• The extent of influenza activity caused by strains of the two seasonal influenza A virus subtypes (seasonal H1N1 and H3N2) that have cocirculated since 1977 and influenza B virus strains is unpredictable, although seasonal H1N1 virus strains have been detected very rarely worldwide since 2009. (cdc.gov)
  • In the postpandemic period, 2009 H1N1 virus strains now are considered to be the predominant seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • We directly sequenced the genomes of 154 H3N2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of H3N2 strains and to inform the H3N2 vaccine selection process. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Antigenic analysis demonstrated that viruses in the emerging subclade 3C.3 and subgroup 3C-2012/13 were not well inhibited by antisera generated against the 3C.1 vaccine strains used for the 2012/13 (A/Victoria/361/2011) or 2013/14 (A/Texas/50/2012) seasons. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
  • One reason is that the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses requires continuous global monitoring and frequent reformulation of the vaccine strains. (who.int)
  • The information provided by GISN through its participating institutions has identified new influenza threats, substantially helped define the epidemiology of influenza and the molecular evolution of the viruses, and formed the basis for selecting new influenza vaccine strains and for updating diagnostic tests. (who.int)
  • Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
  • Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Notably, the virus was more similar to swine IAVs than human influenza strains. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each year's flu shots contain the scientific community's best estimate of the H1N1, H3N2, and Influenza B strains that will predominate in the coming season. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza A/H1N1 viruses continued to undergo antigenic "drift" in comparison to the reference strains from A/USSR/90/77-like strains to A/Singapure/6/86-like variants. (iospress.nl)
  • The isolated influenza A/H1N1/1995 strains were A/Texas/36/91-like. (iospress.nl)
  • B) Antibody response in the human population, which the authors propose to have contributed to the elimination of existing seasonal influenza virus strains. (atrainceu.com)
  • Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
  • The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2017-18, the influenza A/H3N2 was the predominant virus-and is also one of the strains that is particularly dangerous for high-risk individuals and seniors. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • Lytras said he hopes the study will result in further research on targeted flu treatment and the efficacy of oseltamivir for treatment in certain strains of influenza. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • H3N2, on the other hand, has been circulating in humans since the late 1960s and is one of the most common strains of seasonal flu viruses that cause outbreaks and epidemics each year. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. (lookformedical.com)
  • The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Infections during the season were predominantly due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, with 90% of notifications being influenza A (56% A(H1N)1pdm09, 30% A(unsubtyped) and 4% A(H3N2)) and 10% being influenza B. The A(H1), A(H3) and B influenza viruses circulating during the 2010 season were antigenically similar to the respective 2010 vaccine strains. (health.gov.au)
  • The discovery helped overturn the prior commonly held belief that previous exposure to a flu virus conferred little or no immunological protection against strains that can jump from animals into humans, such as those causing the so-called swine flu or bird flu. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The team analyzed health records that the Arizona Department of Health Services routinely obtains from hospitals and private physicians to track flu cases to study how different strains of the flu virus affect people at different ages. (scitechdaily.com)
  • To understand the discrepancy, the researchers dug into the evolutionary relationships between influenza virus strains. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In other words, if you were a child and had your first bout of flu in 1955, when the H1N1 but not H3N2 virus was circulating, an infection with H3N2 was much more likely to land you in the hospital than an infection with H1N1 last year, when both strains were circulating," Worobey says. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While monitoring influenza virus resistance as it develops, researchers are prioritizing further investigations to decrease the risk of resistant strains. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Although currently available antiviral drugs can reduce the symptoms of influenza and limit virus transmission, the possibility of selecting resistant strains still exists, meaning influenza treatment continues to be a challenge. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • The greatest impact of influenza is normally seen when new strains appear against which most of the population lacks immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Pandemics can result from antigenic shift because antibodies against other strains (resulting from vaccination or natural infection) provide little or no protection against the new strain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
  • The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • Our data support updating the H3N2 vaccine strain to a clade 3C.2 or 3C.3-like strain or a subclade that has drifted further. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • While vaccination against meningococcal disease is the most important prevention strategy, influenza vaccination could provide further protection, particularly in young children where the meningococcal disease vaccine is not recommended or protective against the most common serogroup. (nih.gov)
  • There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
  • Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
  • Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza vaccine remains our best means for prevention, and it's still not too late to get the influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccine is the best available protection against the disease. (who.int)
  • Another reason is that the rapid spread of these viruses during seasonal epidemics, as well as the occasional pandemic, means that each step in the vaccine process must be completed within very tight time frames if vaccine is to be manufactured and delivered in time. (who.int)
  • In response to the realities imposed by influenza, a highly functional process has evolved over decades in which the public and private sectors work together to develop and produce influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • This paper, and the accompanying Diagram, describe many aspects of the influenza vaccine process including important similarities and differences in how seasonal human influenza viruses and H5N1 viruses are handled. (who.int)
  • The results of that data examination in turn allow these experts to select candidate vaccine viruses that might be included -- if they pass additional testing -- in the following season's vaccines. (who.int)
  • Before 2004, GISN primarily focused on seasonal influenza viruses for vaccine development but since 2004, has expanded its scope to include H5N1 viruses because this virus constitutes an unusually serious pandemic risk. (who.int)
  • Therefore, WHO now reviews the available antigenic and genetic data on animal and human H5N1 viruses in addition to the analyses of seasonal vaccine stains and has developed and made H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses available to vaccine producers so they can work on developing safe and effective human H5N1 vaccines for potential productioni. (who.int)
  • Some of these H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses have been used by manufacturers to produce human influenza H5N1 vaccines, some of which have been tested in clinical trials. (who.int)
  • Except Dr. Lisa Grohskopf would like to disclose that ACIP recommends that people with egg allergies should receive the influenza vaccine even though an egg allergy is a labeled contraindication for most influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Outline background information about updated recommendations for the use of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) in children. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Grohskopf is a Medical Officer in the Influenza Division at the Centers for Disease Control Prevention and works in influenza vaccine policy development and also serves as lead of the ACIP Influenza Work Group. (cdc.gov)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • The majority of influenza viruses tested are in the same genetic subclade as and antigenically similar to the influenza viruses included in this season's influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses known to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt or found upon further testing to be a vaccine virus are not included, as they are not circulating influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Within the Vaccine Safety Datalink, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine influenza vaccination coverage during the 2016-2017 through the 2021-2022 influenza seasons among pregnant people aged 18-49 years. (cdc.gov)
  • We describe simultaneous influenza and mRNA COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccine administration between August 31-December 31, 2022, among persons aged 6months in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) by COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccine type, influenza vaccine type, age group, sex, and race and ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
