Oxygen atoms from molecular aromatic ring cleavage enzymes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sequence alignments of the Thermus thermophilus and E. coli hpaB enzymes show structural similarity to each other and to the oxygenase components of other bacterial two-component monooxygenases for compounds such as phenol and chlorophenol. (wikipedia.org)
To cope with the wide variety of phenolic compounds found in nature, bacterial pathways for degradation of aromatic compounds generally begin by channeling these diverse substrates towards a few common intermediates, which are then further degraded. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways for catabolizing aromatic compounds generally begin by adding two hydroxyl groups to the benzene ring, most often on adjacent carbons. (wikipedia.org)
They play a key role in the metabolism of organic compounds by increasing their reactivity or water solubility or bringing about cleavage of the aromatic ring. (biomedcentral.com)
A number of bacteria that can degrade a variety of aromatic compounds have been identified and the pathways involved in the degradation have been extensively characterized [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the convergent mode, structurally diverse aromatic compounds are converted to one of a few aromatic ring cleavage substrates such as catechol, gent sate, protocatechuate and their derivatives [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
EI-Sheekh MM, Ghareib MM, EL-Souod GW A (2011) IBiodegradation of Phenolic and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by Some Algae and Cyanobacteria. (omicsonline.org)
There are few examples of algae degrading aromatic compounds [ 5 , 6 ] examined the effects of the chlorophyte alga, Selenstrum capriconutum , on benzo pyrene. (omicsonline.org)
These heme enzymes are found in most organisms from all biological kingdoms and catalyze various oxidative chemical transformations important for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins, signaling molecules, and many other compounds, as well as for the metabolism of xenobiotics. (schoolbag.info)
Nonclassic reactions catalyzed by some cytochromes P450, which do not use oxygen, and thus deviate from the main P450 mechanism, include direct reductive processes driven by the heme iron (conversion of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide by CYP55, reductive dehalogenation, reduction of azo compounds and quinines, etc. (schoolbag.info)
More specifically, Chemicals describes atoms and complete chemical compounds, Polymer-Segments describe regions within polymers such as proteins and DNA, and Organisms describes the biological organism modeled within a PGDB. (ecocyc.org)
The class Chemicals is subdivided into small-molecular weight compounds (class Compounds ) and atoms (not shown), and into macromolecules ( Macromolecules ). (ecocyc.org)
This invention relates generally to fluorescent dye compounds useful as molecular probes. (justia.com)
Compounds were screened for their inhibitory potential by employing molecular docking approach using AutoDock vina. (biomedcentral.com)
The comparison of the inhibitory activities of compounds A1 and A2 would allow establishing the impact of fluorine atom on the efficiency of these compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
The aerobes attack PCBs oxidatively , breaking open the carbon ring and destroying the compounds. (igem.org)
Aromatic compounds that are less reactive than mono-halobenzenes do not participate in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. (testbook.com)
Besides it provides a valuable snapshot of the chemical structure-activity relationship of compounds, highlighting the presence or absence of some specific atoms and chemical units in the structure of compounds can greatly influence their biological activities. (frontiersin.org)

Further, the centralized degradation pathways mean synthesis of fewer degradative enzymes requiring less metabolic energy. (biomedcentral.com)
The degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by different algae seems to be related to the molecular structures of the compound and physiological metabolism of the algae. (omicsonline.org)
Auxiliary activity (AA) enzymes are produced by numerous bacterial and fungal species to assist in the degradation of biomass. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes assembled from related degradation pathways into our host strain serve as the function part. (igem.org)
We introduce popular components involved in chemotaxis, quorum-sensing to regulatory parts, sense the environment signal, respond to move, accelerate growing and produce related degradation enzymes. (igem.org)
Source: Kensuke Furukawa and Hidehiko Fujihara, Microbial Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Biochemical and Molecular Features , Journal of bioscience and bioengineering , Vol. 105, No. 5, 433-449. (igem.org)

