Pandemic influenza a viruses in humans. Medical search. Frequent questions

Consequently, human-origin swine IAVs (swIAVs) can be reintroduced into the human population after a certain period and cause a pandemic, as illustrated by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1) ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The H1 of this swine-origin virus is related to the H1 of human seasonal H1N1 IAVs that circulated in 1918-1950. (cdc.gov)
Classical swine lineage 1A contains IAVs with the human 1918 pandemic H1N1 virus as a common ancestor. (cdc.gov)
This article synthesizes and extends discussions held during an international meeting on "Surveillance for Decision Making: The Example of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1," held at the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics (CCDD), Harvard School of Public Health, on June 14 and 15, 2010. (nih.gov)
Among a sample of participants of all ages, the antibody testing of stored sera specimens from NHANES 2007-2008 was conducted to determine population levels of pre-pandemic cross reactive antibody to the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus and related influenza A/H1N1 viruses prior to the spread of the novel 2009 H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
This data release contains the hemagglutination inhibition assay titers to 2009 H1N1 and two past H1N1 influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Antibody titers against 2009 H1N1 and two past H1N1 influenza viruses were measured with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay following standard procedures by Focus Diagnositcs, Inc., Cypress, CA. (cdc.gov)
H1GMT2009 : Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H1N1 virus A/California/7/2009. (cdc.gov)
H1GMT2007 : Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H1N1 virus A/Brisbane/59/2007. (cdc.gov)
H1GMT1976 : Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H1N1 virus A/New Jersey/8/1976. (cdc.gov)
The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
however, there was a substantial number of hospitalized young individuals without previous underlying health problems, attesting to the pathogenic potential of A(H1N1) 2009 in humans. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
Many patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by influenza A(H1N1) infection receive extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a rescue therapy. (nih.gov)
When patients with severe influenza A(H1N1)-related ARDS treated with ECMO were compared with conventionally treated patients, no difference in mortality rates existed. (nih.gov)
These clinical practice guidelines are an update to the guidelines published by the IDSA in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (medscape.com)
We used high-throughput B cell receptor sequencing of plasma cells produced following AS03-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccination, as well as pre-pandemic seasonal influenza vaccination to elucidate the effect of the adjuvant on the humoral immune response. (nature.com)
The latest influenza pandemic arose in 2009, and was caused by a swine-origin H1N1 virus (pH1N1), and resulted in an estimated 300,000 deaths within the first 12 months 3 . (nature.com)
The 1918 virus spread through the pig population, adapted to the swine and resulted in the current lineage of the H1N1 swine influenza viruses. (scienceblog.com)
For the study, the researchers used the 1918 pandemic virus and a 1930 H1N1 influenza virus for experimental infections in swine. (scienceblog.com)
Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
CDC's Influenza Division laboratory testing confirmed that these samples also were positive for the virus that would come to be called " 2009 H1N1 . (cdc.gov)
The epidemiological mechanisms behind the W-shaped age-specific influenza mortality during the Spanish influenza (H1N1) pandemic 1918-19 have yet to be fully clarified. (hindawi.com)
There have been three influenza pandemics in the 20th century, initially observed in 1918, 1957, and 1968, respectively, referred to as the Spanish (H1N1), Asian (H2N2), and Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
i) The influenza (H1N1) virus responsible for the 1918-19 pandemic was closely related to foregoing H1N1 virus(es) that might have widely circulated earlier than 1918. (hindawi.com)
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and the current pandemic H1N1 (2009) have caused human illness and deaths. (usda.gov)
Lessons learned from the Spanish influenza pandemic, the periodic outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses, and the current H1N1 ("swine flu") pandemic highlight the need for a more detailed understanding of influenza virus pathogenesis and the host response to infection. (usda.gov)
To investigate the host transcriptional response against highly pathogenic influenza viruses in a mouse model that resembles human influenza pathogenicity, we used a functional genomics approach to compare transcriptional profiles in lungs from wild-type 129S6/SvEv mice infected with either the fully reconstructed human H1N1 1918 "Spanish influenza" virus (1918) or the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus Vietnam/1203/04 (VN/1203). (usda.gov)
Results from early clinical trials have shown that a single dose of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine may generate sufficient antibody response, but the relevance of this fact to public health decision making has yet to be clarified. (eurosurveillance.org)
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v: Human to pig transmission in Norway? (eurosurveillance.org)
In Norway there is an ongoing outbreak in pigs of infections with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v virus. (eurosurveillance.org)
Since the start of 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, a notable surge in messages communicated through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in the European Union has been recorded. (eurosurveillance.org)
Previous pandemics of the 20th century, as well as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic , were caused by influenza viruses in animals that gained the ability to infect and spread easily between humans. (livescience.com)
2009 H1N1 pandemic. (the-hospitalist.org)
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html. (the-hospitalist.org)
2 Instead, in 2009 the H1N1 influenza pandemic struck viciously. (the-hospitalist.org)
This risk has been recently reinforced by human epidemics in Singapore of SARS coronavirus, 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus, and enterovirus 71. (cdc.gov)
Specific to pandemic influenza threats, the Hemopurifier has been validated to capture the H5N1 avian flu virus, H1N1 swine flu virus, and the reconstructed 1918 influenza virus, which represents a model for the strain of influenza that killed an estimated 50 million victims. (prnewswire.com)
Chowell emphasizes,"We must remain vigilant and continue to monitor the circulation and health burden of the pandemic A/H1N1 and co-circulating influenza viruses in the coming years. (nih.gov)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
As a result of the rapid, global spread of H1N1, the first pandemic of the 21st century was declared in June of 2009. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
However in 2009, we got a pandemic of an H1N1 virus from pigs in Mexico. (thenakedscientists.com)
We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
BARDA has recently completed the preparation and response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. (virtualbiosecuritycenter.org)
The main swine influenza viruses circulating in U.S. pigs in recent years have been, swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus, trH3N2 virus, and trH1N2 virus. (cdc.gov)
By Scott Rosenstein Last week, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the end of the H1N1 pandemic (swine flu) and the beginning of the "post-pandemic phase. (foreignpolicy.com)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
Manifestations of H1N1 influenza are similar to those of seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
Acute febrile respiratory illness in a person who resides in a community where at least one H1N1 influenza case has been confirmed. (medscape.com)
The answers did not begin to emerge until the 1930s, when related influenza viruses (now known as H1N1 viruses) were isolated from pigs and then humans. (medscape.com)

Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Hong Kong (aho) - In light of the presence of H5N1 avian influenza virus in environmental samples taken from Po On Road Market in Sham Shui Po during regular surveillance earlier, the Government has adopted special measures promptly to protect public health, a spokesman for the Food and Health Bureau said today (June 9). (animal-health-online.de)
A study headed by a University of Wisconsin-Madison virologist claims that a new compound could be extremely effectual against the pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, counting a few drug-resistant strains. (healthjockey.com)
Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
While working with mice, the experts apparently discovered that a single intranasal dose of CS-8958 given two hours following infection with H5N1 influenza virus supposedly led to elevated survival rate and lower virus levels as compared to a usual five-day course of oseltamivir. (healthjockey.com)
CS-8958 was also believed to be effectual against extremely pathogenic and oseltamivir-resistant strains of H5N1 virus. (healthjockey.com)
Apart from its therapeutic use, CS-8958 also apparently shielded mice against deadly H5N1 infection when given seven days prior to infection with the virus. (healthjockey.com)
CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
The H5N1 HPAI caused more severe illness and earlier death than 1918 virus and spread throughout the body causing infections. (usda.gov)
The H5N1 HPAI virus induced early host gene response than the 1918 virus with many of the responses being involved in early and sustained inflammatory processes, and the ability to spread to multiple organs. (usda.gov)
Just five mutations could make the deadly H5N1 avian influenza into a pandemic virus, controversial research on ferrets suggests. (sciencenews.org)
Since it first appeared widely in humans in 2003, the H5N1 virus has infected more than 650 people in 15 countries, killing nearly 60 percent of them. (sciencenews.org)
These five changes aren't the only ones that could turn H5N1 into a pandemic virus, but may tell researchers the types of mutations they should look out for. (sciencenews.org)
FAQS: H5N1 influenza. (the-hospitalist.org)
In recent weeks, a number of wild birds have been found dead with the H5N1 virus heightening fears that Hong Kong will soon record its first human victim. (medindia.net)
Bird flu in Brazil: Authorities are watching if the bird flu virus H5N1 is mutating into a form which can spread amongst humans. (medindia.net)
Bird flu outbreak: New mutation in avian influenza virus (H5N1) could be the next human pandemic, warn health experts. (medindia.net)
About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
Since its discovery in the late 1990s, the avian flu virus, or H5N1, has infected at least 100 people, more than half of whom have died. (sourcewatch.org)
To date, roughly 103 people have been infected with the H5N1 avian influenza virus--or bird flu. (sourcewatch.org)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Structures of human H3N2 and avian H5N1 FluPol A . (nature.com)
According to the Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the H5N1 bird flu has been reported in 6,922 wild birds, 58,789,591 poultry and a single human within the U.S. (ajc.com)
While scientists are keeping a close eye on animal influenza variations for any mutations that may make the viruses more dangerous to humans, there is no scientific consensus to support the claim that H5N1 bird flu could become a pandemic. (ajc.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)
The H5N1 influenza virus, known as the avian influenza, is currently circulating in Asia and has appeared in other regions. (bvsalud.org)