  • These findings can inform future VSD studies on simultaneous influenza and COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccine safety and coverage, which may have implications for immunization service delivery. (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza tested 403 isolates of which 261 were positive for influenza, 250 of which were influenza A and 11 were influenza B. Ninety-two per cent of the influenza A viruses were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009, and following antigenic analysis all of these were found to be similar to the current vaccine strain. (who.int)
  • estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness each year. (who.int)
  • The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
  • The H3N2 isolates were antigenically similar to the reference strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. (health.gov.au)
  • The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • This influenza subtype causes significant morbidity and mortality especially among the elderly, and is often poorly covered by the seasonal influenza vaccine," Lytras said. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • getting an annual flu vaccine is the best way to prevent H3N2 and other flu viruses. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • It caused a pandemic in 2009 and has since been included in the seasonal flu vaccine. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • We created Uniflu candidate vaccine based on recombinant HBc4M2e protein consisting of 4 tandem-connected copies of the highly conserved ectodomain of M2 protein of the influenza A virus. (crie.ru)
  • Uniflu can be proposed as pre-pandemic vaccine, provided that it passes clinical trials. (crie.ru)
  • Neirynck S., Deroot I., Saelans X., Vanlandschoot P., Jou W., Fiers W. A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein. (crie.ru)
  • M2e-based universal influenza A vaccine. (crie.ru)
  • Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain. (crie.ru)
  • Jegerlehner A., Schmitz N., Storni T., Bachmann M.F. Influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of M2: weak protection mediated via antibody-dependent NK cell activity. (crie.ru)
  • Universal vaccine based on ectodomain of matrix protein 2 of influenza A: Fc receptors and alveolar macrophages mediate protection. (crie.ru)
  • Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • These efforts track currently circulating influenza viruses, identify novel influenza viruses of public health importance, monitor antiviral drug susceptibility, and characterize circulating seasonal viruses for guiding influenza vaccine virus selection. (cdc.gov)
  • Two of the influenza detections (influenza A and B co-infections) are known and 22 are suspected to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt. (canada.ca)
  • In week 44, 37 laboratory detections of influenza were reported (18 influenza A and 19 influenza B). Two of the influenza detections are known to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt and 22 are suspected to be associated with recent LAIV receipt. (canada.ca)
  • For more information, refer to the Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2021-2022 (Section IV.2). (canada.ca)
  • These recommendations extensively revise previous influenza vaccine recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) (superseding MMWR 1983;32:333-7) and provide information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for control of influenza in the 1984-1985 influenza season and on target groups for which special influenza control programs are recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Getting a flu vaccine can protect against these viruses as well as additional flu viruses that are antigenically similar to the viruses used to make the vaccine. (greenvillenr.com)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Co-infection of infl uenza A viruses enables viral gene pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus-specifi c hydrolysis probes reassortments, thereby generating progeny viruses (Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA) with novel genotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. (who.int)
  • However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. (who.int)
  • Based on quantitative Western blot analysis, only two of the 45 (4.4%) Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients showed specific antibody response against the NS1 protein from the H1N1pdm09 virus, indicating past infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. (plos.org)
  • Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
  • Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
  • This report contains information on treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza virus infection and provides a summary of the effectiveness and safety of antiviral treatment medications. (cdc.gov)
  • Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • Prior influenza infection is a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease. (nih.gov)
  • 1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
  • When you look at the overall volume of influenza infection in the community, death related to flu in children is still a relatively rare outcome. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory an infection caused by influenza viruses. (infotrace.net)
  • Wellness and care employees are at substantial possibility of buying influenza virus an infection thanks to increased exposure to the clients, and of even further spreading especially to susceptible men and women. (infotrace.net)
  • However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for the prevention of influenza infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Earlier this week, the World Health Organization raised its pandemic alert level to 5 (out of 6), indicating widespread human infection of an animal influenza capable of causing community-level outbreaks. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Clinical consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) returned to pre-season or below baseline levels in most of the countries in the WHO European Region. (flutrackers.com)
  • Methylated ß-lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. (hbsraevents.org)
  • This study suggests that continuous monitoring of influenza infection in companion animals may be necessary to investigate the potential of the emergence of novel influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza is an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. (health.gov.au)
  • Although influenza infection affects all age groups, the rates of serious morbidity and mortality tend to be highest among those aged 65 years and over, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and those with chronic medical problems. (health.gov.au)
  • The most common cause of infection is H3N2, also known as the "Hong Kong flu. (krdigitalmakers.com)
  • Symptoms of H3N2 infection are similar to those of other flu viruses and can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual's age and health status. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • In severe cases, H3N2 infection can lead to complications like pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death, especially in people with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • In severe cases, H3N2 infection can lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure, especially in people with weakened immune systems, the elderly, or young children. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
  • they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, M2Is could not be used to treat influenza B infection (IBI) due to the lack of M2 protein on its surface. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)
  • Influenza-control options should also be made available to individuals who wish to reduce their chances of acquiring influenza infection or to reduce the severity of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, flu vaccines will NOT protect against infection and illness caused by other viruses that also can cause influenza-like symptoms. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and subsequently replaced the seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. (who.int)
  • In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • In sentinel sources, both influenza A subtypes, A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, are co-circulating and of the influenza B viruses, the vast majority (97%) are B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • Based on the results of outpatient and hospital surveillance, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continued to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections having been reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 1342 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 12/2014, 594 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 748 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 25 143 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 14 835 (59%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 308 (41%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
  • Citing scientific literature, the Sunnyvale, CA-based firm noted that variants of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic [(H1N1)pdm09] virus and influenza A virus subtype H3N2 [A(H3N2)] virus containing matrix gene mutations are currently circulating. (labpulse.com)