Each enzyme entry contains its common name and synonym, reaction in which enzyme is involved, family and subfamily, structure and gene link and literature citation. (biomedcentral.com)
We also solved the structure of the enzyme bound to the reaction products, nicotinamide and ADP ribose, and the non-hydrolysable substrate analogue benzamide adenine dinucleotide (BAD). (nature.com)
Organophosphorus An efficient SuzukiMiyaura crosscoupling reaction of orthophenoxysubstituted aromatic amides with aryl boronates is described.The use of LiO t Bu is crucial for the success of the reaction. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Density functional theory calculations elucidated the precise reaction mechanism for the conversion of diphenylacetylenes into benzonitriles involving the cleavage of the triple C≡C bond, with N -iodosuccinimide (NIS) as an oxidant and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN 3 ) as a nitrogen donor. (mdpi.com)
Reaction profiles agree with several experimental observations, offering evidence for the formation of molecular I 2 , interpreting the necessity to increase the temperature to finalize the reaction, and revealing thermodynamic aspects allowing higher yields for alkynes with para-electron-donating groups. (mdpi.com)
The class Enzymatic-Reactions describes information specific to the pairing of an enzyme with a reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, such as its activators, inhibitors, and cofactors. (ecocyc.org)
The aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction allows an efficient coupling of electron-rich aromatic systems with imines for the facile incorporation of aminoalkyl groups into the aromatic ring. (beilstein-journals.org)
The ease of a chemical transformation depends on the thermodynamic instability of a chemical bond owing to its fast cleavage under mild reaction conditions. (beilstein-journals.org)
A triazole chalcone ligand (E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(4-((1-(2-(4-((E)-3-(4(dimethylamino)phenyl)acryloyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (L1) was synthesized by Cu(I)- catalysed click reaction. (bvsalud.org)
This oxidative cleavage, known as the Malaprade reaction is particularly useful for the analysis of selective O-substituted derivatives of saccharides, since ether functions do not react. (feinni.best)

When a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic, is replaced by hydroxyl group (-OH). (testbook.com)

In this divergent mode, a metal-dependent dioxygenase channels these dihydroxylated intermediates into one of the two possible pathways: the meta -cleavage pathway or the ortho -cleavage pathway [ 7 - 9 ] (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
With respect to their functional roles in living organisms, cytochromes P450 can be separated tentatively into the enzymes essential for biosynthetic pathways and the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (1). (schoolbag.info)

Some enzymes may also bind simultaneously two or three substrate molecules, same or different, and various cases of the resulting activation or inhibition of the product turnover were documented both in vivo and in vitro (4, 7). (schoolbag.info)
This method is The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (Figure 2c). (lacteoscienelac.com)
Aromatic C-H bond functionalizations have gained considerable attention by organic chemists because of the strategic importance of this process as well as the ability to synthesize functionalized aromatic molecules in a straightforward way. (beilstein-journals.org)

The amine or aldehyde fragment regenerated by the cleavage of the C=N functional group of the Schiff base, can coordinate to the central atom. (scirp.org)

While known examples of this enzyme share a common catalytic mechanism and likely evolutionary origin, they differ with respect to regulation and ability to substitute FMNH2 for FADH2 as a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
Along with other differences in regulation and substrate binding despite a shared fundamental catalytic mechanism, this has led to speculation that these enzymes collectively represent an example of convergent evolution. (wikipedia.org)
Oxygenases belong to the oxidoreductive group of enzymes (E.C. Class 1), which oxidize the substrates by transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and utilize FAD/NADH/NADPH as the co-substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral enzymes, particularly oxygenases and dehydrogenases, were found to transform structurally diverse substrates into one of these central intermediates by bringing about the hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus (Fig. 2A ), and hence it is thought that bacteria have developed these enzymes to extend their substrate range [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate binding at the distal site of the heme brings the target chemical group into the close proximity of the reactive iron-oxygen catalytic intermediate, often in the regiospecific and stereospecific mode, to provide the selectivity of the chemical transformation. (schoolbag.info)
LPMOs are compact globular enzymes that lack a substrate binding cleft or tunnel, and instead have a copper atom containing active site located near a planar binding surface. (biomedcentral.com)
The LPMO oxidative cleavage mechanism involves the creation of an oxygen radical from molecular oxygen, likely a Cu(II)-oxyl species, which abstracts hydrogen and hydroxylates the substrate [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Our data collectively demonstrated that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and cathepsin A (CatA) are enzymes involved in hydrolyzing RDV to its alanine intermediate Met X, which is further hydrolyzed to the monophosphate form by histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). (inrae.fr)
Cytochromes P450 monooxygenases represent a large superfamily of heme enzymes, which require a dioxygen molecule and two electrons supplied by a NAD(P)H-dependent protein redox partner to form catalytically active high-valent ferryl-oxo intermediate. (schoolbag.info)
All cytochromes P450 have one heme b (protoporphyrin IX) buried deeply in the protein globule, with molecular masses in the range 45-60 kDa. (schoolbag.info)
The esterase enzyme activity assay in the presence of L1 revealed an increase in the protein enzyme activity. (bvsalud.org)
The production of amyloid beta (Aβ) takes place by the proteolytic cleavage of beta-secretase protein on amyloid precursor protein (APP) whereas in AD, a pathogenic mutations affects the protease cleavage sites in APP and aid its cleavage [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
3-10 helix - A type of protein secondary structural element that is more tightly coiled than the alpha helix (3 amino acids per turn with 10 atoms in the ring completed by each intra-helical hydrogen bond). (rcsb.org)