Specificity, kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
ObjectivesThe long-term dynamics of antibody responses in patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection are not well understood.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal serological follow-up study in patients who were hospitalized with A(H7N9) virus infection, during 2013-2018. (ox.ac.uk)
HAI antibody responses were compared by clinical severity.ResultsOf 67 patients with A(H7N9) virus infection, HAI antibody titers reached 40 on average 11 days after illness onset and peaked at a titer of 290 after three months, and average titers of ≥80 and ≥40 were present until 11 months and 22 months respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
HAI antibody responses were significantly higher in patients who experienced severe disease, including respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, compared with patients who experienced less severe illness.ConclusionsPatients with A(H7N9) virus infection who survived severe disease mounted higher antibody responses that persisted for longer periods compared with those that experienced moderate disease. (ox.ac.uk)
An HI titer of ≥40 indicates prior infection with an influenza virus antigenically similar to the tested virus. (cdc.gov)
However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
When pandemic influenza has subsided, public health actions include continued monitoring of pandemic influenza A virus activity and preparing for potential additional waves of infection. (cdc.gov)
and dermatophytes , a group of organisms causing infection of skin and other superficial structures in humans. (wikipedia.org)
For pandemic influenza vaccination, this suggests that the adjuvant could improve B cell responses by either increasing activation of naïve B cells, or by increasing the activation and adaptation of pre-existing memory B cells generated through infection or immunization with seasonal influenza from earlier years to become specific towards the pandemic strain 11 . (nature.com)
Australian researchers have helped develop a new class of influenza drug that tricks the virus by using its own mechanism of infection. (abc.net.au)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
A Kansas State University researcher has found that the virus causing the pandemic was able to infect and replicate in pigs, but did not kill them, unlike in other mammalian hosts like monkeys, mice and ferrets where the infection has been lethal. (scienceblog.com)
This study emphasizes that an influenza virus, which is known to induce a lethal infection in ferrets and macaques, is not highly virulent in pigs, indicating a potential resistance of swine to highly virulent influenza viruses," Richt said. (scienceblog.com)
1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
Two days after CDC confirmed the first case, laboratory testing confirmed a second infection with the same virus in another patient. (cdc.gov)
Within three days, additional specimens from patients with the new virus infection arrived at CDC for testing. (cdc.gov)
Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). (frontiersin.org)
But it was much deadlier then, mainly because humans today are descended from people who survived the infection more than a hundred years ago and so they've inherited some form of genetic immunity, Calvignac-Spencer said. (livescience.com)
Their findings suggest that the virus mutated to become more effective between the first and later waves, by evolving to better overcome cellular defenses against infection, Calvignac-Spencer said. (livescience.com)
Exposure to live or dead poultry contaminated with avian influenza A virus results in the increase of human cases of avian influenza infection. (medindia.net)
Researchers have linked Zika virus infection with Guillain-Barre syndrome, a severe neurological disorder that can cause paralysis. (prnewswire.com)
Beyond Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya and West Nile virus, the Hemopurifier has also been validated to capture Monkey pox, which serves as models for human Smallpox infection. (prnewswire.com)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Since then, six waves of H7N9 infection have occurred in China, resulting in more than 1,500 cumulative human infections, according to the World Health Organization. (enewspf.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
However, a laboratory diagnosis may facilitate hospital infection control by allowing segregation of children infected with the same virus. (msdmanuals.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Based on quantitative Western blot analysis, only two of the 45 (4.4%) Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients showed specific antibody response against the NS1 protein from the H1N1pdm09 virus, indicating past infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. (plos.org)
Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
The flu, also called influenza, is a respiratory infection caused by viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
The Health Protection Agency (UK) provides background information on avian influenza, the current situation, viruses, control measures, human infection and transmission, pandemic influenza, symptoms of infection, travel advice and vaccines and antiviral drugs. (bvs.br)

3. Preparedness and response in regard to avian influenza and threats of influenza pandemic require concerted action under government leadership with increased urgency and participation of all stakeholders and partners. (who.int)
This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
Please refer to the "Updated Preparedness and Response Framework for Influenza Pandemics" for more information about the Pandemic Intervals Framework and how it guides federal, state, and local public health actions. (cdc.gov)
The two clinical trials will test the experimental 2017 H7N9 inactivated influenza vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur, based in Lyon, France, supported by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. (enewspf.com)
CDC works to improve global control and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza, including swine influenza viruses, and works to improve influenza pandemic preparedness and response. (cdc.gov)
The current situation, with so much virus in birds, is concerning," Sonja Olsen, associate director for preparedness and response in the CDC's influenza division, told Bloomberg . (ajc.com)
The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)

Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
Such risk factors did not significantly influence the age-specific death patterns during other pandemics and inter-pandemic influenza epidemics. (hindawi.com)
2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
A] team led by Dr Mohammed Madjid noted that last century a series of flu epidemics from Spain to Russia and Hong Kong had killed millions of people as the virus naturally mutated. (sourcewatch.org)
the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)

H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population, with a low death rate. (wikipedia.org)
But it really wasn't until the bird flu incident occurred in Hong Kong that there was acceptance that, of the fact that, influenza viruses in the chickens could spread to humans and not only cause disease but kill humans. (cdc.gov)
The 32-year-old man is believed to have contracted the virus while visiting markets in Guangzhou, a busy city in China's Guangdong province, bordering Hong Kong. (medindia.net)
Many people travel between Hong Kong and Guangzhou, heightening the risk of persons with the virus entering Hong Kong. (medindia.net)
Hong Kong has had no human cases of bird flu in the current outbreak, but CHP director Leung Pak-yin warned that the threat was increasing. (medindia.net)
We expect there could be human cases in Hong Kong and we all need to be well prepared for that," he said. (medindia.net)
Hong Kong witnessed the first-ever human cases of bird flu in 1997 when 18 people were infected, of whom six died. (medindia.net)
1999. The next influenza pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997. (nationalacademies.org)
Three new reassortments of A(H7N9) virus were identified by phylogenetic analysis: between A(H7N9) and Zhejiang-derived strains, Guangdong/Hong Kong-derived strains or Hunan-derived A(H9N2) strains. (eurosurveillance.org)

