• Animal experiments demonstrated that fingolimod could reduce edema, cell apoptosis and cerebra atrophy and show neuroprotective function in ICH rats [ 8 ]. (karger.com)
  • 9) Oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by iron oxide nanoparticles in cultured human umbilical endothelial cells. (ucas.ac.cn)
  • Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve various biological events such as neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory cascade[ 2 - 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Behavioral testing, ischemic damage, blood-brain-barrier disruption, apoptosis, neutrophils infiltration, microglia/macrophage activation, and MPO oxidation were analyzed within a 7-day period after MCAO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our studies show that KYC treatment significantly reduces neurological severity scores, infarct size, IgG extravasation, neutrophil infiltration, loss of neurons, apoptosis, and microglia/macrophage activation in the brains of MCAO mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2009), but the ketogenic diet has been further shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, hypoxia, glutamate toxicity, ischemia, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) (see Prins, 2008, for a review). (nationalacademies.org)
  • During ischemia and reoxygenation of the myocardium, the levels of free radicals increase in cardiomyocytes and Ca2+ transport as well as contractility are impaired due to oxidative damage to the ion-transporting protein complexes. (cardioweb.ru)
  • We study the mechanisms of protection of cardiomyocytes under ischemia and oxidative stress. (cardioweb.ru)
  • Therefore, over the past several years, research has been directed to limit the brain lesions produced by acute ischemia (neuroprotection) and to increase the recovery, plasticity and neuroregenerative processes that complement rehabilitation and enhance the possibility of recovery and return to normal functions (neurorepair). (mdpi.com)
  • Autophagy is a process that relies on lysosomal pathways for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and plays an important role in the pathology of brain injury such as hypoxia ischemia[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The fate of the brain tissue after focal cerebral ischemia is determined by the degree and duration of ischemia, and even without preconditioning, resident brain cells naturally respond to brain ischemia by mobilizing a host of defences and counter responses to mitigate cell injury and death [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Delayed phase of IT occurs in days, when the latent cerebroprotective phenotype is complete, the brain is again ischemia-tolerant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oxidative stress plays an important and causal role in the mechanisms by which ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury increases brain damage after stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ischemia and reperfusion can cause serious brain damage in stroke or cardiac arrest. (benbest.com)
  • Neuroinflammation is one of the key pathological events involved in the progression of brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • This review article will focus specifically on the involvement of COX isozymes in brain ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Brain tissue responses to ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • The damage from ICH includes the primary tissue injury due to the mechanical effects of the haemorrhage and also the development of perihaematomal oedema (PHO), which induces a severe secondary injury and/or destruction of the adjacent tissue, in addition to an impairment in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (bmj.com)
  • Danger signal evoked in the brain by the stressing preconditioning stimulus induces complex endogenous protective mechanisms resulting to a latent protective phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, these reports strongly support the idea that ROS and RNS play important roles in the mechanisms by which stroke induces and propagates tissue injury and brain cell death after stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results showed that NMN administration markedly attenuated histological damages, neuronal death, brain edema, and improved neurological and cognitive deficits in TBI rats. (medsci.org)
  • Recently, many experimental models have been used to study hallmarks of neuronal injury. (nel.edu)
  • Another set of animals were intracardially perfused with a fixative solution and their brains were subjected to immunofluorescence with lectins to determine the microvasculature profile, and anti-GFAP, anti-NeuN, anti-MBP and anti-Iba1 to study reactive astrocytes, neuronal damage, myelin dysarrangements and microglial state respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inflammation and coagulation response after ICH would accelerate the formation of brain edema around hematoma, resulting in a more severe and durable injury. (karger.com)
  • There is a short-of-effective medical treatment for secondary inflammation and reducing brain edema in ICH patients. (karger.com)
  • The inflammation, thrombin activation, and erythrocyte lysis caused by primary injury could promote the formation of brain edema, which is associated with poor outcome, and could cause more severe and durable injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • In recent years, many studies focus on the mechanism of secondary inflammation that can cause brain edema and this may provide new therapy targets for ICH [ 7 ]. (karger.com)