  • Moreover, almost all research on oseltamivir to date has focused on patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, the pandemic strain from 2009. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • And although it is evidence to support current recommendations, it is different from past such evidence that have focused on A(H1N1)pdm09. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ La compréhension de l'évolution génétique des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 permet de mieux sélectionner les souches devant être ajoutées au vaccin antigrippal annuel. (who.int)
  • Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. (who.int)
  • H1 describes the virus's HA subtype and N1 describes the neuraminidase subtype. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
  • Another important message for providers is to know when to use oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) or other neuraminidase inhibitors for the management of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • On the contrary, its neuraminidase and non-structural segments belonged to the clade 1C avian-like swine influenza A(H1N1) found in Eurasia. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The letters H and N stand for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two kinds of protein on the surface of the influenza virus. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • For example, H1N1 has a coat of the first subtype of hemagglutinin and the first subtype of neuraminidase. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Hemagglutinin helps a virus attach to and insert itself into a target cell, while neuraminidase is what helps the viruses break back out and spread to other cells. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • To date, 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes have been identified ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Three viruses (0.9%) were found to be oseltamivir resistant due to an H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase gene. (who.int)
  • The virus contained a subtype 1 hemagglutinin protein (H1) and a subtype 1 neuraminidase protein (N1). (atrainceu.com)
  • A) H1N1 indicates virus with hemagglutinin subtype 1 and neuraminidase subtype 1. (atrainceu.com)
  • H2N2 and H3N2 indicate viruses with hemagglutinin subtype 2 and neuraminidase subtype 2 and hemagglutinin subtype 3 and neuraminidase subtype 2, respectively. (atrainceu.com)
  • Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)
  • The virus is named after the two main surface proteins on its surface, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which allow the virus to enter and exit host cells. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. (lookformedical.com)
  • A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. (lookformedical.com)
  • Our immune response is triggered by the virus' hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins, shown in semi-transparent blue. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) were used as an antiviral agent because neuraminidase can facilitate the release of viral particles by severing the sialic acid groups hemagglutinin-a surface protein influenza uses-is bound to. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11, respectively). (greenvillenr.com)
  • And there's a neuraminidase (the N protein) that lets the virus escape from the infected cells (see Flu Wiki's science section for more details). (typepad.com)
  • Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • Flu symptoms are easy to spot, but figuring out which strain of influenza is at work is often a complex and time consuming task. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Influenza A viruses may cause flu pandemics when a new influenza A virus strain emerges with the ability to infect and spread efficiently. (diasorin.com)
  • Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The researchers submitted the remaining sample material to the Danish National Influenza Center, which confirmed it was positive for the pandemic H1N1 strain. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • This viral strain had several genetic and antigenic differences from other influenza A viruses detected in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Two of the drugs, dextromethorphan and ketotifen, displayed a 50% effective dose between 5 and 50 μM, not only for the classic H1N1 PR8 strain, but also for a pandemic H1N1 and a seasonal H3N2 strain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dextromethorphan treatment of ferrets infected with a pandemic H1N1 strain led to a reduction in clinical disease severity, but no effect on viral titer was observed. (frontiersin.org)
  • The 2010 Victorian influenza season was characterized by normal seasonal influenza activity and the dominance of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 strain. (who.int)
  • 2 The pandemic strain continued to be dominant around the world into the 2009/2010 northern hemisphere influenza season and there was considerable interest in the epidemiology of a likely second southern hemisphere pandemic wave during the 2010 influenza season. (who.int)
  • The latter has been also eliminated by the emerging next pandemic strain influenza A/H3N2 in 1968-69. (iospress.nl)
  • Cepheid said its respiratory tests all utilize a multitarget approach for the detection of influenza, providing target redundancy to mitigate the potential impact of genetic shift and drift on strain detection. (labpulse.com)
  • In 2009, a new strain of H1N1 influenza emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic in which an estimated 280,000 people died. (atrainceu.com)
  • A recent study in the US enlightens that the main strain of virus circulating in the pigs were swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1, (tr) H3N2 and (tr) H1N2. (godigit.com)
  • As an answer to what H1N1 is, scientists and researchers explained that it is a new strain of virus originating from pigs but spreads from person to person. (godigit.com)
  • Kim M.C., Lee Y.N., Ko E.J. Supplementation of influenza split vaccines with conserved M2 ectodomains overcomes strain specificity and provides long-term cross protection. (crie.ru)
  • How successfully a person can fend off the flu depends not only on the virus' notorious ability to change with the season, but also on the strain first encountered during childhood, according to new research published in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens on December 19, 2019. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The findings offer an explanation for why some patients fare much worse than others when infected with the same strain of the flu virus. (scitechdaily.com)
  • For decades, scientists and healthcare professionals were vexed by the fact that the same strain of the flu virus affects people to various degrees of severity. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The survival properties include virus escape from the immune responses of humans previously infected or immunized with an earlier virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If a strain comparable to that of the 1918 pandemic was to occur, the global consequences are inconceivable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 15.6% for the A/H1N1 strain) during the 2005/2006 influenza season. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission of of short oligonucleotide sequences without compromising pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus from humans to pigs has the annealing temperature of these probes, we modifi ed been reported ( 2-5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is rare, and does not always lead to human illness, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza sub-types was made possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness and include chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, shortness of breath, and general discomfort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (zoonotic swine flu). (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to influenza and influenza-like illness in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person through airborne droplets. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, only H1N1 and H3N2 circulate among humans seasonally. (medscape.com)
  • Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
  • Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
  • So far, the avian and porcine subtypes of the influenza A viruses have not well adapted to humans. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • however, there was a substantial number of hospitalized young individuals without previous underlying health problems, attesting to the pathogenic potential of A(H1N1) 2009 in humans. (vetres.org)
  • Type A is the cause of epidemics and pandemics and infects animals and birds as well as humans. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • During this time, no cases of swine-origin influenza virus occurred in humans. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • More generally, this is just another reason for urgent investment in human and animal surveillance for influenza and other zoonotic diseases (a zoonotic disease is one humans get from animals). (scienceblogs.com)
  • The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • Variant viruses infect humans when they cause disease. (krdigitalmakers.com)
  • One such virus is H3N2, a subtype of the influenza A virus that causes seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which is a highly contagious respiratory virus that can cause seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • H3N2 first appeared in humans in 1968 during a pandemic known as the "Hong Kong flu. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • Both H1N1 and H3N2 are subtypes of the influenza A virus and can cause seasonal flu outbreaks in humans, but they have different genetic makeups and can vary in their severity and transmission. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • Species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS B that cause HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. (lookformedical.com)
