA) proteins are essential in the formation of parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) within which the parasites multiply and grow [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
however, the precise roles of these GRA proteins in the intracellular survival and growth of the parasites are not well elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that the apicoplast genome of this parasite consists of a 34?kb monocistronic circular molecule encoding functions that are important for apicoplast gene transcription as well as translation and maturation of the organelle's proteins. (pacb.com)

If unable to synthesize sufficient fatty acids the parasite is unable to form the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) that is imperative to a successful invasion of host cells. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, new lipid structures also appear inside the host cell: the parasite is surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuole membrane [ 24 ] and new parasite induced membranous structures (Maurer's clefts and transport vesicles) emerge, which play an important role in trafficking of parasite virulence factors to the surface of infected red blood cell (iRBC) membranes. (biomedcentral.com)
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades host cells and replicates within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), which resists fusion with host cell lysosomal compartments. (biomedcentral.com)

The apicoplast hosts important metabolic pathways like fatty acid synthesis, isoprenoid precursor synthesis and parts of the heme biosynthetic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Fosmidomycin is the only drug in clinical trials targeting the apicoplast, where it inhibits the methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Metabolomic analysis of the MEP pathway and Krebs cycle intermediates in 20 mu M DB-treated parasites suggested a rapid activation of glycolysis with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial activity, consistent with a rapid killing of the pathogen. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

By understanding basic cellular processes in Toxoplasma we can gain important insights into the biology of related parasites," said van Dooren. (uga.edu)
Toxoplasma parasites replicate by dividing into two new parasites. (uga.edu)

With these transgenic parasites we have tested our model in living cells employing laser bleaching experiments. (elsevierpure.com)

Upon infection and development of the asexual parasite the surface of the RBC membrane displays membrane protrusions-so called knobs, which harbour the virulence factor PfEMP1 that mediates cytoadhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
The lack of NcGRA23 or NcGRA11 (a-e) did not affect the parasite propagation in vitro and virulence in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
The parasite factors involved in B. duncani virulence remain unknown. (pacb.com)

Here, we review the arrival of genetic screens in malaria parasites to analyse parasite gene function at a genome-scale and their impact on understanding parasite biology. (portlandpress.com)
CRISPR/Cas9 screens, which have revolutionised human and model organism research, have not yet been implemented in malaria parasites due to the need for more complex CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting vector libraries. (portlandpress.com)

This observation suggests that the apicoplast may be involved in lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
They also inhibit hemoglobin utilization and parasite metabolism. (medscape.com)
The obtained lipid profiles are crucial in revealing the lipid metabolism of malaria parasites and identifying targets to interfere with this deadly disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Experimental Approaches for Examining Apicoplast Biology. (eb2009.org)
This is a significant problem for the research of apicoplast biology, as a result of, within the absence of an environment friendly isolation methodology, apicoplast features have to be assayed within the parasite. (eb2009.org)

The apicoplast is situated in close proximity to the cell's nucleus and often closely associated with a mitochondrion. (wikipedia.org)
In these parasites, the GFP fluorescence did neither colocalize with the ER nor with the nucleus, the mitochondrion or the apicoplast, as evidenced by analysis using organellar markers. (huji.ac.il)
Using these we have seen that in parallel with nuclear division, the apicoplast and mitochondrion become two extensively branched and intertwining structures. (unibe.ch)

The apicoplast is essential for parasitic growth and must correctly divide for the organism to stay alive," said Striepen, also a senior author on the study at UGA. (uga.edu)
Understanding that DrpA is necessary for apicoplast fission gives researchers a new working model to understand how the causative agents of several parasitic diseases flourish in human and animal hosts," said van Dooren. (uga.edu)
Well-known examples of this include holoparasitic plants, many lineages of heterotrophic algae and parasitic apicomplexans (such as the malaria parasite). (biomedcentral.com)

citation needed] Evidence suggests that the apicoplast is a product of secondary endosymbiosis, and that the apicoplast may be homologous to the secondary plastid of the closely related dinoflagellate algae. (wikipedia.org)

We find PI3P levels to be predictive of artemisinin resistance in both clinical and engineered laboratory parasites as well as across non-isogenic strains. (nature.com)
However, artemisinin-resistant parasites are able, in the presence of artemisinins, to stop their cell cycles. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we set out to evaluate a selection of various epidrugs for their activity against quiescent parasites, to explore the possibility of using these compounds to counter artemisinin resistance. (bvsalud.org)
We then demonstrated, thanks to the specific Quiescent-stage Survival Assay, that four epidrugs targeting both histone methylation or deacetylation as well as DNA methylation decrease the ability of artemisinin-resistant parasites to recover after artemisinin exposure. (bvsalud.org)
Subsequently, epidemiological genomic studies confirmed that in fact artemisinin resistance developed much earlier in numerous foci, resulting in resistant parasites. (samrc.ac.za)
This pharmacokinetic mismatch allows for a very short period where the two drugs protect each other and a long period of time when the slowly eliminated partner drug is unprotected from the rapidly eliminated artemisinin derivative in prolonged sub-therapeutic drug levels, and therefore paves the way for the parasite to develop resistance to these drugs if reinfection occurs during the convalescence period. (samrc.ac.za)

