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Xanthine OxidaseXanthineXanthine DehydrogenaseXanthinesNAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)Quinone ReductasesPyruvate SynthaseOxidoreductasesAllopurinolOxypurinolMolybdenumNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesElectron Transport Complex IOxidation-ReductionKetone OxidoreductasesHypoxanthineAldehyde OxidaseHypoxanthinesFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideTungstenNADProtochlorophyllidePteridinesOxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group DonorsDicumarolElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyProtein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein ReductaseKineticsFlavin MononucleotideElectron TransportFMN ReductaseUric AcidNADPCoenzymesSuperoxidesFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseAldehyde OxidoreductasesIron-Sulfur ProteinsFlavinsFree RadicalsMolecular Sequence DataMetalloproteinsMilkElectron Transport Complex IIINADH DehydrogenaseElectron Transport Complex IIAlcohol OxidoreductasesFlavoproteinsAmino Acid SequenceSpectrophotometryPurinesCattleUbiquinoneNitrosomonasElectron-Transferring FlavoproteinsOxygenEscherichia coliSuperoxide DismutaseProtein Disulfide-IsomerasesFerredoxinsCatalysisSubstrate SpecificitySulfurRhodobacter capsulatus2,6-DichloroindophenolMultienzyme ComplexesDithioniteHydrogen PeroxideAntley-Bixler Syndrome PhenotypeHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSuccinate DehydrogenaseAziridinesLiverReactive Oxygen SpeciesNADPH DehydrogenaseSequence Homology, Amino AcidRotenoneEnzyme InhibitorsHydroxidesCytochrome ReductasesBinding SitesAnaerobiosisOxidative StressCarbohydrate DehydrogenasesBacterial ProteinsBase SequenceMitochondria, HeartQuinonesFerricyanidesMitochondriaOxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group DonorsCatalaseMolecular WeightCloning, MolecularTungsten CompoundsParacoccus denitrificansSodium NitriteAntioxidantsTheobromine

DehydrogenaseInclude xanthineUric acidInhibitorsEnzymeUrateAldehydeHypoxanthineRenalNitric OxideNitrateMolybdenumDeficiencyBoundActivityProductionDehydrogenaseNADPHAllopurinolAldehyde oxidaseGigas aldehyde oxidoreductaseNADHInhibitorsEnzyme xanthineGeneFebuxostatCofactorXanthinuriaOxidase formMononuclearPurificationReactive oxygenAntimicrobialCatalyzesBindsOxygenNitriteExcessSubstratesPhysiologicalIncreasesHighGoutMilkKidneyProducts

Dehydrogenase5

• Mammalian xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by modification of cysteine residues or by proteolysis of the enzyme polypeptide chain. (rcsb.org)
• Studies have shown that xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) accelerates tumor growth, and also induces mutations or produces cytotoxic effects concurrently. (medsci.org)
• Although a tungsten-containing xanthine dehydrogenase from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten-molybdopterin and also non-protein-bound selenium (thus removing the possibility of selenium in selenocysteine or selenomethionine form), a tungsten-selenium molybdopterin complex has not been definitively described. (wikipedia.org)
• XOR is normally broadly distributed throughout several organs of your body and is available in two interconvertible isoforms: xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and xanthine oxidase (XO). (biongenex.com)
• These are synthesized as xanthine dehydrogenase which can be reversibly converted to xanthine oxidase by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or irreversibly by proteolysis. (disprot.org)

Include xanthine2

• Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (wikipedia.org)
• Available ULTs include xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors (allopurinol, febuxostat) and uricosuric agents (probenecid). (mdpi.com)

Uric acid4

• Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to uric acid. (wikipedia.org)
• Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are anti-hyperuricemic drugs that decrease serum uric acid levels by inhibiting its synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
• Uric acid (UA) is an end product of the purine metabolic pathway catalyzed by xanthine oxidase (XO), with increased levels of UA associated closely with various pathophysiologies [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Xanthine oxidoreductases catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid. (disprot.org)

Inhibitors2

• Many experimental studies have suggested that xanthine oxidase inhibitors have anti-atherosclerotic effects by decreasing in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, there is only limited evidence on the clinical implications of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with hyperuricemia. (biomedcentral.com)