6.9 Pandemic influenza preparedness vaccine stockpile. (who.int)
At the conclusion of today's session, the participant will be able to describe strategies to prepare for the 2016-2017 influenza season, identify key recommendations in the AAP influenza policy statement, discuss vaccine effectiveness, clarify recommendations related to live, attenuated influenza vaccine, explain the importance of antiviral medications in the control of influenza, discuss flu vaccine in egg allergic children. (cdc.gov)
The vaccine strains for the upcoming influenza season are selected annually by the Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biologic Products Advisory Committee based on WHO's recommended Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition. (medscape.com)
Pregnant patients may receive any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Despite the success of these adjuvants, the details of their mode of action in the context of influenza vaccine are still poorly understood. (nature.com)
There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
Moreover, because it takes time to develop an influenza vaccine matched with circulating viruses, and medical and other supplies could be limited, personal health preparedness and prevention measures are important. (cdc.gov)
Get an annual flu vaccine to protect you against seasonal influenza. (cdc.gov)
This new tool can provide critical information that may lead to the development of a universal influenza vaccine. (sdepscor.org)
Like Zika virus, MERS-CoV is not addressed with a proven drug or vaccine. (prnewswire.com)
Two new clinical trials testing an experimental vaccine to prevent influenza caused by an H7N9 influenza virus are now enrolling volunteers at sites across the United States. (enewspf.com)
The Phase 2 studies, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), will test different dosages of the inactivated influenza vaccine candidate (called 2017 H7N9 IIV) as well as different vaccination schedules. (enewspf.com)
The new version of the vaccine candidate uses an inactivated form of H7N9 influenza virus collected in 2017, to increase the likelihood that the vaccine will provide immunity against a newly-evolved strain of H7N9, which is currently circulating in the wild. (enewspf.com)
During these clinical trials, some participants will receive an adjuvant, called AS03, along with the test vaccine, to confirm that the adjuvant can boost the immune response to the vaccine, as previously shown for other influenza viruses of pandemic potential. (enewspf.com)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)

6.11 Access to pandemic influenza vaccines. (who.int)
Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
Influenza pandemics require rapid deployment of effective vaccines for control. (nature.com)
The capacity to rapidly develop and manufacture effective vaccines in large quantities is key in combating influenza pandemics. (nature.com)
used phage display libraries, and surface plasmon resonance to determine binding locations, and affinity of the antibodies produced in response to both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines 12 , 13 . (nature.com)
Australian scientists have found that two different vaccines used to control an infectious disease in chickens can recombine to create new lethal virus strains. (abc.net.au)
Fortunately, initial laboratory testing suggests the new virus would need to undergo significant changes to become capable of infecting and spreading easily among humans," said Dr. Ruben Donis, chief of the Molecular Virology and Vaccines Branch in CDC's Influenza Division. (livescience.com)
It's important that we figure out which virus is going to cause it because our only good preparations right now to combat the next pandemic are the development of vaccines and the development of anti-viral drugs. (thenakedscientists.com)
And it's particularly the development of vaccines that requires very specific knowledge about the virus that's going to cause the pandemic. (thenakedscientists.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
Current strategies to control swine influenza virus (SIV) in animals typically include one of several commercially available bivalent swine influenza virus vaccines. (medscape.com)

Because antigenic drift variants of human IAVs replace each other over time, younger persons only have been exposed to more recent strains and human population immunity against older human IAVs gradually decreases ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
And when we resolved the reservoirs of influenza in the aquatic birds of the world the wild ducks and the wild free-flying aquatic birds there was somewhat skepticism that these viruses in wild birds that were nonpathogenic completely nonpathogenic could possibly be the origin of the influenza viruses that later killed chickens or eventually transferred to humans and become pandemic strains. (cdc.gov)
Several strains of viruses can be responsible. (dailynewsegypt.com)
This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
The researchers compared the genomes from the U.S. and Germany and conducted lab studies with synthesized replicas of parts of the virus to learn how well different strains might have infected and replicated inside cells. (livescience.com)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Reassortment between influenza A(H7N9) and local H9N2 strains has spread from China's south-east coast to other regions. (eurosurveillance.org)
Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)

Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
For this bat influenza virus to infect humans, it would need to obtain genetic properties of human influenza viruses. (livescience.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Colin - Well that's really the difficulty and so right now, we operate under a very simple model whereby viruses that we observe to cause infections in humans are more likely to cause a pandemic than those viruses that we have not observed to infect humans. (thenakedscientists.com)

WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
According to information provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on April 17, 2007, "There have not been any human cases of avian influenza in the United States or North America, but there have been cases in other parts of the world such as Asia and Africa . (sourcewatch.org)
5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)

