Oxygen chloroplast. Medical search. Frequent questions

Robert Hill FRS (2 April 1899 - 15 March 1991), known as Robin Hill, was a British plant biochemist who, in 1939, demonstrated the 'Hill reaction' of photosynthesis, proving that oxygen is evolved during the light requiring steps of photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
He discovered a new approach to the biochemical study of photosynthesis which enabled him to demonstrate and to measure the evolution of oxygen by isolated chloroplasts exposed to light in the complete absence of CO2. (wikipedia.org)
Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
Animals typically lack chloroplasts, making them unable to use photosynthesis to power themselves. (elifesciences.org)
Light energy is essential for photosynthesis, which sustains our environment on Earth by generating oxygen and chemical energy for carbon fixation. (elifesciences.org)
Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signaling. (degruyter.com)
Chlorophyll is a molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (this process is called photosynthesis). (enchantedlearning.com)
Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
In a new paper, MIT researchers report boosting plants' ability to capture light energy by 30 percent by embedding carbon nanotubes in the chloroplast, the plant organelle where photosynthesis takes place. (science20.com)
Chloroplasts host all of the machinery needed for photosynthesis, which occurs in two stages. (science20.com)
Chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis within plants, whereby water and CO2 are converted into glucose and oxygen utilizing sunlight. (litfusegroup.com)
Chloroplasts are structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of light capture during photosynthesis. (umn.edu)
Photosynthesis is a vital process in which plants and other organisms use sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates and release oxygen. (managenergy.tv)
Once the sunlight is absorbed, producers use the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. (managenergy.tv)
It all begins with photosynthesis , during which plants fix atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in chloroplasts, which are small, high-chlorophyll cell organelles. (cirad.fr)
Whitney and her crew observed the leaves under a light microscope and saw its blue colour stemmed from unusual chloroplasts - the structures responsible for photosynthesis, which uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen - called iridoplasts. (cosmosmagazine.com)
While the fact that chloroplasts interact with light has obviously long been known, that they can manipulate this light gives us a whole new perspective on chloroplasts and photosynthesis as a whole," Whitney says. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae. (pressbooks.pub)
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis. (pressbooks.pub)
The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll , which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. (pressbooks.pub)
Some bacteria also perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts. (pressbooks.pub)
In addition to glucose, water and oxygen are also byproducts of photosynthesis. (ukessays.com)
Photosynthesis is conducted by specialized organelles, found within a plant's cell, called chloroplasts. (ukessays.com)
During photosynthesis, they convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. (discovermagazine.com)
If you downplay the number of chloroplasts, you reduce the levels of photosynthesis, and you get a plant with less sugar in its tissues. (discovermagazine.com)
Plants use both this water and carbon dioxide to power photosynthesis, and as a byproduct, they release oxygen and glucose. (databasefootball.com)
Once the carbon dioxide is inside the cells of the plant, the chloroplasts in the cell use it to undergo photosynthesis and create carbohydrates. (databasefootball.com)
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light-dependent stage that occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and harvests solar energy, and the light-independent stage that takes that energy and makes sugar from carbon dioxide. (visionlearning.com)
It is involved in transport of protons through the inner membrane of chloroplasts in photosynthesis. (visualscience.ru)
It is fairly easy to show that plants produce oxygen and starch in photosynthesis . (practicalbiology.org)
Chloroplasts within the seagrass blades convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (sugar) and oxygen via photosynthesis. (myfwc.com)

Here, we investigated the effect of pretreatment with exogenous melatonin on the net photosynthetic rate, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant potential, and redox homeostasis in leaves of tea plants following cold stress. (mdpi.com)
Thylakoid disks are disk-shaped membrane structures in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. (enchantedlearning.com)
Plants contain a molecule called chlorophyll that works with energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to make plant food and release oxygen. (acs.org)
During the first stage, pigments such as chlorophyll absorb light, which excites electrons that flow through the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. (science20.com)
During the growing season, these cells are packed with chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll. (umn.edu)
Chromoplasts (not to be confused with chloroplasts) are cellular organelles that contain types and colors of pigments other than the chlorophyll found in chloroplasts. (umn.edu)
In late summer and fall, the mesophyll cell chloroplasts produce chlorophyll at a slower rate than earlier in the year. (umn.edu)
When the cool autumn weather comes, the days shorten and the chlorophyll concentration in the chloroplasts declines. (umn.edu)
During these reactions, photons of light are absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the plant's chloroplasts. (managenergy.tv)
As a result, it doesn't produce chloroplasts properly, it doesn't increase levels of chlorophyll, and it doesn't make the tomatoes any greener. (discovermagazine.com)
Chloroplasts' contain chlorophyll, the most important tree pigment, which gives leaves their green color. (treecanada.ca)
In plants, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that absorbs light in the red and blue-violet regions of the spectrum. (visionlearning.com)