  • The key to recovery after TBI is reducing toxic substances in the intercellular matrix, eliminating excessive water, inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation, protecting blood-brain barrier components, and promoting nerve regeneration [ 3 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • However, the direct effects and features of systemic inflammation on brain injury, especially comparing between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, are still obscure. (bmj.com)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrated that PT enhanced brain inflammation and aggravated stroke severity in middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. (bmj.com)
  • Repetitive apneic episodes disrupt the normal physiologic function and trigger sympathetic activation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, increased platelet aggregability, and metabolic dysregulation. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present work, we aimed to test the beneficial effects of CBD in brain circulation and inflammation in an in vivo model of sepsis after parenteral injection of LPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The clinical presentation of Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) is marked by disruptions to the alveolar-capillary complex mediated by inflammation, interalveolar edema primarily caused by protein-rich fluids influx, reduced alveolar clearance, and increased pulmonary resistance. (ceufast.com)
  • these crucial factors promote neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in OSA. (hindawi.com)
  • El-Remessy et al [ 10 ] recently reported that CBD prevented inflammatory and oxidative damage and preserved endothelial integrity in an experimental model of diabetic retinopathy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once Stx2 reaches the circulation it may target endothelial, kidney and/or brain cells through the Stx2 globotriaosylceramide receptor (Gb3) causing cytotoxicity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cerebral edema in intracerebral hemorrhage: pathogenesis, natural history and potential treatments from translation to clinical trials Frontiers in Stroke. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Role of aquaporin-4 in cerebral edema and stroke. (benthamscience.com)
  • Mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated cerebral edema. (benthamscience.com)
  • Igarashi H, Huber VJ, Tsujita M, Nakada T. Pretreatment with a novel aquaporin 4 inhibitor, TGN-020, significantly reduces ischemic cerebral edema. (benthamscience.com)
  • However, this second impact causes cerebral edema and herniation, leading to collapse and death within minutes. (medscape.com)
  • Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a highly potent oxidative enzyme that is capable of inducing both oxidative and nitrosative stress in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This article summarizes the epidemiology and outcomes of AKI in neurocritically ill adults admitted to the ICU, focusing on prevalent ABI conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and acute stroke. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The oppression and destruction by hematoma to brain tissue cause the primary brain injury. (karger.com)
  • In the first few hours after ICH onset, primary brain injury by ICH is mainly caused by the oppression and destruction to the near tissue by hematoma formation. (karger.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide public health concern that necessitates attention. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increasing evidence and our previous studies have shown that Arc might be involved in the pathological mechanism of various neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). (bvsalud.org)
  • Huang L , Kang J , Chen G , Ye W , Meng X , Du Q , Feng Z , . Low-intensity focused ultrasound attenuates early traumatic brain injury by OX-A/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. (aging-us.com)
  • Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious hazard to human health and is characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. (aging-us.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major global public health problem [ 1 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Brain injury often results in various physical and mental sequelae, such as epilepsy, chronic encephalopathy, and depression [ 2 ], which cause great harm to sufferers and have a tremendous economic impact on families and the social health system. (aging-us.com)
  • Physical therapy is helpful in patients with increased tone, motor deficits, or mobility problems after a brain injury. (medscape.com)
  • A speech therapist can help a patient with brain injury overcome barriers related to these changes. (medscape.com)
  • Deep venous thrombosis: Cifu et al showed that approximately 20% of patients admitted to a brain-injury rehabilitation unit had deep venous thrombosis. (medscape.com)
  • Complications of severe brain injury: Brainstem herniation, rebleeding, and death may occur. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of a severe head injury, many of the aforementioned therapies can be continued in an outpatient setting, but most of the rehabilitation process is focused on reintegrating patients with brain injuries into their home environment and community. (medscape.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative stress injury are major pathophysiological mechanisms of SAE in critically ill patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insulin has important immunomodulatory effects and protective effects against oxidative stress injury in the peripheral organs of septic patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore whether insulin therapy can inhibit cytokine production (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a) and oxidative stress injury of the brain tissue in septic rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zhu X, Cheng J, Yu J, Liu R, Ma H, Zhao Y. Nicotinamide mononucleotides alleviated neurological impairment via anti-neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. (medsci.org)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main factors of death and disability in adults with a high incidence worldwide. (medsci.org)