A reassortant IAV with an antigenically novel HA and the capacity to infect and spread in humans could cause a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
This can trigger a risk assessment of that virus with the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) , which is used to evaluate if the virus has the potential to cause a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)

The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
It is understandable because the influenza viruses in chickens that can kill a chicken overnight, or in pigs, are rather different from those in humans. (cdc.gov)
It also suggests that pigs could have played a role in maintaining and spreading the 1918 human pandemic influenza virus. (scienceblog.com)
Swine flu is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza among the animals and can be transmitted to humans. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers did not find a significant difference in effects from the 1918 and 1930 viruses in infected pigs. (scienceblog.com)
Scientists have been using cells from chickens, dogs, monkeys and hamsters to study influenza viruses that infect pigs and humans. (sdepscor.org)
With components from flu viruses known to affect pigs, birds and humans, it rapidly spread across the world to become pandemic. (nih.gov)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
In chickens, in pigs, horses, basically every animal in which we've ever looked hard enough to find an influenza virus we find influenza viruses. (thenakedscientists.com)
Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs. (cdc.gov)
Swine flu is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses (see the image below). (medscape.com)
However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. (medscape.com)

The World Health Organization designation of a pandemic hinges on the demonstrable fact that there is sustained HHT in two regions of the world. (wikipedia.org)
On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global influenza pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization , from 2003 through April 11, 2007, there have been 291 laboratory-confirmed cases in humans, of whom, 172 died. (sourcewatch.org)
Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)

On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The source of the human infections remains under investigation. (cdc.gov)
Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , most prominently bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Arthropods such as ticks , mites , fleas , and lice , can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed infestation . (wikipedia.org)
Animal flu Have you have wondered about flu infections in species other than humans? (abc.net.au)
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. (paho.org)
Those [viral infections] in the second wave look like they were better adapted to humans," said study lead author Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, an evolutionary biologist at the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany's federal disease control and prevention agency. (livescience.com)
CDC data on the most current case counts for variant flu virus infections in humans reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections cause seasonal lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in infants and young children. (msdmanuals.com)
Bird flu has been making headlines over the past month, resulting in millions of bird deaths, driving up poultry and egg prices, and raising public concern over potential human infections. (ajc.com)
2 While human infections with other subgroups of H7 influenza viruses (e.g. (who.int)

She is also a subject matter expert for CDC Influenza Vaccination Policy. (cdc.gov)
So I'm going to run through a brief update on what's new in the ACIP influenza vaccination recommendations for this season 2016-2017. (cdc.gov)
Public health actions include continued vaccination, monitoring of pandemic influenza A virus circulation and illness, and reducing the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the community (e.g. school closures ). (cdc.gov)
Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged 6 months or older who do not have contraindications. (medscape.com)
When the system went to phase 5 - sustained human-to-human transmission in at least two WHO regions - emergency response plans were accelerated, and preparations for vaccination began. (foreignpolicy.com)
Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
How effective would antiviral vaccination and antiviral drug prevention and treatment strategies be for reducing the impact of the next influenza pandemic? (bvsalud.org)

Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021. (cdc.gov)
During periods of low influenza activity, influenza testing should be performed upon admission in all patients who require hospitalization with acute respiratory illness (with or without fever), who have been in contact with a person diagnosed with influenza, or who have recently traveled from a location known to have influenza activity. (medscape.com)
In hospitalized patients with respiratory failure who are receiving mechanical ventilation, including those in whom influenza testing results were negative based on upper respiratory tract specimens, endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens should be collected for influenza testing as soon as possible. (medscape.com)
H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
In 1918 a human influenza virus known as the Spanish flu spread through the central United States while a swine respiratory disease occurred concurrently. (scienceblog.com)
Richt said the virus was able to infect and replicate in swine and cause mild respiratory disease. (scienceblog.com)
The new study shows that in order to spread via air between ferrets, the virus required changes to both its replication machinery and to the protein it uses to latch onto cells in the animals' respiratory tract. (sciencenews.org)
The 1918 influenza pandemic was the deadliest respiratory pandemic of the 20th century and determined the genomic make-up of subsequent human influenza A viruses (IAV). (researchgate.net)
Bioaerosol sampling for respiratory viruses in Singapore's mass rapid transit network. (cdc.gov)
In an effort to enhance respiratory virus surveillance in Singapore, our team conducted a pilot study employing a noninvasive bioaerosol sampling method to detect respiratory viruses in Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. (cdc.gov)
Nine (10%) tested positive for adenovirus, four (4.5%) tested positive for respiratory syncytial virus type A, and one (1%) tested positive for influenza A virus using real-time RT-PCR/PCR. (cdc.gov)
Our pilot study data support the possibility of employing bioaerosol samplers in crowded public spaces to noninvasively monitor for respiratory viruses circulating in communities. (cdc.gov)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
New research shows that this bird flu currently lacks the protein key to unlock certain cells in the human upper respiratory tract, preventing it from spreading via a sneeze or a cough. (sourcewatch.org)

Humans and swine are susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs) of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H1 and H3, which are widespread in both species. (cdc.gov)
Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)