  • Previously only found in humans, Influenza B virus has been isolated from seals which may constitute the animal reservoir from which humans are exposed. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • That's one reason why, when humans do catch it, the virus does a job on human lungs (but there are other reasons for why it's deadly, which I will not explore here, and which are not fully understood). (typepad.com)
  • If the combination of a novel virus that humans aren't immune to (from previous exposure) and easy transmission (due to factors such as are listed above), we could get a rapidly spread flu which, when it breaks out everywhere, is called a pandemic , an epidemic everywhere in the world. (typepad.com)
  • Now, the reason the news from Indonesia is so concerning is that we have a novel virus (H5N1) that has not just spread from birds to humans ( B2H ), but has spread in a family from human to human ( H2H ) and likely from human to human to human ( H2H2H ) or even perhaps H2H2H2H. (typepad.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP], 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Among all vaccines, however, the process of making influenza vaccines is considered uniquely complicated and difficult. (who.int)
  • Since 1971, WHO has provided formal recommendations for the composition of seasonal influenza vaccines based on the information provided by the GISN. (who.int)
  • Since the development and production of influenza vaccines requires several months, these recommendations precede the period of anticipated use by up to eight months. (who.int)
  • Dr. Flor Munoz would like to disclose that the use of influenza antivirals in hospitalized, severely ill patients is off label, and the use of influenza vaccines in pregnant women is off label. (cdc.gov)
  • List key recommendations in the AAP influenza policy statement, "Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2018-2019" and in the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices document, "Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2018-2019 Influenza Season. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
  • Also, it had poor reactogenicity to the currently used human seasonal influenza vaccines. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using influenza vaccines administered through March each season, we assessed crude coverage by demographic and clinical characteristics. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the lineage of 169 influenza B viruses has been determined: 155 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
  • This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
  • The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
  • H3N2 is known to mutate rapidly, which can make it more difficult to develop effective vaccines and antiviral medications. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • One of the main problems in the area of influenza prophylaxis and pandemic prevention is the development of cross-reactive vaccines, i.e. vaccines directed against all subtypes of human influenza viruses. (crie.ru)
  • Wood J.M. Developing vaccines against pandemic influenza. (crie.ru)
  • Current seasonal flu vaccines are formulated to protect against influenza viruses known to cause epidemics, including: one influenza A(H1N1) virus, one influenza A(H3N2) virus, one influenza B/Victoria lineage virus, and one influenza B/Yamagata lineage virus. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Seasonal flu vaccines do not protect against influenza C or D viruses or against zoonotic (animal-origin) flu viruses that can cause human infections, such as variant or avian (bird) flu viruses. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MVA vectors expressing conserved influenza proteins protect mice against lethal challenge with H5N1, H9N2 and H7N1 viruses. (crie.ru)
  • However, should something happen that would make a novel bird flu like H5N1 easier to spread, such as having the virus mutate to a form that likes the nose and upper airway receptors (so that it's easy to catch and easy to spread by sneezing), or prefers the temperature of the human nose, it could start to spread in a human population. (typepad.com)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The H2N2 virus was prevalent for only 11 years until 1968, when it was replaced by an H3N2 virus (Palese & Wang, 2011). (atrainceu.com)
  • and the 1968 'Hong Kong Flu' A(H3N2). (health.gov.au)
  • The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
  • The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968. (lookformedical.com)
  • In these circumstances (e.g., 1957 and 1968), pandemics occur, and a quarter or more of the U.S. population has been affected over a period of 2-3 months. (cdc.gov)
  • There were milder pandemics in 1957 and 1968, and we really haven't seen one since, at least on that scale. (typepad.com)
  • Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
  • Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • The modification of glycosylation sites for the 1918 and SI/06 viruses also caused changes in viral antigenicity based on cross-reactive hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers with antisera from mice infected with wild-type or glycan mutant viruses. (health-e-nc.org)
  • There's a hemagglutinin (the H protein), which lets the virus latch on to receptors on epithelial cells in the host's body. (typepad.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza A is responsible for infecting swine, and was first identified in 1918. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic which killed an estimated 50 million people was also an H1N1 virus, but in that situation the H1 originated from a bird. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • These results demonstrate that glycosylation patterns of the 1918 and seasonal H1N1 viruses directly contribute to differences in virulence and are partially responsible for their distinct antigenicity. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Lasting just over a year, the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic stands as a lasting reminder of what happens when governments and their citizens fail to meet a crisis head on. (atrainceu.com)
  • In the twentieth century, the most devastating example of a new influenza subtype emerging in the human population occurred in 1918. (atrainceu.com)
  • After the 1918 pandemic, H1N1 variants circulated for 39 years before being replaced by an H2N2 virus in 1957. (atrainceu.com)
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. (atrainceu.com)
  • Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe," the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. (atrainceu.com)
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 influenza subtype came on suddenly in March of 1918 and spread rapidly throughout the world. (atrainceu.com)
  • The "Spanish influenza" of 1918 is estimated to have hit nearly a third of the world's population. (atrainceu.com)
  • The 1918 pandemic occurred in three waves. (atrainceu.com)
  • The first wave was seen when mild influenza erupted in the late spring and summer of 1918. (atrainceu.com)
  • The second wave occurred with an outbreak of severe influenza in the fall of 1918 and the final wave hit in the spring of 1919. (atrainceu.com)
  • A relatively recent plague-like event was the 1918 flu pandemic, better known as Spanish flu, which caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide (some say even 100 million). (dnx.news)
  • After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
  • The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. (lookformedical.com)
  • Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. (who.int)
  • The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). (who.int)
  • Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. (who.int)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Ninety-9 % of deaths in kids underneath 5 yrs of age with influenza-associated decreased respiratory tract bacterial infections are in building nations. (infotrace.net)
  • Influenza C virus is detected considerably less usually and typically results in moderate infections, hence does not present public overall health relevance. (infotrace.net)
  • The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in producing international locations are not entirely regarded, but analysis estimates that 99% of deaths in youngsters under 5 many years of age with influenza connected reduce respiratory tract bacterial infections are in creating nations (2) . (infotrace.net)
  • Influenza viruses trigger influenza and respiratory infections respectively. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Infections can be triggered by seasonal and zoonotic influenza viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Zoonotic infections, for example avian or swine flu, are caused by influenza A viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • In the early 1970s there was considerable speculation about the way in which the influenza virus escaped immune responses and continued to cause repeated infections year after year. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Especially peculiar epidemic behavior have been observed in the case of influenza A/H1N1 infections during the last 40 years. (iospress.nl)
  • In about 15 minutes, the panel detects five of the most common viral causes of upper respiratory tract infections: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus. (labpulse.com)
  • Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Currently, India is only experiencing H3N2 and H1N1 infections. (krdigitalmakers.com)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Then, in 2016, a team including Worobey and authors of the current study presented a paper in the journal Science showing that past exposure to the flu virus determines an individual's response to subsequent infections, a phenomenon called immunological imprinting. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, sore throat, and nonproductive cough and, unlike many other common respiratory infections, can cause extreme malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In temperate regions, both influenza A and B cause winter epidemics, with sporadic cases and outbreaks occurring out of season. (who.int)
  • Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
  • The A/H1N1 viruses caused mostly local outbreaks among schoolchildren and youth during the epidemic season 1995-96. (iospress.nl)
  • While outbreaks of influenza may be traced as far back as 412 B.C.E. , the first pandemic , or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza occurred in 1580. (atrainceu.com)
  • In August 2010, the World Health Organization announced that pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) had moved into the post-pandemic period, although localized outbreaks of various magnitudes continue to occur. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Since then, it has continued to circulate as a seasonal flu virus, causing outbreaks and epidemics around the world. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • From August 29 to November 6, 2021 (weeks 35 to 44), 11 ILI outbreaks and no laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks have been reported. (canada.ca)
  • Two subtypes of influenza virus, H3N2 and H1N1, have been responsible for seasonal outbreaks of the flu over the last several decades. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. (who.int)
  • But influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in people at high risk. (who.int)
  • and 6) consideration of antiviral treatment for outpatients with confirmed or suspected influenza who do not have known risk factors for severe illness, if treatment can be initiated within 48 hours of illness onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses can cause disease among persons in any age group, but rates of illness are highest among children ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza illness caused by 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (2009 H1N1) virus is expected to occur during winter influenza seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. (cdc.gov)
  • It is estimated that, in the 2009 flu pandemic, 11-21% of the then global population (of about 6.8 billion), equivalent to around 700 million to 1.4 billion people, contracted the illness-more, in absolute terms, than the Spanish flu pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • The second is that while the outpatient volume of visits related to influenza-like illness (ILI) has really skyrocketed in emergency departments as well as outpatient clinics, most persons with influenza will have relatively mild disease that can be managed at home. (medscape.com)
  • As most people know, last season was a high-severity influenza season with high levels of outpatient clinic and emergency department visits for influenza-like illness, a high degree of influenza-related hospitalization rates, and elevated and geographically widespread activity across the country for an extended period of time. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses cause mild to severe respiratory illness with hospitalization or death, especially in elders, children, and people with health conditions. (diasorin.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Pandemics are associated with widespread illness - and sometimes death - even in otherwise healthy people. (bcm.edu)
  • Earlier in Denmark, an elderly patient with comorbidities experienced classical influenza-like illness (ILI). (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Given the wide clinical spectrum and variable levels of diagnostic testing for influenza, several surveillance programmes that target different populations are used to monitor activity of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) in Victoria. (who.int)
  • bug" or "bugs" are an informal noun for harmful microorganism (bacteria or virus)/or an illness caused by such. (dnx.news)
  • Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
  • Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)
  • When infected with the lethal doses (5 LD50) of influenza A viruses of the subtypes H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09, immunized animals typically developed mild form of illness. (crie.ru)
  • The percentage visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) was 0.58% in week 44 and is below expected levels. (canada.ca)
  • That said, self-reported influenza-like illness (ILI) was equal to or lower than 2008 and earlier years. (health.gov.au)
  • Because of the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the U.S. population and because age and its associated chronic diseases are risk factors for severe influenza illness, the future toll from influenza may increase, unless control measures are used more vigorously than in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • For about 20 years, efforts to reduce the impact of influenza in the United States have been aimed primarily at immunoprophylaxis of persons at greatest risk of serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
  • This graphic shows the two types of influenza viruses (A and B) that cause most human illness and that are responsible for flu seasons each year. (greenvillenr.com)
  • There are many other viruses besides influenza that can result in influenza-like illness (ILI) that spread during flu season. (greenvillenr.com)
  • For the 2021-2022 season, HHS Protect Influenza-Associated hospitalizations were added as a component to monitor severe illness associated with influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The emergence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus lineage ( 6,7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)
  • The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In contrast the emergence of major pandemics was the result of a different mechanism, genetic re-assortment. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Variants circulating in the world during 1947-57 disappeared due to the emergence of subtype influenza A/H2N2. (iospress.nl)
  • Pandemic influenza results from the emergence of a new influenza A virus to which the population possesses little or no immunity and that can occur at any time of year. (atrainceu.com)
  • In the book "The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control" it reported that the West Nile Virus, discovered in Uganda in 1937, was transported to American soil in 1999 by planes that carried their vectors (mosquitos). (dnx.news)
  • These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)
  • A major complication is the occurrence of global pandemics resulting from the emergence of highly infectious subtypes of the virus, particularly those capable of human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms of influenza such as fever. (who.int)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza can worsen signs or symptoms of other continual diseases. (infotrace.net)
  • The symptoms depend on the virus genus (A and B severe courses, C less severe courses). (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • By practicing good hygiene such as washing hands, and notifying a doctor if influenza symptoms appear, people can have an appreciable impact on the spread of swine flu. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • With similar symptoms across various illnesses such as the flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease, and COVID-19, an accurate and fast diagnosis is critical to patient care. (labpulse.com)
  • Both are respiratory illnesses caused by viruses, and they share many symptoms. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Common cold symptoms typically develop about one to three days after exposure to cold-causing viruses. (everydayhealth.com)
  • There are many different viruses that can cause a cold, but most of these viruses cause very similar cold symptoms," says Aaron E. Glatt, MD , chief of infectious diseases at Mount Sinai South Nassau in Oceanside, New York. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Unlike a cold, the flu is usually accompanied by fever, and influenza symptoms tend to come on more suddenly. (everydayhealth.com)
  • These symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure to the virus and can last for several days up to a week or more. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • The success of treatment with M2Is is dependent on the early administration (within 48 hours) from the onset of influenza symptoms, according to the study. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • To generate more precise genotyping data highlighted the need for enhanced surveillance of swine for our ongoing surveillance, the NA segment-specifi c infl uenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Although only 25 Member States and areas reported data for week 52, sentinel surveillance data indicated influenza activity was still increasing across the region. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza activity, particularly in sentinel surveillance for ambulatory patients, is still increasing in the European Region, but most countries still reported influenza activity rates that did not exceed baseline levels or were at low levels. (flutrackers.com)