While most known flavin monooxygenases use NADH or NADPH as substrates (and use the flavins FAD or FMN as prosthetic groups ), this enzyme is part of a two-component system, in which a flavin oxidoreductase partner (EC 1.5.1.37) regenerates FADH2 by oxidizing NADH to NAD+. (wikipedia.org)

One reason is the particularly strong bond between the carbon and fluorine atoms. (encyclopedia.pub)
Furthermore, PTFE is kinetically inhibited by the compact shell of fluorine atoms that protects the inner carbon strand [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Second protonation of the distal oxygen atom and transient formation of the iron coordinated oxo-water, Fe-OOH 2 , results in the heterolytic scission of O-O bond and formation of the ferryl oxo porphyrin-cation radical, which is termed Compound I, by analogy to the same active intermediate first documented in peroxidases and catalases (2). (schoolbag.info)
In the second step of the upper pathway BphB enzymes catalyzes the conversion of dihidrodiol to dihydroxy compound. (igem.org)
In the forth step BphD, a hydrolase, hydrolyzes the ring meta-cleavage yellow compound(HOPDA) to chlorobenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. (igem.org)
An excess of the aromatic compound must be used in these reactions in order to avoid polyalkylation (addition of more than one alkyl group to the aromatic compound). (testbook.com)
Friedel craft alkylation will undergo by that aromatic compound, which is electron-rich. (testbook.com)

Light in excess, however, causes the simultaneous production of singlet oxygen, a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to photo-oxidative damage in PSII. (elifesciences.org)

In vitro production of enzymatically active O. volvulus prolyl 4-hydroxylase should facilitate identification of specific inhibitors of the parasite enzyme. (embl.de)

The histamine molecule is a good ligand, which contains not only N atoms (from imidazole ring and aliphatic ammine) but also hydrogen atoms that are good for hydrogen bond formation and therefore are useful in molecular recognition. (hindawi.com)

Nowadays, organocatalysis is especially applied to asymmetric synthesis and a huge number of organocatalysts has been introduced in last three decades for the asymmetric synthesis of acyclic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic molecular architectures with high molecular complexity. (beilstein-journals.org)

Oxygenases can further be grouped into two categories i.e. monooxygenases and dioxygenases on the basis of number of oxygen atoms used for oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular dynamics simulation of PSII implies that both Trp-14 oxidation and Phe substitution cause fluctuation of D1 N-terminal tail. (elifesciences.org)

The A. fumigatus and N. crassa enzymes cleave NAD + and NADP + but not their reduced counterparts, NADH and NADPH. (nature.com)

amino acid - A building block of proteins is an alpha amino acid which contains a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a hydrogen or organic side chain attached to the central carbon atom. (rcsb.org)

To illustrate using present day knowledge, Fischer projection formulas and names for the D-aldose family (three to six-carbon atoms) are shown below, with the asymmetric carbon atoms (chiral centers) colored red. (feinni.best)

When a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon is substituted with alkoxy or aryloxy group, it is formed in Ethers. (testbook.com)

This product then undergoes ring cleavage to produce a linear molecule which is ultimately degraded to intermediates of central metabolism, such as succinate, pyruvate, and carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
Cytochromes P450 represent a superfamily of heme enzymes with a common fold and mechanism that requires an atmospheric dioxygen molecule, two electrons from NAD(P)H, and one or two protons available from solvent water to form an active catalytic ferryl-oxo intermediate (1). (schoolbag.info)
The biphenyl molecule is made up of two connected rings of six carbon atoms each, and a PCB is any molecule having multiple chlorines attached to the biphenyl nucleus. (igem.org)

On the other hand, three other derivatives A3 , A4 , and A5 were designed as simplified benzoic acid-type derivatives, with three different substituents in meta position on the second aromatic ring (Scheme 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