Enzyme8

• It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. (wikipedia.org)
• Type II xanthinuria and molybdenum cofactor deficiency lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase. (wikipedia.org)
• During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O2-dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC 1.17.3.2 ). (expasy.org)
• These discoveries have prompted research interest in SU and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an enzyme that produces both urate and ROSs, as status or progression biomarkers of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. (researchgate.net)
• Xanthine oxidase is also recognized as a pivotal enzyme in the production of oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
• Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) ZPK is normally a crucial enzyme in the purine catabolism pathway that is associated with overproduction of ROS in diabetes. (biongenex.com)
• Main Manufacturers and SuppliersIndexVolume IIContentsContributorsAbbreviationsSection C: Methods for Determination of Enzyme Activity I. Oxidoreductases 1. (elsevier.com)
• contribs ) created page RXN0-901 (Created page with ' Category:reaction == Reaction RXN0-901 == * common-name: ** xanthine:nad+ oxidoreductase * direction: ** reversible * ec-number: ** [http://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.17.1.4 e. (genouest.org)

Urate1

• Xanthine oxidoreductase activity in joint tissue - A potential factor in urate crystal-induced arthritis? (bath.ac.uk)

Aldehyde1

• 26 5.7 d1aora1 a.110.1.1 (A:211-605) Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Hypoxanthine5

• Non-canonical purine bases are xanthine, hypoxanthine, and 7-Methylguanine. (notesbard.com)
• Deamination of adenine can lead to the formation of hypoxanthine and xanthine is formed due to the deamination of guanine. (notesbard.com)
• Hypoxanthine can also produce xanthine by catalysis of xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthosine can be generated in a reaction catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (notesbard.com)
• Mutagens can enhance the formation rates of xanthine and hypoxanthine. (notesbard.com)
• Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. (disprot.org)

Renal1

• Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. (wikipedia.org)

Nitric Oxide2

• Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine deaminase (AD) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were studied in the serum samples of all patients and controls. (medscimonit.com)
• At physiological concentrations, ROS are generated by several sources, including uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS), NADPH oxidases (NOX), xanthine oxidases (XO), cyclooxygenases, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Nitrate1

• Inorganic nitrites are also produced endogenously through oxidation of nitrous oxide (NO) formed from the enzymatic degradation of L-arginine and through the reduction of nitrate with xanthine oxidoreductase [Omar et al. (cdc.gov)

Molybdenum1

• Some bacterial oxidoreductases use tungsten in a similar manner as molybdenum by using it in a tungsten-pterin complex, with molybdopterin. (wikipedia.org)

Deficiency1

• Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. (wikipedia.org)

Bound1

• This observed hydroxylation reactivity is consistent with the postulated first step of Mo-Cu CODH (nucleophilic attack of the Mo(VI)-oxo on the Cu(I)-bound electrophilic CO) and xanthine oxidoreductase (nucleophilic attack of Mo(VI)-oxo on the electrophilic xanthine carbon). (wayne.edu)

Activity1

• XO activity in each lifestyle condition was assessed using the Amplex Crimson Xanthine/Xanthine Oxidase Assay Package (Molecular Probes Eugene OR) defined next. (biongenex.com)

Production1

• Maternal nano-titanium dioxide inhalation exposure increases female placental cyclooxygenase and xanthine oxidoreductase production. (cdc.gov)