A(H7N9) virus-specific antibody responses were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization (NT) assays. (ox.ac.uk)
Chinese public health officials have investigated human contacts of patients with confirmed H7N9. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
We characterized the A/Shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of A/H7N9 disease in China. (flutrackers.com)
Meng Z , Han R , Hu Y , Yuan Z , Jiang S , Zhang X , Xu J . Possible pandemic threat from new reassortment of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China. (eurosurveillance.org)
Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus re-emerged in China in December 2013, after a decrease in the number of new cases during the preceding six months. (eurosurveillance.org)
H7N9 is an avian (bird) influenza virus first reported in humans in 2013 in China. (enewspf.com)
No human cases of H7N9 influenza have been detected to date in the United States. (enewspf.com)
H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)

A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)

As human population immunity against these IAVs gradually decreases, the risk of reintroduction to humans increases. (cdc.gov)
Human population immunity is a major factor determining the pandemic risk for swIAVs. (cdc.gov)
While seasonal outbreaks are associated with mutation of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein on the viral surface to escape neutralization by antibodies generated in previous exposures, pandemics result from the introduction of completely new viruses into populations, where there is little pre-existing immunity to that virus 2 . (nature.com)
And because influenza viruses continuously mutate and have shown the ability to generate viruses that humans have low levels of immunity to, we know an influenza pandemic could come at any time. (cdc.gov)
ii) Cytokine storm, that is, hyperreaction of the immune system that could potentially cause severe damages in the host, might explain the more severe outcomes observed among young adults (who have stronger immunity) and fewer deaths observed in children and elderly (who have weaker immune system) [ 10 ], although the findings have mainly stemmed from experimental studies of avian influenza in nonhuman hosts. (hindawi.com)
Most people have no immunity to such new viruses. (nih.gov)
In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, if the virus mutates and becomes easily transmissible between humans, it could result in an influenza pandemic because most people have little to no immunity to it. (enewspf.com)

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. (wikipedia.org)
Seasonal H3N2 flu is a human flu from H3N2 that is slightly different from one of the previous year's flu season H3N2 variants. (wikipedia.org)
The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)

A new strain of flu virus has been discovered in fruit bats in Guatemala, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (livescience.com)

Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
Almost all confirmed cases have been sporadic, with no epidemiologic link to other human cases, and are presumed to have resulted from exposure to infected birds ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
Then when we had the pandemic in 2009, with the advent of molecular sequencing, we could really tell that the newly emerging viruses could be traced back right to the aquatic birds of the world. (cdc.gov)
Hammond lived in the hills nearby, and decided to drive to her home, and discussed the possibility of making a stained glass window to depict the One Health concept of influenza, showing how the viruses developed from the aquatic birds of the world, spread through the pig to the human. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
A new study has found that bird flu virus could survive for up to two years in the carcasses of buried birds. (abc.net.au)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
The genetic mutations that popped up between the first and second waves may have made the virus better adapted to spreading among humans, rather than between birds, its natural hosts. (livescience.com)
Researchers monitored the continuing avian flu pandemic to gauge its evolving risk to both humans and birds. (medindia.net)
There have been thousands of outbreaks in birds and dozens in other animals, and the virus hasn't spilled over into humans," DeRisi told the university. (ajc.com)
That gives us some confidence that the biological barrier that the virus would have to cross between birds and us is high. (ajc.com)
That being said, scientists are concerned about other viruses being carried by birds. (ajc.com)
According to one CDC expert, the shear number of viruses carried by birds is a concern in general. (ajc.com)
It's a big jump for a virus to go from birds into mammals, and then if it's transmitting quite well there's a greater chance it will jump into humans. (ajc.com)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
Avian influenza (flu), which has been transmitted from birds to humans on a limited basis, can be rapidly fatal, with a reported death rate o. (bvsalud.org)

Three pieces of epidemiological information were assessed: (i) the epidemic records containing the age-specific numbers of cases and deaths of influenza from 1918-19, (ii) an outbreak record of influenza in a Swiss TB sanatorium during the pandemic, and (iii) the age-dependent TB mortality over time in the early 20th century. (hindawi.com)
Pandemic flu comes rarely - only 3 times in the 20th century - but can be devastating. (nih.gov)

The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
The virus, described in a new study, is not currently a threat to people because it cannot infect us, but should be monitored as a potential source for human influenza, the CDC said. (livescience.com)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
And so, if we had a new virus that emerged today and then we to go into the lab and do a bunch of experiments on it, that would take a lot time and a lot of money when we might actually be better spending that time actually responding to containing that virus because we're better able to assess that as a threat. (thenakedscientists.com)
The European Union has declared the spread of bird flu from Asia into the EU as a global threat requiring international cooperation, saying western Europe is ill prepared to deal with an influenza emergency. (sourcewatch.org)
Does a pandemic have to be a threat that humans have never before seen? (foreignpolicy.com)
Current assessment of pandemic threat. (who.int)
Human resource shortages in the health services are widely acknowledged as a threat to the attainment of the healthrelated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (bvsalud.org)

