This triggered an increase in paracellular permeability via cellular redistribution of claudin 3 (CLDN3) from TJs into cell nuclei followed by disruption of epithelial integrity and formation of epithelial lesions. (springer.com)
Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
In EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ) animal model of multiple sclerosis we increase permeability of blood brain barrier. (rojetechnologies.com)
This likely contributes to diarrhea during norovirus infection by a leak flux mechanism (ie, ions and water leak from subepithelial capillaries into the intestinal lumen by paracellular diffusion due to increased permeability of tight junctions). (medscape.com)
Tight junctions4
Tight junctions (TJs) are present between the cerebral endothelial cells and serve the function of limiting the paracellular flux of molecules across the BBB. (hindawi.com)
The relative contribution of the paracellular route was estimated using Ca2+- free transport medium (opening tight junctions). (nel.edu)
Intestinal epithelial cells participate in mechanical protection of the mucosal barrier via their tight junctions, preventing the transfer of intestinal chemicals and microorganisms from the intestine to the blood along the paracellular pathway. (xiahepublishing.com)
Intestinal Barrier2
This study aimed i) to characterize the transepithelial transport of the mucolytic agent ambroxol hydrochloride across the intestinal barrier, ii) to classify the ambroxol according to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) and iii) to predict ambroxol absorption in humans. (elis.sk)
Our study was conducted 1) to characterize the mechanisms of caffeine transport across the intestinal barrier, 2) to classify caffeine according to BCS, 3) to predict drugs intestinal absorption in humans. (nel.edu)
Passive diffusion4
Most hydrophilic drugs permeate the cheek linings via the paracellular pathway through the mechanism of passive diffusion, and hydrophobic drugs are transported through the transcellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
TJs restrict the free, passive diffusion of ions and hydrophilic small molecules through paracellular clefts and are important for appropriate cell polarization and transporter protein localisation, supporting the controlled transcellular diffusion of smaller and larger hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic substances. (bvsalud.org)
Thus, the transport seems to be transcellular mediated by passive diffusion. (elis.sk)
Restrict1
GIT, BBB, kidney, etc.) typically feature tight intercellular junctions at the epithelial and/or vascular endothelial layers, which severely restrict paracellular transfer of molecules. (thisisbeep.com)
Epithelial cells2
Lung epithelial cells form a barrier that lines airway and alveolar surfaces and constitute an air-liquid interface. (springer.com)
For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
Endothelial cells2
2010) The mouse blood-brain barrier transcriptome: a new resource for understanding the development and function of brain endothelial cells. (sdbonline.org)
that is, the changes that the proteins undergo in order to facilitate diffusion are powered by the diffusing solutes themselves. (thisisbeep.com)
Disruption1
In this study, we aimed to investigate a possible role for hyperglycemia in the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in a rat model of DAI and the underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
Molecules4
Therefore, molecules generally need to pass through the cell in order to cross the barrier, and must cross the plasma membrane to access the interior of the cell. (thisisbeep.com)
Being a semipermeable membrane, both the BBB and BSCB allow the diffusion of certain molecules, whilst restricting others. (hindawi.com)
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases, these barriers become hyperpermeable, allowing a wider variety of molecules to pass through leading to more severe and more rapidly progressing disease. (hindawi.com)
The BBB separates the blood from the extracellular cerebrospinal fluid and protects the brain from bloodborne pathogens and toxins while allowing the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and small lipophilic molecules/ethanol [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are responsible for controlling the microenvironment within neural tissues in humans. (hindawi.com)
Permeate1
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Alveolar1
100 nm) are ubiquitous in ambient urban and indoor air from multiple sources and may contribute to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of particulate matter (PM). Depending on their particle size, inhaled UFP are efficiently deposited in nasal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions due to diffusion. (cdc.gov)
Pathway1
The most common route for drug transport through the buccal mucosa is the paracellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Capillaries1
A one-cell layer of simple squamous epithelium forms the alveoli of the respiratory membrane, and the endothelium of capillaries, and is a minimal barrier to diffusion . (wikidoc.org)
Impermeable1
While keratinized epithelium occurs mainly in the skin, it is also found in the mouth and nose , providing a tough, impermeable barrier. (wikidoc.org)
Intestine1
These mechanisms include alcohol's influences on intestinal microbiota, on the integrity of the barrier between the intestine and the rest of the body, and on immune function within and outside the GI tract. (nih.gov)
Dysfunction2
In one study, electrophysiological analyses of duodenal biopsies from patients with norovirus infected showed increased epithelial apoptosis and a reduction in tight junctional protein expression, leading to epithelial barrier dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Animal experiments have shown that CKD features intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. (xiahepublishing.com)
Increase1
Day 1 13C con- centrations of cerebrum and cerebellum were also significantly increased but the increase was inconsistent, significant only on one additional day of the postexposure period, possibly reflecting translocation across the blood-brain barrier in certain brain regions. (cdc.gov)
Route2
The relative contribution of the paracellular route was estimated using Ca2+-free transport medium. (elis.sk)
Thus, the paracellular route is only a minor way of caffeine transport. (nel.edu)
Blood13
The Ly6 protein coiled is required for septate junction and blood brain barrier organisation in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
For a long time, there was an expectation that lipidic nanocarriers and polymeric nanostructures could revolutionize the field for the delivery of RNA and protein-based therapeutics across different biological barriers equipped with TJs (e.g., blood-brain barrier (BBB), retina-blood barrier (RBB), corneal TJs, etc. (bvsalud.org)
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective, semipermeable complex that surrounds most of the blood vessels in the brain [ 1 ], except for the circumventricular organs (CVOs) centred around the ventricles of the brain. (hindawi.com)
Further separation of the central nervous system (CNS) from the cardiovascular system occurs via the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). (hindawi.com)
Abstract: Introduction Blood brain barrier (bbb) is made by endothelial capillary cells. (rojetechnologies.com)
NANOSTRUCTURE MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS ACROSS BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER Abstract: Introduction: Nanotechnologies are materials and devices that have a functional organization in at least one dimension on the nanometer (i.e., one billionth of a meter) scale, ranging from a few to about 100 nanometers. (rojetechnologies.com)
Ammonia, as a gas (NH 3 ) and ion (NH 4 + ), freely crosses the blood-brain barrier and is primarily removed by glutamine synthetase, an enzyme solely found in astrocytes within the brain [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
14) What is the thin barrier (0.2 μm) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called? (subjecto.com)
It could provide a portal of entry into the CNS for solid UFP, circumventing the tight blood-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
Transport1
Establishing and maintaining the air-liquid interface needs balanced ion and water transport as well as an appropriate paracellular barrier that ensures diffusion of solvent and solute between airway surface and interstitium while preventing uncontrolled leakage. (springer.com)
Substances1
These cells are relatively inactive metabolically, and are associated with the diffusion of water, electrolytes , and other substances. (wikidoc.org)
Processes1
These barriers are fundamental to all neurological processes as they provide the extreme nutritional demands of neural tissue, remove wastes, and maintain immune privileged status. (hindawi.com)
Cardiovascular1
Endotoxemia and systemic inflammation caused by intestinal mucosal barrier defects are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. (xiahepublishing.com)
Concept2
This traditional diffusion barrier concept of TJs has been challenged lately, owing to a better understanding of the components that are associated with TJs. (bvsalud.org)
It is also worth noting that, with the exception of exchange diffusion (from a study of muscle), the preparation used in these studies was the isolated frog skin, usually bathed on both sides by Ringer solution. (silverchair.com)
Development1
5 The inflammatory state in the development of DM and CKD may be closely related to intestinal mucosal barrier. (xiahepublishing.com)