Dehydrogenase15

• 3. Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout. (nih.gov)
• The mammalian enzyme predominantly exists as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4 , xanthine dehydrogenase). (kegg.jp)
• The XDH gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called xanthine dehydrogenase. (medlineplus.gov)
• Xanthine dehydrogenase has been studied extensively because it can be involved in the production of molecules called superoxide radicals. (medlineplus.gov)
• Specifically, xanthine dehydrogenase is sometimes converted to another form called xanthine oxidase, which produces superoxide radicals. (medlineplus.gov)
• Researchers suspect that xanthine dehydrogenase plays a role in milk production (lactation) in women. (medlineplus.gov)
• These mutations reduce or eliminate the activity of xanthine dehydrogenase. (medlineplus.gov)
• Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O. Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria. (medlineplus.gov)
• Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K, Minoshima S, Hosoya T, Sakai O, Shimizu N, Nishino T. Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene. (medlineplus.gov)
• Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Hoidal JR. Molecular cloning and characterization of the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene (XDH). (medlineplus.gov)
• Although a tungsten-containing xanthine dehydrogenase from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten-molybdopterin and also non-protein-bound selenium (thus removing the possibility of selenium in selenocysteine or selenomethionine form), a tungsten-selenium molybdopterin complex has not been definitively described. (wikipedia.org)
• The pharmaceutical is active against xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase. (pharmakb.com)
• It has been proposed that xanthine dehydrogenase in the endothelial cell cytoplasm is released following endothelial injury by microbes, and is converted to the oxidase form in the oxygen rich environment of blood. (openaccesspub.org)
• Xanthinuria is an autosomal recessive disease that is caused by either xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency (xanthinuria type I) or xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase deficiency (xanthinuria type II). (healthincode.com)
• This gene encodes xanthine dehydrogenase, which carries out the final stages of purine metabolism (conversion of hypoxanthine to xhantine and of xanthine to uric acid). (healthincode.com)

NADPH2

• In addition, a role for xanthine oxidase in antimicrobial defence, similar to NADPH oxidase in phagocytes is possible. (openaccesspub.org)
• Although inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) or NOX2 NADPH oxidase caused a similar reduction in myocardial O(2)(·-), only XOR inhibition reduced eNOS S-glutathionylation and Ser-1177 phosphorylation and restored both eNOS coupled activity and the negative inotropic and [Ca(2+)](i) transient response to β(3)-AR stimulation in nNOS(-/-) mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Allopurinol5

• 8. An allopurinol-controlled, randomized, double-dummy, double-blind, parallel between-group, comparative study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phase 3 clinical study. (nih.gov)
• 10. Crystal structures of mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase bound with various inhibitors: allopurinol, febuxostat, and FYX-051. (nih.gov)
• Oxipurinol (Oxipurinol), the major active metabolite of Allopurinol, is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase . (medchemexpress.com)
• Interestingly, febuxostat, but not allopurinol (another xanthine oxidase inhibitor), rapidly induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and facilitated the degradation of Keap1, similar to the electrophilic Nrf2 activator omaveloxolone. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
• One of the most important xanthine oxidase competitive inhibitors is allopurinol that is a substrate analog, has similar chemical structure to hypoxanthine and used in treatment of hyperuricemia and gout 1 , 14 . (openaccesspub.org)

Aldehyde oxidase1

• Molybdenum is an essential element for the function of nitrogenase in plants and as a cofactor for enzymes including xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfide oxidase in animals. (nih.gov)

Gigas aldehyde oxidoreductase1

• Desulfovibrio gigas aldehyde oxidoreductase (DgAOR) is a mononuclear molybdenum-containing enzyme from the xanthine oxidase (XO) family, a group of enzymes capable of catalyzing the oxidative hydroxylation of aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds. (rcsb.org)

NADH1

• Enzima que cataliza la oxidación de la XANTINA en presencia de NAD+ para formar ÁCIDO ÚRICO y NADH. (bvsalud.org)

Inhibitors5

• 1. Xanthine oxidoreductase and its inhibitors: relevance for gout. (nih.gov)
• 2. Increase in thyroid stimulating hormone levels in patients with gout treated with inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase. (nih.gov)
• 4. Hyperuricemia-Related Diseases and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors: An Overview. (nih.gov)
• 5. [Inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase]. (nih.gov)
• 19. Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitors. (nih.gov)

Enzyme xanthine1

• It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. (wikipedia.org)

Gene1

• Xanthine oxidoreductase gene polymorphisms are associated with high risk of sepsis and organ failure. (cdc.gov)

Febuxostat1

• Here, we demonstrate that febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, alleviates the increase in adipose tissue mass in obese mouse models with a high-fat diet or ovariectomy. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