  • Taken together, our data showed that NMN alleviated neurological impairment via anti-neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury and the mechanisms may involve TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling. (medsci.org)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), as the most common cause of death in trauma centers, is also one of the major causes of death and disability in adults worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Damage to Myelin and Oligodendrocytes: A Role in Chronic Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury? (mdpi.com)
  • Hyperglycemia aggravates brain damage after diffuse axonal injury (DAI), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. (researchsquare.com)
  • Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), an important pathoanatomical subgroup of traumatic brain injury (TBI), refers to intracranial injury caused by rapid and sustained deceleration or acceleration of the brain, leading to higher mortality and functional impairment. (researchsquare.com)
  • Conclusions Our results suggest that PT increases inflammatory response that exacerbates brain injury after ICH or ischaemic stroke in mouse model. (bmj.com)
  • 1 2 At present, although progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways leading to brain injury after stroke, the current clinical treatments remain poorly effective. (bmj.com)
  • Approximately 20% of patients with acute brain injury (ABI) also experience acute kidney injury (AKI), which worsens their outcomes. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The metabolic and inflammatory changes associated with AKI likely contribute to prolonged brain injury and edema. (beds.ac.uk)
  • In the context of neurocritical care, AKI diagnosis holds significance for acute brain injury (ABI) management. (beds.ac.uk)
  • In the scenario of IT, PC stimulus primes the brain for subsequent injurious ischemic injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypothermia is considered a useful intervention for limiting pathophysiological changes after brain injury. (en-journal.org)
  • Here, we review the protective effects-and the cellular mechanisms that underlie them-of delayed and prolonged local hypothermia in rodent and canine brain injury models. (en-journal.org)
  • In general, a brain injury is categorized as either a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or an acquired brain injury (ABI). (en-journal.org)
  • TBI refers to an injury to the brain caused by an external force. (en-journal.org)
  • Brain injuries, caused by both external and internal forces, trigger a complex cascade of post-injury events that lead to pathophysiology. (en-journal.org)
  • To determine if and the extent to which MPO-generated oxidants contribute to brain I/R injury, we treated mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with N -acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC), a novel, specific and non-toxic inhibitor of MPO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extensive studies have shown that the increase in oxidative stress induced by I/R after acute stroke plays a critical role in brain tissue injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I focus my attention on ischemic/reperfusion injury to the brain. (benbest.com)
  • Cyclooxygenase inhibition in ischemic brain injury. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • We will discuss issues related to the biochemistry and selective pharmacological inhibition of COX enzymes, and further refer to their expression in the brain under normal conditions and following excitotoxicity and ischemic cerebral injury. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Cyclooxygenase inhibition as a strategy to ameliorate brain injury. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • See Pediatric Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries, a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the signs and symptoms of TBI, determine the type and severity of injury, and initiate appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, even if the effects of the initial brain injury have already resolved (6-18 mo post injury), the effect of multiple concussions over time remains significant and can result in long-term neurologic and functional deficits. (medscape.com)
  • These multiple brain insults can still be termed repetitive head injury syndrome, but they do not fit the classification of SIS. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous studies of professional boxers have shown that repeated brain injury can lead to chronic encephalopathy, termed dementia pugilistica . (medscape.com)
  • This study focuses on the neuroprotective bioactivity of docosanoid mediators: Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), Resolvin D1 (RvD1), and their combination in experimental stroke. (springer.com)
  • Emerging evidences indicate that systemic inflammatory cascades after stroke contribute to brain damage. (bmj.com)
  • The neurodeficits, stroke lesion, immune response and blood-brain barrier (BBB) destruction were assessed. (bmj.com)
  • Brain edema primarily occurs as a consequence of various cerebral injuries including ischemic stroke. (benthamscience.com)
  • ABI is a broader category that refers both to traumatic brain injuries and to brain injuries caused by internal forces such as a stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, or brain tumor. (en-journal.org)