Tetracycline may specifically impair the progeny of apicoplast genes, resulting in their abnormal cell division. (medscape.com)

The gold-standard diagnostic test for malaria remains direct visualization of the parasite by an experienced microscopist from thick & thin blood smears. (medscape.com)

AZT might interfere with transmission by exoerythrocytic inhibition of parasite liver stages in humans and mice ( 3 ) and by interference with ookinete and sporozoite production in mosquitoes ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

however, ART resistance is due to other genetic factors in some resistant parasites that do not contain k13 mutations [ 6 , 7 ]. (biorxiv.org)

In this regard, and taking as a template the previously immunoliposome model developed in our group, we are now engineering a dual immunoliposome that targets gametocytes, the transmissible form of the parasite, and is loaded with two distinctive drugs. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes within the outermost part of the endomembrane system. (wikipedia.org)

F. The overexpression of ALP1 beneath the control of a solid constitutive promoter disrupted the forming of the little girl cell IMC, resulting in postponed flaws and growth in nuclear and apicoplast segregation. (geogise.com)

Microscopic parasites known collectively as apicomplexans are responsible for several infectious diseases in humans including malaria and toxoplasmosis. (elifesciences.org)

It hosts four main metabolic pathways: The destruction of the apicoplast does not immediately kill the parasite but instead prevents it from invading new host cells. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Mukhopadhyay's research interest is to understand the role of iron in metabolic disorders like insulin resistance related disorders, Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease as well as in survival and growth of protozoan parasite leishmania donovani within macrophages that might be helpful for designing therapeutic interventions to combat these diseases. (jnu.ac.in)

No differences were observed among the mutant parasites with respect to their sensitivity to C3 and the chelators, or the interactions of these compounds with DHA. (biorxiv.org)

Second, malaria eradication calls for strategies to reduce the transmission of the parasite from the human host to the mosquito vector. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

the major helminth parasites found in wild, semi-wild and golden sovereign stock guinea fowl were heterakis gallinarum, ascaridia galli, capillaria caudinflata, raillietina tetragona and r. echinobothrida, while eimeria species was the most important gastro-intestinal protozoan parasite. (liverpool.ac.uk)

The cells of the malaria parasite and many other apicomplexans contain compartments known as cryptic chloroplasts that produce molecules the parasites need to survive. (elifesciences.org)
However, it remains unclear how widespread cryptic chloroplasts are in these parasites, largely because few apicomplexans have been successfully grown in the laboratory. (elifesciences.org)

What does a parasite living in the brain or blood of humans have to do with a structure associated with harvesting sunlight? (uga.edu)

The development of differentiated sexual stages (gametocytes) within human red blood cells is essential for the propagation of the malaria parasite, since only mature gametocytes will survive in the mosquito's midgut. (biomedcentral.com)

Trx2-GFP labeled further structures within the parasite (B, C) in .90% of the parasites. (huji.ac.il)

Gregarines are parasites belonging to the family Gregarinasina, which are found in annelids, arthropods, and mollusks. (vedantu.com)

Tetracycline, an antibiotic also used to combat malaria infections, is thought to function by targeting the apicoplast. (wikipedia.org)

Copper-transporting ATPase is important for malaria parasite fertility. (mpg.de)

These agents inhibit growth by concentrating within acid vesicles of the parasite, increasing the internal pH of the organism. (medscape.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Phenomena and Processes1

Plasmodium32

Apicomplexan16

Organelle12

Falciparum5

Ribosomal protein1

Antimalarial5

Apicomplexa3

Genomes4

Replication3

Protein3

Theileria1

Proteins5

Parasitophorous vacuole3

Pathway3

Toxoplasma2

Transgenic parasites1

Virulence3

Gene2

Metabolism3

Biology2

Mitochondrion3

Parasitic3

Endosymbiosis1

Artemisinin6

Genes1

Visualization1

Liver1

Resistant parasites1

Targets1

Membranes1

Segregation1

Collectively1

Metabolic2

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Eimeria1

Apicomplexans2

Humans1

Propagation1

Structures1

Found1

Tetracycline1

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Growth1