The DB consists of a collection of frames , where each frame encodes information about a single object, such as an enzyme, a gene, or a biochemical pathway. (ecocyc.org)

Traditionally the perspective on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has centered on the role they play as carcinogenic or cancer-causing radicals. (degruyter.com)

While many flavin-dependent monooxygenases retain FMN or FAD in their active sites throughout their catalytic cycle, this enzyme binds FADH2 at the start of its catalytic cycle and releases FAD at the end. (wikipedia.org)

In all cases the heterocyclic rings are almost perpendicular to the mean plane of the 1,4-dihydropyridinyl fragment. (researchgate.net)
a heterocyclic ring is one having as ring members only carbon and at least one hetero atom selected from nitrogen and chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) : The hetero ring contains five members including nitrogen and carbon (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc. (everypatent.com)

This is facilitated by glycolytic enzymes such as the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which diverts metabolites into PPP [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)
The derived amino acid sequence of Ov-phy-1 encoded a peptide that was most similar to the two Caenorhabditis elegans prolyl 4-hydroxylase homologues and to the isoform II enzymes of vertebrates. (embl.de)

Likely via a radical-pair mechanism 12 , T 1 reacts within microseconds to the signaling state, characterized by a covalent thioadduct between a highly conserved cysteine residue in the LOV photosensor and the C4a atom of the flavin isoalloxazine ring system. (nature.com)
Familial CRC, caused by hereditary mutations, is the type of cancer that neither its molecular mechanism is precisely known nor cannot be classified as a specific hereditary cancer ( Stoffel and Kastrinos, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)

Cellulolytic bacteria and fungi overcome biomass recalcitrance by secreting complex enzyme mixtures, which can be optimized for industrial application. (biomedcentral.com)
Two distinct classes of bacteria have now been identified that biodegrade PCBs by different mechanisms, including aerobic bacteria which live in oxygenated environments and anaerobic bacteria which live in oxygen free environments such as aquatic sediments. (igem.org)

The enzymes harbour a tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) domain and are predominately present in pathogenic species. (nature.com)
Given the widespread occurrence of NADases and their prominent role in microbial infection mechanisms we wondered whether pathogenic fungi may also produce similar enzymes. (nature.com)
In this work, we identify NADases on the surface of fungi and show that these enzymes are predominately found in pathogenic species. (nature.com)

Various bacterial pathogens release NADase enzymes into the host cell that deplete the host's NAD + pool, thereby causing rapid cell death. (nature.com)

The third enzyme in upper pathway is a 2,3-dihyroxybiphnyl dioxygenase involved in the ring meta-cleavage at the 1,2 position. (igem.org)
We establish a pH dependant oligomerisation pathway forming tetrameric DEC-205 using solution-based techniques and ultimately solved the 4.9 Å cryo-EM structure of the DEC-205 tetramer to identify the unfurling of the second lectin ring which enables tetramer formation. (uci.edu)

Selective carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage: which undergo selective CP bond cleavage with lanthanoid metals (Ln = Eu, Sm and Yb), providing a new route to divalent octa- and deca Search: Can Ch4 Form Hydrogen Bonds. (lacteoscienelac.com)

Over the past few years, several applications in catalysis associated Get e-Alerts Abstract The palladium-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzofused six-membered phosphacycles via carbonphosphorus bond cleavage is developed. (lacteoscienelac.com)

Gharamaleki, J. , Akbari, F. , Karbalaei, A. , Ghiassi, K. and Olmstead, M. (2016) Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure of a New Schiff Base Ligand from a Bis(Thiazoline) Template and Hydrolytic Cleavage of the Imine Bond Induced by a Co(II) Cation. (scirp.org)
In the resting state, heme iron is oxidized (Fe 3+ ) and is coordinated with the thiolate sulfur atom of cysteine as the fifth axial ligand with the sixth position vacant or occupied by water. (schoolbag.info)

This enzyme is a tetramer which forms as a dimer of dimers. (wikipedia.org)

It refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group. (testbook.com)

Scendesmus obliques is able to utilize naphthalene sulphonic acids as a sulfur source for their biomass with releasing the carbon ring into the medium. (omicsonline.org)

Thioadduct formation entails a hybridization change of the flavin C4a atom from sp 2 to sp 3 and concomitant protonation of the adjacent N5 atom. (nature.com)
Absorption of blue light by the dark-adapted state (D 450 ) prompts the LOV receptor to traverse short-lived excited singlet (S 1 ) and triplet (T 1 ) states before assuming the light-adapted state (S 390 ), which is characterized by a thioadduct between the flavin atom C4a and the sidechain of a conserved cysteine. (nature.com)