Computational simulation of the reactive oxygen species and redox network in the regulation of chloroplast metabolism. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Electrons are drained from the network by reactive oxygen species (ROS) through thiol peroxidases, e.g., peroxiredoxins (PRX). (uni-bielefeld.de)
Gerken M, Kakorin S, Chibani K, Dietz K-J. Computational simulation of the reactive oxygen species and redox network in the regulation of chloroplast metabolism. (uni-bielefeld.de)
500 individuals) and their prey algae, we show that the plastoquinone pool of slug chloroplasts remains oxidized, which can suppress reactive oxygen species formation. (elifesciences.org)
Over-reduction of PET chain can damage protein complexes and result in production of the excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 6 . (nature.com)
Light in excess, however, causes the simultaneous production of singlet oxygen, a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to photo-oxidative damage in PSII. (elifesciences.org)
Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. (degruyter.com)
If water stress is prolonged and/or severe, part of the energy supplied by incident photons may be redirected into processes that favor the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), leading to oxidative damage to plant tissues ( Jiang and Zhang, 2002 ). (frontiersin.org)
These particles are very strong antioxidants that scavenge oxygen radicals and other highly reactive molecules produced by light and oxygen, protecting the chloroplasts from damage. (science20.com)
Edreva A., Generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts: a submolecular approach, Agr. (afs-journal.org)
In water solutions, this substance is present as a monovalent anion, ascorbate- (Asc-), which easily donates electrons to oxidized molecules and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). (deepdyve.com)
They can inhibit the oxidation of important molecules by reactive oxygen species [1], that are produced in mitochondria in large amount. (visualscience.ru)
Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst. (yeastgenome.org)

We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum . (elifesciences.org)
Once stolen, the chloroplasts, now termed kleptoplasts, remain functional inside the slug's cells for several weeks, essentially creating a photosynthetic slug. (elifesciences.org)
In vascular plants, photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain produces reductive power that is utilised by diverse acceptors involved in both chloroplast and cellular metabolism 1 . (nature.com)
They play an indispensable role in the light-driven reactions that enable photosynthetic organisms to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugars. (biorxiv.org)
We propose that VIA1 is part of a previously unrecognized chloroplast ESCRT-like system that plays a critical role in forming, remodeling, and repairing photosynthetic membranes. (biorxiv.org)
It's hard to imagine how plants, one of nature's greatest successes, could be improved, but nanobionic plants which enhance the photosynthetic function of chloroplasts isolated from plants for possible use in solar cells may get a boost. (science20.com)
Chloroplasts can still perform these reactions when removed from plants, but after a few hours, they start to break down because light and oxygen damage the photosynthetic proteins. (science20.com)
With carbon nanotubes appearing to act as a "prosthetic photoabsorber," photosynthetic activity - measured by the rate of electron flow through the thylakoid membranes - was 49 percent greater than that in isolated chloroplasts without embedded nanotubes. (science20.com)
In these plants, the nanotubes moved into the chloroplast and boosted photosynthetic electron flow by about 30 percent. (science20.com)
Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts. (pressbooks.pub)
Through evolution, these ingested bacteria became more specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the photosynthetic bacteria becoming chloroplasts. (pressbooks.pub)
The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
2016). AA also takes part in the regeneration of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in photosynthetic membranes and participates in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme involved in xanthophyll cycle-mediated photoprotection (Smirnoff and Wheeler, 2000). (deepdyve.com)

The sea slug Elysia timida , however, can steal whole chloroplasts from the cells of the algae it consumes: the stolen structures then become part of the cells in the gut of the slug, allowing the animal to gain energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)
In both plants and algae, this important process takes place in tiny, specialized places inside the cell called chloroplasts. (acs.org)
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments located in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of plants and algae. (biorxiv.org)

alkoxy radical) and molecular non-radical forms (H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide and 1 O 2 , singlet oxygen) 7 . (nature.com)
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. (yeastgenome.org)
Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. (yeastgenome.org)

In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
We have mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. (pressbooks.pub)
Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. (pressbooks.pub)
We also know that mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes, just as bacteria do. (pressbooks.pub)