Cofactor3

• Type II xanthinuria and molybdenum cofactor deficiency lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase. (wikipedia.org)
• Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (wikipedia.org)
• Modern oxidoreductase enzymes employ differential binding between reduced and oxidized forms of redox cofactors to alter cofactor reduction potential and enhance the enzyme's catalytic capabilities. (nature.com)

Xanthinuria3

• Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. (wikipedia.org)
• Ichida K, Amaya Y, Okamoto K, Nishino T. Mutations associated with functional disorder of xanthine oxidoreductase and hereditary xanthinuria in humans. (medlineplus.gov)
• Kimiyoshi I, Yoshihiro A, Ken O, Takeshi N. Mutations Associated with Functional Disorder of Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Hereditary Xanthinuria in Humans. (healthincode.com)

Oxidase form1

• During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O2-dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC 1.17.3.2 ). (kegg.jp)

Mononuclear1

• Mononuclear phagocyte xanthine oxidoreductase contributes to cytokine-induced acute lung injury. (ucdenver.edu)

Purification2

• 2: Beyazta S, Arslan O. Purification of xanthine_oxidase from bovine milk by affinity chromatography with a novel gel J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. (moleculardepot.com)
• Simple, high-yield purification of xanthine_oxidase from bovine milk J Biochem Biophys Methods. (moleculardepot.com)

Reactive oxygen1

• In pathological states, xanthine oxidoreductase activity increases to produce excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

Antimicrobial2

• The antimicrobial activity of bovine milk xanthine_oxidase Int Dairy J. 2020 Mar;102:104581. (moleculardepot.com)
• Effects of industrial heat treatments on the kinetics of inactivation of antimicrobial bovine milk xanthine_oxidase NPJ Sci Food. (moleculardepot.com)

Catalyzes1

• An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. (ouhsc.edu)

Binds2

• Here we show an RNA aptamer that preferentially binds oxidized forms of flavin over reduced forms and markedly shifts flavin reduction potential by −40 mV, similar to shifts for oxidoreductases. (nature.com)
• The PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain of butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) binds to xanthine oxidoreductase: implications for the function of BTN1A1 in the mammary gland and other tissues. (ctsicn.org)

Oxygen1

• Xanthine oxidase can oxidize substrates in the blood, leading to the formation of oxygen derived free radicals which have been suggested to provide oxidative defence 12 , 13 . (openaccesspub.org)

Nitrite1

• Tempol improves xanthine oxidoreductase-mediated vascular responses to nitrite in experimental renovascular hypertension. (nih.gov)

Excess1

• The excess xanthine can accumulate in the kidneys and other tissues. (medlineplus.gov)

Substrates1

• 10: Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Leitner G. Posttranslational ruling of xanthine oxidase activity in bovine milk by its substrates Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (moleculardepot.com)

Physiological1

• Xanthine oxidoreductase: One enzyme for multiple physiological tasks. (nih.gov)

Increases1

• Maternal nano-titanium dioxide inhalation exposure increases female placental cyclooxygenase and xanthine oxidoreductase production. (cdc.gov)

High2

• Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. (wikipedia.org)
• Xanthine Oxidase from Bovine Milk is a high quality Xanthine Oxidase from bovine milk. (moleculardepot.com)

Gout1

• 6. Mechanistic insights into xanthine oxidoreductase from development studies of candidate drugs to treat hyperuricemia and gout. (nih.gov)

Milk4

• 3: Clifford AJ, Ho CY, Swenerton H. Homogenized bovine milk xanthine_oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating to plasmalogen depletion and cardiovascular disease Am J Clin Nutr. (moleculardepot.com)
• The isolation of demolybdo xanthine_oxidase from bovine milk Biochem J. 1988 Nov 1;255(3):949-56. (moleculardepot.com)
• 5: Briley MS, Eisenthal R. Association of xanthine_oxidase with the bovine milk-fat-globule membrane Biochem J. 1974 Oct;143(1):149-57. (moleculardepot.com)
• Copurification of bovine milk xanthine_oxidase and immunoglobulin Arch Biochem Biophys. (moleculardepot.com)

Kidney1

• In the kidneys, xanthine forms tiny crystals that occasionally build up to create kidney stones . (medlineplus.gov)

Products1

• Pro-Aging Effects of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Products. (nih.gov)