Oxidative reaction. Medical search. Frequent questions

The relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and the energy-linked nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide transhydrogenase reaction catalyzed by phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart has been investigated. (eurekamag.com)
The efficiency of the particles in exhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (P/O ratio) and NADH-linked NADP+ reduction (NADP+/O ratio) was measured, using succinate as oxidizable substrate and rotenone as inhibitor of Nadh oxidase, under conditions where the phosphorylating and transhydrogenating systems were operating one by one or in parallel. (eurekamag.com)
It is concluded that oxidative phosphorylation and the energy-linked transhydrogenase reaction are competing for a common nonphosphorylated high-energy intermediate generated by the respiratory chain. (eurekamag.com)
reduced oxidative phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)
According to this view, the later development of mitochondria rendered peroxisomes largely obsolete because many of the same reactions-which had formerly been carried out in peroxisomes without producing energy-were now coupled to ATP formation by means of oxidative phosphorylation . (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial function or the ability to generate energy through OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) is vital for cell homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of nearly all chronic diseases ( Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
2] Magnesium is involved in most biochemical reactions such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. (medscape.com)
Cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in the mitochondria, where a series of enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen and the generation of energy-storing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (msdmanuals.com)
Tissues with a high energy demand (eg, brain, nerves, retina, skeletal and cardiac muscle) are particularly vulnerable to defects in oxidative phosphorylation. (msdmanuals.com)
Increase in the lactate:pyruvate ratio distinguishes oxidative phosphorylation defects from other genetic causes of lactic acidosis. (msdmanuals.com)

The differentially expressed oxidative stress genes (DEOSGs) were analyzed by intersection of DEGs and oxidative stress-related genes. (nature.com)

Glutathione (GSH), on the other hand, is an endogenous antioxidant that is produced throughout the body and is directly involved in combating oxidative stress in the lungs and other tissues. (cdc.gov)

Hemoglobin (Hb) continuously undergoes autoxidation producing superoxide which dismutates into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and is a potential source for subsequent oxidative reactions. (johnshopkins.edu)
Enzymes such as peroxidases and laccases catalyze the reaction using hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, respectively, as oxidant generating phenoxy radicals which couple together according to certain rules. (vtt.fi)
This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
This review focuses on an emerging topic, the functional involvement of AQPs in ROS membrane transport, with specific regard to the movement of hydrogen peroxide and NO into and out of cells, in both health and oxidative stress-induced diseases. (hindawi.com)
In this study, we examined the cytoprotective effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) isolated from mulberry fruit against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, the excessive generation of ROS, such as super oxide anions (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) due to environmental stress results in significant oxidative damage to cell structures, such as DNA, the mitochondria and cell membranes ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

In the red blood cell (RBC), oxidative reactions are inhibited by an extensive antioxidant system. (johnshopkins.edu)
For extracellular Hb, whether from hemolysis of RBCs and/or the infusion of Hb-based blood substitutes, the oxidative reactions are not completely neutralized by the available antioxidant system. (johnshopkins.edu)
To investigate the antioxidant effect of vitamin C in terms of oxidative DNA damage measured by the comet assay and DNA repair measured by expression of OGG1 mRNA in blood cells of male smokers given 2 x 250 mg vitamin C daily as plain or slow release tablets combined with plain release vitamin E 2 x 91 mg, or placebo for 4 wk. (nih.gov)
Epididymal (visceral) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)), antioxidant system markers (ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities), and prooxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, myeloperoxidase content). (hindawi.com)
Though oxygen is peremptory for life, imbalances between antioxidant defense mechanisms, overproduction of ROS, or incorporation of free radicals from the environment to living systems lead to oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)
The primary such as hs-CRP, total homocysteine, as well enzymatic defences are intracellular, but as oxidative stress, have been proposed other antioxidant defences are largely ex- as risk factors for the development and tracellular, including antioxidative sub- progression of atherosclerosis and athero- strates such as uric acid and unconjugated thrombotic cardiovascular disease [10-13]. (who.int)

The oxidative decarboxylation reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase system, which includes three different enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2), dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3), six cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide, coenzyme A (CoA), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), magnesium ion, and one co-substrate: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). (wikipedia.org)
TPP is the key catalytic cofactor used by enzymes catalyzing non-oxidative and oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids. (wikipedia.org)
They contain oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and urate oxidase , at such high concentrations that in some cells the peroxisomes stand out in electron micrographs because of the presence of a crystalloid core ( Figure 12-31 ). (nih.gov)

Decarboxylation in metabolism can be either non-oxidative or oxidative. (wikipedia.org)
Aβ-mediated oxidative stress results in mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of glucose metabolism, loss of proteostasis and synaptic plasticity, altered signal transduction, neuroinflammation, and progressive loss of neurons 9 . (nature.com)
For this purpose, two different drugs were used: (1) Sodium thiosulfate (STS), a CN antidote commonly used in humans in case of CN poisoning and (2) 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) which blocks ACN metabolism through the oxidative pathway, preventing CN formation. (cdc.gov)
However, the role of C1QBP in metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells have not yet been explored. (medsci.org)