  • This will lead to more efficient testing, with cost savings for the federal government and for state and local public health agencies," said Dr. Cox, who is also Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • One, a brief overview of surveillance mostly from last season, a little bit of information on the influenza antiviral medication recommendations, and an update on the ACIP influenza recommendations for 2018-19. (cdc.gov)
  • A description of the CDC influenza surveillance system, including methodology and detailed descriptions of each data component is available on the surveillance methods page. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional information on the current and previous influenza seasons for each surveillance component are available on FluView Interactive . (cdc.gov)
  • In a recent study published in the Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, researchers detected a swine influenza A virus (IAV)-infected patient in routine surveillance at the National Influenza Center in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • For a description of influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region see below . (flutrackers.com)
  • The Department of Health coordinates the surveillance of all laboratory-confirmed influenza in Victoria, a prescribed group B notifiable disease under the Victorian Public Health and Well-being Act 2008 and Public Health and Well-being Regulations 2009 . (who.int)
  • This report provides an analysis of influenza surveillance data in Australia during 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2006, 3,130 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which was one-third lower than in 2005. (health.gov.au)
  • This article published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains the annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme for 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
  • We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response. (cdc.gov)
  • The data and specimens used for influenza virologic surveillance originate from ambulatory patient care facilities, academic and community hospital laboratories, public health laboratories, and commercial laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • As a first step in this process, we explored existing influenza testing practices and constructed a comprehensive overview of the US virologic surveillance landscape. (cdc.gov)
  • To characterize the specimen and data flow used to inform influenza virologic surveillance, we conducted open-ended interviews with clinicians, state public health laboratory (PHL) directors, epidemiologists, and laboratorians from CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) staff, asking them to share their understanding of all aspects of the data and specimen flow with which they were familiar. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified 5 virologic surveillance tiers in which specimens were collected or tested: outpatient care settings (tier 1), inpatient care settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state and local public health laboratories and health departments (tier 3), laboratories at CDC-sponsored National Influenza Reference Centers (NIRCs) (tier 4), and laboratories within the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Influenza Division (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • All other surveillance regions reported no influenza/ILI activity ( Figure 1 ). (canada.ca)
  • This report brings together a range of data sources under the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme to describe influenza during 2010. (health.gov.au)
  • Laboratory-confirmed influenza is a notifiable disease in all states and territories and data are reported from each state or territory health department to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
  • During the 2021-2022 influenza season, influenza-associated hospitalizations were monitored in two systems: the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), which covers approximately 9% of the U.S. population, and HHS Protect Hospitalization Surveillance, which consists of reports from all U.S. hospitals. (cdc.gov)
  • To estimate the number of influenza-associated hospitalizations that occur in a flu season, CDC looks at how many in-hospital deaths are observed in the FluSurv-NET surveillance system . (cdc.gov)
  • A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are more labeled into subtypes according to the mixtures of the proteins on the floor of the virus. (infotrace.net)
  • Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
  • At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A has the most variation, and is named by the proteins on the viral envelope. (typepad.com)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The predominant influenza virus subtype is influenza A H3N2. (medscape.com)
  • These results indicate that the M gene of pandemic H1N1 and the HA gene of canine H3N2 are predominant in the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A was the predominant type notified (71%), however influenza B activity continued to increase as a proportion of reported cases. (health.gov.au)
  • In years prior to 2010 (with the exception of 2008), influenza A has been the predominant type circulating in Australia. (health.gov.au)
  • While it's not unusual to have two waves of flu activity during a season, usually the predominant flu virus during each wave is different. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nationally, the percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza in clinical laboratories declined compared to the previous week. (cdc.gov)
  • Data from clinical laboratories (the percentage of specimens tested that are positive for influenza) are used to monitor whether influenza activity is increasing or decreasing. (cdc.gov)
  • This is consistent with the decline in the percentage of ILI and ARI sentinel specimens testing positive for influenza. (flutrackers.com)
  • A significantly higher percentage of ILI patients were swabbed in 2010 compared to 2003-2008, but similar to 2009, with a similar percentage being positive for influenza as in previous years. (who.int)
  • Overall, the percentage of laboratory tests positive for influenza remains at exceptionally low levels, despite the elevated levels of testing. (canada.ca)
  • Compared to the past six pre-pandemic seasons (2014-2015 to 2019-2020), an average of 4,020 tests were performed for this time period, with an average of 3.7% of tests positive for influenza ( Figure 3 ). (canada.ca)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. (cdc.gov)
  • And finally, list recommendations for influenza antiviral use in children. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC issued Interim Guidance for Clinicians to Prioritize Antiviral Treatment of Influenza in the Setting of Reduced Availability of Oseltamivir through the Health Alert Network (HAN) on December 15, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • Patients with influenza A/H3N2 benefitted specifically from early oseltamivir treatment, according to the study, with 33.7 percent mortality in cases with early oseltamivir treatment compared to 48.4 percent in those who received the antiviral later in the disease process. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
  • Using these PCRs, segment derived from different swine viral lineages are we identifi ed swine viruses of atypical genotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Quantifying the fraction of meningococcal disease attributable to influenza could improve understanding of viral-bacterial interaction and indicate additional health benefits to influenza immunization. (nih.gov)
  • Severe influenza can cause primary viral pneumonia. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe the viral dominance of 23 CIV reassortants between pH1N1 and canine H3N2 influenza viruses from a naturally co-infected dog. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we isolated 23 distinct viral genotypes of influenza reassortants by using a nasal swab of a co-infected dog and characterized the genotypes of the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza or 'the flu' is a common, highly infectious respiratory viral disease. (health.gov.au)
  • More severe disease can result from invasion of the lungs by influenza virus (primary viral pneumonia) or by secondary bacterial pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • Seventeen influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported this week, for a total of 47 pediatric flu deaths reported so far this season. (cdc.gov)
  • Annual epidemics represent an important disease burden and cause an estimated 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide, and occasional pandemics are associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • For the unacquainted, pandemics are a term associated with infectious diseases on a global scale, diseases that are non-infectious such as cancer or heart failure - even though they do cause millions of deaths worldwide each year, are not considered pandemics. (dnx.news)
  • H3N2 causes the majority of severe, clinically attended cases in high-risk elderly cohorts and the majority of overall deaths. (scitechdaily.com)
  • H1N1 causes fewer deaths overall and skews more toward young and middle-aged adults. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Such excess mortality is attributed not only to the direct cause of influenza pneumonia but also to an increase in deaths from cardiopulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Observations during influenza epidemics indicate that most influenza-related deaths occur among: (1) persons older than 65 years of age and (2) persons with chronic, underlying disorders of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or renal systems, as well as those with metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), severe anemia, and/or compromised immune function. (cdc.gov)