An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
The IRAT evaluates animal-origin flu viruses based on their risk of emergence (acquiring the ability to spread easily and efficiently in people) and their potential public health impact. (cdc.gov)
it's a complicated process, but it can sometimes lead to the emergence of new influenza viruses in humans. (livescience.com)
Comparative approaches have unveiled diverse evolutionary patterns, highlighting both stable host-virus associations over extended evolutionary timescales and much more recent viral emergence events. (researchgate.net)

Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
Bird flu viruses are just a few genetic steps away from the flu virus that caused the deadly 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, a new study shows. (abc.net.au)
Experts agreed to publish mutant bird flu paper only after author explained that the virus was 'much less lethal' than previously feared. (abc.net.au)
A minimum of five genetic alterations are needed to make the bird flu into a virus that can infect ferrets - lab stand-ins for people - through the air, report Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and colleagues in the April 10 Cell . (sciencenews.org)
The so called bird flu, the chicken disease that has killed a wopping 59 people in the world, the disease that cannot (and will not) be transmitted from human to human, but is going to sweep the world. (sourcewatch.org)
The chances of the bird flu becoming an international pandemic killing seqdrillions of us, crippling world economies, causing the closure of international borders and generally creating fear , panic and loathing not seen since the last witch was burnt or since we routinely expelled lepers from our midst, are negligible. (sourcewatch.org)
Will the bird flu become the next pandemic? (ajc.com)
According to the experts, however, bird flu is unlikely to become the next human pandemic. (ajc.com)
According to two California-based experts, bird flu is unlikely to spread to humans in its current state. (ajc.com)
Bird flu is fairly unlikely to be the next pandemic," Natasha Spottiswoode, MD, PhD, told the University of California San Francisco . (ajc.com)
Indonesian Official Suggests U.S., Others Developing Biological Weapons from Bird Flu Virus. (ajtmh.org)

We examined 549 serum samples from persons 0-97 years of age collected in Belgium during 2017-2018 for hemagglutination inhibiting and virus neutralizing antibodies against 7 major H1 swine IAV (swIAV) clades and 3 human progenitor IAVs. (cdc.gov)
In 2009, only persons born before the 1950s had cross-reactive antibodies against pH1N1, so a pandemic was possible ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
The human body makes rare antibodies effective against all flu viruses and these might be boosted to design a better universal flu treatment, researchers report. (abc.net.au)
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
Passive transfer of serum antibodies from convalescent patients has been used in the past ( 7 , 8 ), however, this approach is of limited use in a global pandemic emergency. (frontiersin.org)
A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)

2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)

A pandemic occurs when people are easily infected with a novel influenza A virus that has the ability to spread in a sustained manner from person-to-person. (cdc.gov)
As coincidence would have it, Dr. Stephen Redd was wrapping up an influenza (flu) pandemic planning meeting on April 15, 2009, when someone on the phone reported that a new (or novel) influenza A virus had infected a 10-year-old boy in California. (cdc.gov)
Once a novel influenza A virus is identified and is spreading from person-to-person in a sustained manner, public health officials use the PSAF to help determine the impact of the pandemic. (cdc.gov)

When increasing numbers of human cases of novel influenza A illness are identified and the virus has the potential to spread from person-to-person, public health actions focus on control of the outbreak, including treatment of sick persons. (cdc.gov)
In 2014, the US also reported an outbreak of the virus. (dailynewsegypt.com)
The outbreak was the first known instance of the virus jumping the species barrier. (medindia.net)
Seven years after the declaration of the first epidemic of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, the country faced a new outbreak-between 14 February and 19 June 2021-near the epicentre of the previous epidemic1,2. (researchgate.net)
Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
A 1976 outbreak of swine influenza in Fort Dix, New Jersey, involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, and one death. (medscape.com)

Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also regulates antiviral immune responses and is therefore modulated by a number of viruses. (frontiersin.org)
2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Other major threats to Singapore include MERS-coronavirus and various avian and swine influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
In 1918, the cause of human influenza and its links to avian and swine influenza was not understood. (medscape.com)

Juergen A. Richt, Regents Distinguished Professor of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology at K-State's College of Veterinary Medicine, studied the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic with colleagues from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Mount Sinai School of Medicine. (scienceblog.com)

We define the needs for surveillance in terms of the key decisions that must be made in response to a pandemic: how large a response to mount and which control measures to implement, for whom, and when. (nih.gov)
We describe other inputs to decision making besides epidemiologic and surveillance data, and we conclude with key lessons of the 2009 pandemic for designing and planning surveillance in the future. (nih.gov)
WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)
In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
They used influenza surveillance data covering 40% of the population that was compiled by a large private health system, the Mexican Institute for Social Security. (nih.gov)
They are constantly evolving, and that's why surveillance in animals and humans is so important. (ajc.com)
It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)

DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Preliminary research on the new virus suggests that its genes are compatible with human influenza viruses , the CDC said. (livescience.com)
Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Natural selection and the evolution of immune genes in humans and closely-related species. (researchgate.net)

Antibody titers against human-like swIAVs and supposed human precursor IAVs correlated with correlation coefficients of 0.30-0.86. (cdc.gov)
Another surprising finding from the study was the rapid antibody response in the animals infected with the 1918 virus, which is not typically reported for the swine influenza virus. (scienceblog.com)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)