Herewith the term "bond functionalization" is defined as the cleavage of an existing bond with substitution by another bond. (beilstein-journals.org)

Novel components that catalyze biomass saccharification are being investigated to optimize commercial enzyme preparations and, therefore, enable economic feasibility of second generation fuels and renewable chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)

The desired aromatic systems were obtained using Diels-Alder/aromatization sequences and this was followed by Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions and, when required, final functionalization steps. (biomedcentral.com)

The CF 2 unit for instance is generally considered as a bioisostere of the oxygen atom or of a carbonyl group [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In our strategy, the gem -difluoro unit has been chosen as a mimic of either the ether oxygen (fenoprofen series) or of a carbonyl group (ketoprofen series). (biomedcentral.com)
For example, the backbone carbon atom linked to the carbonyl group in an alpha amino acid, to which the side chain is attached. (rcsb.org)

with the peroxide bond broken, C4a-hydroxyflavin releases the remaining oxygen atom by eliminating water and is released from the enzyme as FAD. (wikipedia.org)
Recrystallization of the Co(II) complex in DMSO results in the cleavage of C=N bond to yield (2). (scirp.org)
Among different types of C-H bonds, an aromatic C-H bond is even more inert rendering this type of bond functionalization more difficult. (beilstein-journals.org)

Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus (CHON P).. What is the chemical composition of carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen Sulphur and phosphorus? (lacteoscienelac.com)
Light energy is essential for photosynthesis, which sustains our environment on Earth by generating oxygen and chemical energy for carbon fixation. (elifesciences.org)

Metals were exclusively explored to assist substitutions of aromatic C-H bonds by other bonds and this area of research is more than a century old. (beilstein-journals.org)

The presence of a deactivating group on the aromatic ring (such as an NH 2 group) can lead to the deactivation of the catalyst due to the formation of complexes. (testbook.com)

In nature as in biotechnology, light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptors perceive blue light to elicit spatiotemporally defined cellular responses. (nature.com)

Molecular docking studies suggested L1 was predominantly bound to BSA by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. (bvsalud.org)

The DEC-205 monomer forms a compact structure comprising two intercalated rings of C-type lectin-like domains, where the N-terminal cysteine-rich and fibronectin domains reside at the central intersection. (uci.edu)

Many of the substances under investigation possess the disadvantage of being a large molecular weight proteins that are difficult to manufacture and must be administered by infusion. (justia.com)
Fig. 1: Photochemistry of light-oxygen-voltage receptors and sequences of proteins under study. (nature.com)
Using a method of genetic amplification involving the poly- merase enzyme, they multiplied the number of genes of the alpha-subunits of several G-proteins, notably gustducin, which is uniquely expressed in such papillary cells. (forexsignalx.com)

However, the molecular identity of this activity has remained obscure. (nature.com)
Moreover, the enzymes lack both ADP-ribosyl cyclase and base exchange activity. (nature.com)
The structure of the dimeric A. fumigatus enzyme revealed the presence of a Ca 2+ binding site whose occupancy partially regulates enzymatic activity. (nature.com)
The enzyme responsible for collagen maturation is prolyl 4-hydroxylase, making this enzyme a central activity in cuticle biosynthesis and a potentially important chemotherapeutic target. (embl.de)

PubMed , which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE , and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central. (lookformedical.com)

In its absence, several light-oxygen-voltage receptors invariably retained productive, if often attenuated, signaling responses. (nature.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms12

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care2

Compounds18

Degradation6

Reaction10

Hydroxyl1

Pathways2

Molecules3

Aldehyde1

Substrate7

Protein6

Substrates1

Fluorine2

Compound5

Oxidative1

Inhibitors1

Aliphatic1

Polycyclic1

Oxidation2

NADPH1

Organic1

Asymmetric1

Ethers1

Molecule3

Derivatives1

Biochemical1

Reactive oxygen1

Catalytic1

Heterocyclic2

Isoform2

Mechanism2

Bacteria2

Pathogenic3

Bacterial1

Pathway2

Undergo1

Abstract1

Ligand2

Tetramer1

Alkyl1

Sulfur1

Flavin2

Substitution1

Biomass1

Reactions1

Carbonyl group3

Bond3

Chemical2

Metals1

Complexes1

Biotechnology1

Bound1

Cysteine1

Proteins3

Activity4

Central1

Absence1