  • The model used by CDC uses a ratio of deaths to hospitalizations to estimate the total number of influenza-associated deaths from the estimated number of influenza-associated hospitalizations. (cdc.gov)
  • More information is available at How CDC Estimates the Burden of Seasonal Influenza in the U.S. Not all flu-related deaths occur in the hospital, so CDC uses death certificate data to estimate how likely influenza-associated deaths are to occur outside the hospital. (cdc.gov)
  • The EuroFlu bulletin describes and comments on influenza activity in the 53 Member States in the WHO European Region to provide information to public health specialists, clinicians and the public on the timing of the influenza season, the spread of influenza, the prevalence and characteristics of circulating viruses (type, subtype and lineage) and severity. (flutrackers.com)
  • The spread of influenza A/H1N1 viruses did not prevent the circulation of A/H3N2-caused influenza A epidemics. (iospress.nl)
  • In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
  • There are limited data on influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant people in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Annual influenza vaccination coverage increased from the 2016-2017 season (63.0%) to a high of 71.0% in the 2019-2020 season. (cdc.gov)
  • Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
  • There are 4 types of influenza viruses, styles A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and induce seasonal epidemics of ailment. (infotrace.net)
  • Current subtypes of influenza A viruses that routinely circulate in people include A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (greenvillenr.com)
  • Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • The second message is what CDC has shared in prior influenza seasons-that over 80% of children who die related to flu are unvaccinated, and the data so far this season seem to be similar. (medscape.com)
  • In 1998, the WHO recommendations were increased in frequency from once to twice per year so that separate recommendations could be made and timed appropriately for the northern and southern hemisphere influenza seasons. (who.int)
  • However, this in-season rate is still lower than end-of-season hospitalization rates for all but 4 pre-COVID-19-pandemic seasons going back to 2010-11. (cdc.gov)
  • There were four epidemics of influenza A/H1N1 in Russia after 1977-78 (in seasons 1981-82, 1984, 1986-87 and 1989). (iospress.nl)
  • The study investigated the cases of 1,330 patients treated for influenza in intensive care units in Greece over eight flu seasons. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • To date this season (August 28 to November 6, 2021), 67 influenza detections (38 influenza A and 29 influenza B) have been reported, which is lower than what we have seen historically in the past six pre-pandemic seasons, where an average of 592 influenza detections were reported at this point in the season. (canada.ca)
  • Australia experienced a mild season in 2006, moderate seasons in 2007 and 2008 and an extra-ordinary season in 2009 due to the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • The timing and severity of the 2021-2022 influenza (flu) season was different than most seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Compared with pre-pandemic seasons, flu activity during the 2021-2022 season was elevated much later into the spring with a historically late second national peak in April. (cdc.gov)
  • The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A/H1N1 reemerged, however, in 1977 causing pandemic among people mostly younger then 30 years of age. (iospress.nl)
  • Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
  • A pandemic can occur when a new and different influenza A virus emerges that infects people, has the ability to spread efficiently among people, and against which people have little or no immunity. (greenvillenr.com)
  • H1N1) 2009 virus and a portion of Eurasian avian-like genotyping method may identify reassortants derived from swine viruses that are circulating in southeastern China viruses of Eurasian avian-like, triple reassortant-like, and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus lineages. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. (who.int)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
  • The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
  • In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, while influenza B viruses are further classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Influenza D viruses largely have an effect on cattle and are not regarded to infect or cause sickness in persons. (infotrace.net)
  • Pandemics occur if such a new subtype acquires the ability to infect and transmit in the human population. (frontiersin.org)
  • Reassortment can occur when two influenza viruses infect a host at the same time and swap genetic information. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
  • The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
  • 1 Influenza-related morbidity (measured as excess hospitalisation) and mortality may result from these complications. (health.gov.au)
  • Data used to describe the 2010 influenza season were classified under the areas of epidemiology, morbidity, mortality and virology. (health.gov.au)
  • Human unfamiliarity with this new swine version is troubling because lack of immunity is a primary prerequisite for a pandemic. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Elder cohorts had been protected probably by residual immunity since it happened that the antigenic structure of A/USSR/90/77-like A/H1N1 viruses possessed nearly identical antigenic properties than those circulating in 1950th. (iospress.nl)
  • Researchers will study whether and to what extent their immune responses vary on the basis of age and the probability of their prior exposure to different variants of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • The epidemics caused by influenza A/H1N1 variants alternated with epidemics caused by influenza A/H3N2. (iospress.nl)
  • Antigenic variation is less extensive than in type A viruses (INFLUENZA A VIRUS) and consequently there is no basis for distinct subtypes or variants. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the United States, annual epidemics of influenza occur typically during the late fall through early spring. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
  • Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza pandemics occur every 10 to 30 years. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza epidemics usually occur during the winter months in temperate climates, causing an increase in hospitalisations for pneumonia, an exacerbation of chronic diseases and also contributing to increased mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • In the United States the first reports came from public health officials in Haskell County, Kansas, who reported "18 cases of influenza of a severe type. (atrainceu.com)
  • A new report links early treatment of influenza A/H3N2 with the drug to a 30% decrease in mortality. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • A new study reports that early treatment of influenza with oseltamivir can save lives, depending on the circulating virus. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is particularly important as the media attention around this year's influenza season has been particularly high, and many have compared this season to the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic in terms of the sheer volume of emergency department visits we are seeing. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] This is approaching levels of the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • In the 2017-18 season, 80,000 people died in the U.S., more than in the swine flu pandemic of 2009. (scitechdaily.com)
  • 2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, data from epidemiologic studies conducted during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic indicated that the risk for influenza complications was also increased among persons who are morbidly obese (body-mass index [BMI] ≥40) and American Indians/Alaska Natives ( 5 --8). (cdc.gov)
  • Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 The health and economic impact of influenza largely arise from related complications. (health.gov.au)
  • Complications from influenza can result in increased hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • H3N2 can be particularly dangerous for individuals who are at high risk for complications from the flu, such as older adults, young children, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying medical conditions. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • Other populations at high risk for influenza-related complications are also increasing, due, for example, to the success of intensive-care units for neonates, better management of diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and better survival rates for organ-transplant recipients. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The development of the virus concept as reflected in corpora of studies on individual pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The 2010 influenza season was moderate overall, with more laboratory-confirmed cases than in earlier years, with the exception of 2009. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2010, the number of laboratory-confirmed notifications for influenza was 0.8 times the 5-year mean. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2010, laboratory-confirmed influenza was a notifiable disease under state and territory legislation in all jurisdictions. (health.gov.au)
  • During October 1, 2021, through June 11, 2022, a total of 5,130 laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations were reported by FluSurv-NET sites. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently circulating influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. (who.int)