From inhibitors effects and electronic requirements of the O 2 uptake process, we conclude that an oxidase catalyzing oxidation of plastoquinol and reduction of oxygen to water is present in thylakoid membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
Wrapping the particles in polyacrylic acid, a highly charged molecule, allows the particles to penetrate the fatty, hydrophobic membranes that surrounds chloroplasts. (science20.com)
Normal chloroplasts contain membranes like stacked pancakes called thylakoids. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed by a chloroplast's inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked, fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids ( Figure 2 ). (pressbooks.pub)

Part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between the grana. (enchantedlearning.com)
Figure 2 This simplified diagram of a chloroplast shows the outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, grana, and stroma. (pressbooks.pub)

Around half of these are involved in the production of chloroplasts, the small structures in plant cells that allow them to harvest energy from the sun and produce their own food. (discovermagazine.com)
According to the University of Tennessee's Agricultural Extension Service , leaves contain 'chloroplasts' which are disk-like structures within cells that produce food for the tree. (treecanada.ca)

The resting H2O2 concentration was estimated to be about 30 nM in the chloroplast stroma. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Chloroplast Thylakoids Stroma Thylakoids Stroma Granum Inner Outter Stroma Stomata CO2 Carbon Dioxide O2 Oxygen Almost Done! (powtoon.com)

Clues to the identity of the protein implied in this process are given by pharmacological and immunological similarities with a protein (IMMUTANS) identified in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. (elsevierpure.com)
The absence of VIA1 causes thylakoid swelling upon exposure to high light in Chlamydomonas and defective thylakoid biogenesis in the newly emerging leaf tissue in Arabidopsis, thereby delaying chloroplast development in this tissue. (biorxiv.org)

Chloroplasts use the absorbed energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. (acs.org)
The air spaces allow movement and exchange of gases, specifically oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. (umn.edu)
Inside the chloroplasts, light is captured and used to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars. (treecanada.ca)
This equation means that plants take C02 (carbon dioxide) and water, and with the assistance of solar energy, turn it into glucose and oxygen (O2). (databasefootball.com)
This means that cellular respiration utilizes glucose and oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water as a result. (databasefootball.com)

A process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugars and starches), oxygen and water. (enchantedlearning.com)
Through this remarkable process, plants capture energy from sunlight and produce the sugars that provide sustenance to nearly every living thing on Earth along with the oxygen we need to survive. (visionlearning.com)

In these chloroplasts, levels of damaging molecules dropped dramatically. (science20.com)
This energy is then used to split water molecules, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. (managenergy.tv)
This CO 2 is associated with molecules of water (H 2 0) through solar energy, and thus produces glucose (carbon-rich molecules) and oxygen (O 2 ). (cirad.fr)

But if a potato is exposed to light, it can also turn green because its starch granules change into chloroplasts. (litfusegroup.com)

Early chloroplasts were probably independent bacteria that were captured and 'domesticated' by other cells for their ability to extract energy from the sun. (elifesciences.org)

The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose (sugar) and oxygen, these are taken in by animals and humans to produce energy. (databasefootball.com)

It is widely accepted that in conditions leading to over-reduction, pseudo-cyclic electron transfer enables electrons to flow from water to PSI, with molecular oxygen as alternative electron acceptor 5 . (nature.com)
In a water molecule, shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms. (proprofs.com)
This means that the oxygen atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, causing them to spend more time around the oxygen atom. (proprofs.com)

This chemical reaction is facilitated by enzymes and occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts. (managenergy.tv)

As a result, the oxygen atom becomes slightly negatively charged, while the hydrogen atoms become slightly positively charged. (proprofs.com)
Using the same delivery technique, the researchers also embedded semiconducting carbon nanotubes, coated in negatively charged DNA, into the chloroplasts. (science20.com)

Generation of other radical forms was elevated in trol chloroplasts in all tested conditions, except for the plants pre-acclimated to high-light. (nature.com)
Usually plants can completely repair this kind of damage, but extracted chloroplasts can't do it on their own. (science20.com)
Plants typically make use of only about 10 percent of the sunlight available to them, but carbon nanotubes could act as artificial antennae that allow chloroplasts to capture wavelengths of light not in their normal range, such as ultraviolet, green, and near-infrared. (science20.com)
This produces the oxygen that we all breathe, and it provides the plants that we eat with the nutrients to grow. (litfusegroup.com)
Leaf chloroplasts are not found everywhere in plants. (litfusegroup.com)
Smirnoff N., The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation, New Phytol. (afs-journal.org)
A hemoglobin-like oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. (bvsalud.org)