CDC uses two tools (the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool and the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework ) to evaluate the pandemic risk that a new influenza A virus can pose. (cdc.gov)
CDC scientists also developed to tool to assess the severity of a future pandemic-the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework (PSAF). (cdc.gov)

The study, published today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to find influenza viruses in fruit bats. (livescience.com)

London (aho) - Following further laboratory results, the Chief Veterinary Officer has confirmed that the strain of H7 Avian Influenza present in laying hens at the farm in Banbury (Oxfordshire) is highly pathogenic. (animal-health-online.de)
Further laboratory tests are in progress to identify the N type and possible relationships with previously identified viruses. (animal-health-online.de)
Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
Four of those pandemics started with viruses that came directly from animals and one of them happened probably as a product of an unintentional laboratory release. (thenakedscientists.com)

Questions are limited to clinicians who have questions about strategies to improve influenza prevention and control in children during the 2016 and 2017 season. (cdc.gov)

Images from the article on the development of primary cell cultures from swine epithelial cells to study influenza viruses are featured on the cover of the February 2019 Virology journal. (sdepscor.org)

The principal changes which we'll be going over are first the biggest one that the live attenuated influenza is not recommended for use in any population during the 2016-17 season. (cdc.gov)

This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)

The acceleration (or "speeding up") is the upward epidemiological curve as the new virus infects susceptible people. (cdc.gov)
Understanding the most serious pandemic and its epidemiological features is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of severe influenza outcomes and possibly planning effective countermeasures in the future. (hindawi.com)
Immediately following the detection of virological or epidemiological signals of a change in virus transmission patterns, local authorities, supported by national and regional resources, should apply measures aimed at reducing transmission, as outlined in the strategy. (who.int)

An influenza pandemic is declared ended when enough data shows that the influenza virus, worldwide, is similar to a seasonal influenza virus in how it spreads and the severity of the illness it can cause. (cdc.gov)
If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Fatalities are high: about 60 percent of people infected with the virus have died from their illness. (dailynewsegypt.com)
CDC worked closely with state and local public health officials to investigate reported cases and to detect additional cases of human illness with this virus. (cdc.gov)
Yet, influenza pandemics are one of the world's greatest public health threats because of their potential to overwhelm public health and healthcare systems, and cause widespread illness, death, and social disruption. (cdc.gov)
To understand how illness and death are produced, a mouse model was studied with all three types of viruses. (usda.gov)
Pandemics are associated with widespread illness - and sometimes death - even in otherwise healthy people. (bcm.edu)
Must it cause substantial human illness and death? (foreignpolicy.com)
In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)
In addition, influenza C viruses may also cause illness in swine. (medscape.com)

The first wave of the pandemic, in early 1918, was less deadly than those that followed, and the preserved lungs of the two German soldiers who died in Berlin date from that time, he said. (livescience.com)
But the form of the flu virus found in their lungs had several genetic differences from the form of the virus that infected the young woman who died in Munich, presumably in a later wave of the pandemic. (livescience.com)
And they diverged even more from two genomes of the virus from Alaska and New York that dated from the second wave of the pandemic in late 1918, according to a new study published to the preprint database bioRxiv and which has not yet been peer-reviewed. (livescience.com)
Here, we analyze the first 1918 IAV genomes from Europe and from the first, milder wave of the pandemic. (researchgate.net)

Regional Committee for Africa held in Maputo, Mozambique, expressed concern about the potential impact of the pandemic in countries of the Region and proposed setting up a technical advisory group. (who.int)
The impact of the pandemic is likely to be the greatest in low-income countries, as these countries already have inadequate and strained health care resources. (who.int)

However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
Such cases might occurr in people who had contact with sick or dead poultry that were infected with these viruses. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Springdale (aho) - Tyson Foods Inc., the second largest U.S. chicken producer, on Tuesday said that a flock of breeder hens (15,000 animals) at the farm of one of its contract poultry producers in northwest Arkansas has been exposed to a low pathogenic strain of avian influenza (AI). (animal-health-online.de)

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)

The Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) is one example. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy14

Organisms58

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Humanities3

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Named Groups4

Health Care41

Geographicals19

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H5N143

Infection41

Preparedness and response7

Epidemics8

Hong Kong11

Vaccine20

Vaccines12

Strains14

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Cases of avian influenza4

Cause a pandemic3

Pigs14

World Health Organ5

Infections12

Vaccination7

Respiratory14

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H7N912

Highly pathogeni1

Immunity8

H3N27

CENTERS FOR DISEAS1

Birds17

20th century2

Threat8

Emergence4

Bird flu13

Antibodies6

Hemagglutinin1

Novel influenza A vir3

Outbreak7

Antiviral3

Avian and swine influenza2

1918 Spanish flu pand1

Surveillance8

Genes5

Antibody3

Severity Assessment Framework2

Find influenza viruses1

Laboratory4

Prevention1

Virology1

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19682

Epidemiological3

Illness10

Wave of the pandemic4

Impact of the pandemic2

Poultry3

Pathogenic influenza1

Risk Assessment Tool1