  • Influenza kind B viruses belong to possibly B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. (infotrace.net)
  • c World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (who.int)
  • Victoria is Australia's second most populous state with a temperate climate and an annual influenza season that usually occurs between May and September. (who.int)
  • Victoria was the first Australian jurisdiction to report widespread transmission - particularly among schoolchildren - when pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 emerged in mid-2009. (who.int)
  • Almost all (99%) of the circulating influenza B viruses that were analysed were from the B/Victoria lineage. (health.gov.au)
  • Together, this network processes an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 respiratory specimens per year with approximately 5000 viruses voluntarily shared by the NICs undergoing extensive antigenic and genetic characterization among the WHO CCs. (who.int)
  • During week 12/2014, both the total number of specimens tested for influenza and the influenza positivity rate decreased from those in previous weeks: 13 193 specimens from sentinel and non-sentinel sources were tested for influenza, 2398 (18%) of which were positive: 2212 (92%) influenza A and 186 (8%) influenza B (Fig. 1 and 2). (flutrackers.com)
  • Hospitalization rates have also increased this season, and many have compared the overall seasonal hospitalization rate to that of the most recent severe influenza season, 2014-2015. (medscape.com)
  • RNA extraction between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and swine infl uenza and complimentary DNA synthesis were identical to viruses in pigs ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • One microliter of 10-fold role of pigs as a mixing vessel for infl uenza viruses and the diluted complimentary DNA sample was amplifi ed in a need for screening tests that can identify major reassortment 20-L reaction containing 10 L of Fast SYBR Green events in pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Pigs and birds are natural reservoirs for influenza virus, but we haven't looked very hard in other species, especially livestock. (scienceblogs.com)
  • A boy (anyone, really) could be exposed to the virus unknowingly- those pigs are EVERYWHERE. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Swine influenza or flu is a respiratory disorder observed in pigs caused by the type A influenza virus. (godigit.com)
  • Swine flu (H1N1) is called "swine flu" because it originally came from pigs, but it can also spread from person to person through respiratory droplets in the air. (aapbhijaano.com)
  • As the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to issue updated influenza activity data in its weekly field views, it's important for us as physicians to frame this information for our patients and families. (medscape.com)
  • I would like to welcome you to today's COCA Call: 2018-2019 Recommendations for Influenza Prevention and Treatment in Children: An Update for Pediatric Providers. (cdc.gov)
  • Our finding is completely novel in that the efficacy of oseltamivir appears to depend on influenza type and subtype," said lead author Theodore Lytras, MD, PhD, an epidemiologist at the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • Note that this graphic is an example, and currently circulating influenza clades and subclades may differ from those presented here. (greenvillenr.com)
  • Hospitalization and loss of life because of to influenza take place largely amid superior-chance teams. (infotrace.net)
  • Furthermore, influenza frequently infects individuals, who, because of their ages or underlying health problems, are poorly able to cope with the disease and often require medical attention, including hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • The total cumulative influenza-associated hospitalization rate in HHS Protect was 22.6 per 100,000 population. (cdc.gov)
  • ECDC and WHO Regional Office published a joint Regional Situation Assessment of the 2019-2020 influenza season up to week 49/2019, which focuses on disease severity and impact on healthcare systems to assist forward planning in Member States. (flutrackers.com)
  • There is currently no difference in severity between seasonal flu and H3N2. (krdigitalmakers.com)
  • The model accounts for the autocorrelation of meningococcal disease and influenza between weeks, temporal trends, co-circulating respiratory syncytial virus, and seasonality. (nih.gov)
  • We analyzed the synchrony of seasonal peaks in hospitalizations for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and meningococcal disease. (nih.gov)
  • 001). H3N2 and H1N1 peaks were highly synchronized with meningococcal disease while pandemic H1N1, B, and respiratory syncytial virus were not. (nih.gov)
  • Although mortality is usually low (around 1-4%), the virus can cause weight loss and poor growth, in turn causing economic loss to farmers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study, published in Clinical Infectious Diseases , found that early treatment with osteltamivir improved mortality in critically ill patients infected with influenza A/H3N2 by up to 30 percent. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • Our finding of lower mortality with early oseltamivir among critically ill A(H3N2) patients was both unexpected and immensely important. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • Researchers found that 46.8 percent of the patients in the study died during treatment, but that those with influenza type A/H3N2 has significantly lower rates of mortality with early oseltamivir treatment. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • The study, however, did not find any improvements in mortality for patients with influenza B or A/H1N1. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • The potential benefit-30% lower mortality among A(H3N2) patients-is too much to ignore, even though our study finding will need to be replicated in further research. (medicaleconomics.com)
  • A further indication of the impact of influenza epidemics is the significant elevation of mortality that often occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • excess mortality again exceeded the epidemic threshold during the 1982-1983 influenza season. (cdc.gov)
  • Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus from throat, nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirate or washings is commonly performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (who.int)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • So what, exactly, is Influenza virus A subtype H1N1, commonly known as swine flu? (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • The flu is caused by influenza viruses, but many distinct viruses (most commonly rhinoviruses) can cause a cold. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The virus spreads from person to person by airborne droplets of exhaled respiratory secretions, commonly generated by coughing or sneezing. (health.gov.au)
  • The A(H1) subtype has been the most commonly reported since the start of the 2009 (H1N1) pandemic and the A(H3) subtype the most commonly reported prior to 2009. (health.gov.au)
  • Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • The numbers refer to protein subtypes-small variations in structure. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza M2e fused to a tetramerizing protein. (crie.ru)
  • These change more slowly in terms of their genetic and antigenic properties than influenza A viruses, have a slower circulation, and vary by geography. (diasorin.com)
  • The same time it is an emerging threat, because influenza A subtypes periodically are changing their genetic and antigenic structures by reassortment of the RNA segments called "shift" variations. (iospress.nl)
  • The majority of cases of human influenza are clinically diagnosed. (who.int)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • Since the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, no reports of persistent human-to-human IAVs transmission have come to light. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The avian virus is an Influenza-A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Two recently identified mutations in the matrix genes of the human influenza A virus have been reported to cause matrix gene target failure for several commercial diagnostic tests. (labpulse.com)
  • Throughout human history there have been a number of pandemics like the now eradicated smallpox and the continuing battle with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. (dnx.news)
  • It was found in 2011 that the specific H3N2 variant virus had genes from avian, swine, and human viruses, as well as the M gene from 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. (krdigitalmakers.com)
  • g-FLUA2H is a web-based application focused on the analysis of the dynamics of influenza virus animal-to-human (A2H) mutation transmissions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It can be used for a detailed characterization of the composition and incidence of mutations present in the proteomes of influenza viruses from animal and human host populations, for a better understanding of host tropism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence change (mutation) events can transform an animal-origin virus into a human virus, with varying levels of fitness to survive in the new host [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
  • The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
  • Information from these notifications is critical to inform risk assessments for influenza at the human-animal interface. (who.int)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)