The common equipment box on the roof of every pressure compartment will include water filtration to convert grey water to potable, compressor for air conditioning, battery to store electricity, and pressurized bottle of oxygen to repressurize in case of pressure loss. (newmars.com)

It is not clear then how the sea slug extends the lifespan of its chloroplasts by preventing damage caused by sunlight. (elifesciences.org)
Ingenhousz later determined the gas bubbles were oxygen, but never fully understood the significance of what he had observed regarding the sunlight. (visionlearning.com)

Slug chloroplasts also rapidly build up a strong proton-motive force upon a dark-to-light transition, which helps them to rapidly switch on photoprotective non-photochemical quenching of excitation energy. (elifesciences.org)
Finally, our results suggest that chloroplasts inside E. timida rely on oxygen-dependent electron sinks during rapid changes in light intensity. (elifesciences.org)
First, when exposed to light the stolen chloroplasts can quickly switch on a mechanism that dissipates light energy to heat, which is less damaging. (elifesciences.org)
Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)

In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants deficient in photosystem I because of inactivation of the chloroplast genes psaA or psaB, oxygen evolution from photosystem II occurs at significant rates and is coupled to a stimulation of oxygen uptake. (elsevierpure.com)
Photosystem II-dependent O 2 production and O 2 uptake were observed in isolated chloroplast fractions. (elsevierpure.com)
Photosystem II-dependent oxygen exchange was insensitive to a variety of inhibitors (azide, carbon monoxide, cyanide, antimycin A, and salicylhydroxamic acid) and radical scavengers. (elsevierpure.com)

The dominant pathway in chloroplasts is, however, the one that produces NADPH, by the activity of ferredoxin NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)

One of the few known critical regulators of this process, VIPP1 (Vesicle-Inducing Protein in Plastids 1), was recently shown to be structurally similar to ESCRT-III proteins - the first evidence for ESCRT-like (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery in chloroplasts. (biorxiv.org)

Animal cells combine oxygen and hydrogen to form water as a byproduct, while the glucose they use to create the ATP (energy) they need is transformed back into carbon dioxide. (databasefootball.com)

Using this method, the researchers applied a solution of nanoparticles to the underside of the leaf, where it penetrated tiny pores known as stomata, which normally allow carbon dioxide to flow in and oxygen to flow out. (science20.com)
Blue leaf iridescence, a striking form of structural colour originating from specialised chloroplasts. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Once they are in the digestive system of the slug, the chloroplasts survive and keep working for longer than expected. (elifesciences.org)

The researchers delivered nanoceria into the chloroplasts using a new technique they developed called lipid exchange envelope penetration, or LEEP. (science20.com)

Thus, the simulation provides clues on experimentally inaccessible parameters and describes the functional state of the chloroplast thiol regulatory network. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)

Hagège D., Kevers C., Salabert P., Gaspar T., Protective systems against activated oxygen species compared in normal and fully habituated non-organogenic sugarbeet calluses, In Vitro Cell Dev. (afs-journal.org)
Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not. (coursehero.com)

This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)

Priestley, partially credited with the discovery of elemental oxygen, found that when he placed fresh sprigs of mint leaves inside a sealed glass container, a candle would burn longer than if the leaves were not there (Figure 1). (visionlearning.com)

Overall, these measures may reduce the efficiency of the chloroplasts but allow them to keep working for much longer. (elifesciences.org)

They serve as important carbon and nutrient sinks and produce substantial amounts of oxygen for both the sediments and overlying water column. (myfwc.com)

O2 - Dioxygen, frequently just referred to as oxygen, is what vertebrates used to breathe . (databasefootball.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms28

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes38

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science4

Photosynthesis31

Chlorophyll12

Reactive13

Photosynthetic13

Algae3

Singlet oxygen3

Mitochondria and chloroplasts4

Membranes4

Inner membrane2

Structures2

Stroma2

Arabidopsis2

Carbon dioxide and water5

Sugars2

Molecules3

Starch1

Bacteria1

Cellular1

Electrons3

Organelles1

Negatively charged2

Plants7

Convert1

Sunlight2

Light4

Photosystem3

NADPH1

Protein1

Byproduct1

Leaf2

Survive1

Lipid1

Functional2

Cell2

Water and oxygen1

Found1

Efficiency1

Sinks1

Dioxygen1