  • Accordingly, reducing oxidative stress has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for limiting damage in the brain after stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MPO-generated oxidants play detrimental roles in causing brain damage after stroke which is effectively reduced by KYC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the conclusions from those studies is that agents targeting specific sources of oxidative stress may be more effective for therapy for stroke than a general antioxidant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stroke is now the second leading cause of death worldwide, and is defined as an impairment in blood supply to the brain, and is linked to different cardiovascular dysfunctions. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Excessive glutamate release resulting in excessive Ca +2 entry into cells is the excitotoxicity which initiates the brain ischemic damage seen in stroke and cardiac arrest. (benbest.com)
  • 10. Dirnagl U. Bench to bedside: the quest for quality in experimental stroke research. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Little is known about the mechanisms underlying macular degenerations, mainly for the scarcity of adequate experimental models to investigate cone cell death. (nature.com)
  • Molecular mechanisms of regulation of cardiomyocyte contractility during ischemic conditions and oxidative stress. (cardioweb.ru)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate a possible role for hyperglycemia in the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in a rat model of DAI and the underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
  • This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of AQP4 related to its dual role in edema formation and elimination. (benthamscience.com)
  • Since the first landmark experimental demonstration of ischemic tolerance in the gerbil brain in early 1990's, basic scientific knowledge on the mechanisms of cerebral ischemic tolerance increased substantially. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results: LIFUS improved tissue damage, neurological deficits, and brain edema. (aging-us.com)
  • Occupational therapy is helpful in patients with brain injuries who may have motor and/or cognitive processing deficits and who may need to improve their ability to perform activities of daily living. (medscape.com)
  • Experimental models of vascular permeability in vitro, models based on transgenic and standard laboratory animals are used. (cardioweb.ru)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by aggregated extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain ( Finder and Glockshuber, 2007 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Alzheimer's Disease: Experimental Treatments Page 1 of 22 Aetna Better Health® 2000 Market Street, Suite 850 Philadelphia, PA 19103 AETNA BETTER HE. (kipdf.com)
  • Aetna considers the following treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) experimental and investigational because their effectiveness for this indication has not been established (not an all inclusive list). (kipdf.com)
  • The causes of hyperglycemia after TBI might be related to the stress response, the inflammatory response, diabetes mellitus, surgery and so on [ 5 ] . (researchsquare.com)
  • Hyperglycemia related to diabetes is less important than stress-induced hyperglycemia in terms of mortality in acute trauma and TBI patients [ 3 ] . (researchsquare.com)
  • Male Wistar/DV rats were used in this study to assess our modified 2-week model of CMS as a combination of psychosocial, physical and metabolic stressors and to compare the effect of acute administration of venlafaxine (VFX) and diazepam (DZP), either in stress or no stress conditions. (nel.edu)
  • Brain edema is a pathological phenomenon that water and brain tissue volume increase. (karger.com)
  • AQP4 is prevalently distributed in the central nervous system, and mainly regulates water flux in brain cells under normal and pathological conditions. (benthamscience.com)
  • 2006). In one experimental study, mice fed a ketogenic diet were found to have increased UCPs, thus limiting the generation of ROS (Sullivan et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This was accompanied by retinal swelling and the appearance of cystoid spaces in both inner and ONLs of R91W;Nrl −/− mice indicating edema in affected areas. (nature.com)
  • This increases hydrostatic pressure between interlamellar spaces and extracellular periaxonal and parenchymatous space, loosening the tight junctions between them, thus causing intramyelinic edema. (wikipedia.org)
  • vasogenic factors, thrombin formation, erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin (Hb) toxicity [ 5 ] have been proved to be related to brain edema growth [ 6 ]. (karger.com)
  • In most patients, mild brain injuries do not require extensive rehabilitation, but they do require focal medical and rehabilitation care based on the individual's clinical evaluation and diagnostic test results. (medscape.com)
  • After 6 hours of insulin therapy, we found that the cytokine concentrations notably decreased and oxidative stress injuries in the cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus were alleviated in septic rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A study of American high school and college football players demonstrated 94 catastrophic head injuries (significant intracranial bleeding or edema) over a 13-year period. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, it alleviates early neuroinflammation by inhibiting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma and modulating the polarization of microglia/macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
  • basic and clinical evidence indicate that the rapid decline in estrogen at the onset of menopause has adverse consequences, particularly for the brain 1 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Current clinical treatment for ischemic edema is very limited, therefore, it is urgent to develop novel treatment strategies. (benthamscience.com)
  • Therefore, delayed and prolonged local brain hypothermia at the site of craniectomy is a promising intervention that may prove effective in the clinical setting. (en-journal.org)
  • Besides, ASK1-K716R effectively suppressed the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma, decreased the number of proinflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, increased the number of anti-inflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, and downregulated expression of several proinflammatory factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consequently, fatty acid oxidation becomes favored, and the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies that serve as an efficient alternative fuel for brain cells. (nationalacademies.org)
  • 14) Degranulation of mast cells and histamine release involved in rat pain-related behaviors and edema induced by scorpion Buthus martensi Karch venom. (ucas.ac.cn)
  • Human SH-SY5Y cells were divided into three groups includes control group (control), model group (oxygen and sugar deprivation) and experimental group (oxygen and sugar deprivation+trehalose). (ijpsonline.com)
  • The tetra(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline, BTA-EG 4 , is a novel amyloid-binding small molecule that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and protect cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. (jneurosci.org)
  • The action of LPS has been described as an enhancer of the deleterious effects of Stx2 in different cells [ 4 ] and organs such as the brain [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the outcome of the brain cells is shifted by PC from death to survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although reports on cognitive dysfunctions have been reported in HUS patients, research in brain cognitive areas such as the hippocampus has been scarcely described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The time of day and duration of the stressor differed across the procedure to avoid animals to adapt to the stress stimulus. (nel.edu)
  • Blue light exposure of the R91W;Nrl −/− mouse could therefore be used to study molecular events preceding edema formation in a cone-rich environment, and thus potentially help to develop treatment strategies for edema-based complications in macular degenerations. (nature.com)
  • In the first minute after stoppage of blood flow to the brain, ATP in neurons is primarily regenerated from ADP by phosphate from PhosphoCreatine ( PCr ). (benbest.com)
  • Polyphenols are micronutrients present in a variety of foods, which gained interest over the last 30 years due to their antioxidant properties and their emerging role in the prevention of several diseases linked to oxidative stress such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/resources/atlas/en/index.html. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The architecture of the neurons in the hippocampus histopathological studies was seen when the combined treatment with estrogen and AMEE was given confirming that our given combination has the potential to improve memory in female rats, particularly those who were estrogen-deficient as in our experimental design. (ijpsr.com)
  • Chronic unpredictable mild stress paradigm in male Wistar rats: effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. (nel.edu)
  • CMS did not increase the behavioral despair analyzed in Forced swim test yet it disrupted the capacity of the Stress-induced hyperthermia test (CMS rats failed to react to the stress by increasing the core temperature). (nel.edu)
  • Pathophysiology of AD is a degeneration of brain neurons due to Aꞵ overproduction and accumulation of amyloid-ꞵ (Aꞵ), neurofibrillary tau tangles beyond the normal and low concentration of acetylcholine 2, 3 . (ijpsr.com)
  • We argue that decompressive craniectomy can be used to overcome the limitations of local brain hypothermia without causing histological abnormalities or other detrimental effects to the cooled area. (en-journal.org)
  • Cathodic amelioration of the adverse effects of oxidative stress accompanying procedures necessary for cryopreservation of embryonic axes of recalcitrant-seeded species. (h2bev.com)
  • Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein. (h2bev.com)
  • On the contrary, the cell death rate and autophagy level of the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the model group. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Effect of insulin (4.8 mu/kg/min) on LPS (10 mg/kg) induced changes in IL-1β in different brain regions (cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also found promoted leucocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release into the brain after PT treatment. (bmj.com)
  • Macular edema in humans is a result of diffuse capillary leakage and microaneurysms in the macular region. (nature.com)
  • Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction that occurs secondary to infection in the body without overt central nervous system (CNS) infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its uses include as a treatment of weakness and leg edema, as a lactation and appetite stimulant, and as a remedy for indigestion, baldness, and fever. (lww.com)
  • Although fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, these three ketone bodies can enter the brain and serve as an energy source. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Such a difference is relevant as LPS cannot readily cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) [ 15 ] and because, during the actual septic condition, both endotoxin release and leukocyte activation take place inside the intravascular space [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)