A K 2 S 2 O 8 -mediated transition metal-free oxidative cross-coupling reaction of activated olefins with N -alkyl amides provides N -allylic amides in good yield. (organic-chemistry.org)
A silver-mediated oxidative coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with fluoroform-derived AgCF 3 using K 2 S 2 O 8 as oxidant was developed. (sioc-journal.cn)
Dimeric phenolic compounds - lignans and dilignols - form in the so-called oxidative coupling reaction of phenols. (vtt.fi)
The dimeric compounds with a so-called spirodienone structure have been observed to form both in the dehydrodimerization of methyl sinapate and in the -1-type cross-coupling reaction of two different monolignols. (vtt.fi)
The enantioselectivity of the oxidative coupling reaction was also studied for obtaining enantiopure lignans and dilignols. (vtt.fi)
A rather good enantioselectivity was obtained in the oxidative coupling reaction of two monolignols with chiral auxiliary substituents using peroxidase/H2O2 as an oxidation system. (vtt.fi)
This observation was published as one of the first enantioselective oxidative coupling reaction of phenols. (vtt.fi)
Here, an S-scheme α-Fe2O3/Cu2O heterojunction photocatalyst was designed and fabricated for the primary amine oxidative coupling reaction. (edu.sa)
The PPI dendrimer encapsulated Cu ions in the internal nanovoids to form adjacent Cu species, which exhibited significantly high catalytic activity for the regioselective coupling reaction of DMP compared to previously reported enzyme and metal complex catalysts. (mdpi.com)
The Coupling Reaction of Copper(I) Methyltrialkylborates with Benzyl Bromides. (thieme-connect.de)

Based on the hypothesis that oxidative chemisorption of α-pinene at the sliding solid surface plays critical role, inert (dry N 2 ), oxidative (dry air), and reductive (10% H 2 in Ar) gas environments were chosen to alter the degree of surface oxidation in the sliding contact. (psu.edu)
Reductive (right column) and oxidative (left column) reaction pathways for cysteine. (iucr.org)
Reductive and oxidative electron transfer reactions were observed for the 2LMCT state of [Fe(phtmeimb)2]+ in bimolecular quenching studies with methylviologen and diphenylamine. (lu.se)

Previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of Aβ contributed to the initiation of AD 8 . (nature.com)
Recent studies have demonstrated that antioxidants present in natural products protect cells by reducing H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Conclusion V exposure in vitro resulted in oxidative damage with significant regional variations in brain tissue homogenates. (thieme-connect.com)
VC is pro-oxidative in vitro reactions and DF chelates V-ion moiety. (thieme-connect.com)

The mechanism by which ACN renders the cochlea more vulnerable to noise damage is still unknown, but we hypothesize that the decrease of GSH and/or the inhibition of SOD reduce the cochlear intrinsic anti-oxidant defenses and ultimately create oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)

The MIN6 pancreatic β-cells were used to investigate the cytoprotective effects of C3G on the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, our results suggest that C3G isolated from mulberry fruit has potential for use as a phytotherapeutic agent for the prevention of diabetes by preventing oxidative stress-induced β-cell apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Evidence has been provided that activation of the vascular endothelial cells in the presence of the risk factors promotes oxidative stress and vascular inflammatory responses, leading to acceleration of atherosclerotic vascular disease. (frontiersin.org)
Recent research provides emerging evidence supporting an essential role of increased activity of arginases including arginase-I and arginase-II in causing eNOS-uncoupling, which results in vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and ultimately leading to vascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
DMD is a fatal hereditary myopathy that is associated with chronic inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress. (medscape.com)
Extracts of turmeric play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress occurring in the overweight patients. (greenmedinfo.com)
However, an increased inflammatory response and oxidative stress are part of the maternal systemic reaction. (lu.se)

Oxidative Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acids and Fluoroform-Derived AgCF 3 [J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry , 2020, 40(10): 3426-3430. (sioc-journal.cn)

Model calculations show that depending on the bromide concentration and the pH, the high reactivity of bromine may outweigh the reactions of chlorine during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. (edu.au)
Comparing the tribo-polymerization yield of α-pinene on two highly reactive substrates (Pd and CuO) and two relatively inert substrates (diamond-like carbon and silicon oxide), it was found that the oxidative gas significantly enhances the tribochemical reactivity of α-pinene. (psu.edu)
Two methods for aerosol oxidative reactivity are presented: one based on change in color intensity using a traditional paper-based techniques and one based on the length of the color product formed using a distance-based device. (cdc.gov)
Peroxisomes might have served to lower the intracellular concentration of oxygen, while also exploiting its chemical reactivity to perform useful oxidative reactions. (nih.gov)

Revealing Active Sites and Reaction Pathways in Methane Non-Oxidative Coupling over Iron-Containing Zeolites. (bvsalud.org)

The oxidative reactions performed by peroxisomes in present-day cells would therefore be those that have important functions not taken over by mitochondria. (nih.gov)
We're going to look at reactions that happen in liver mitochondria and especially with the inner membrane of the mitochondria. (hstalks.com)

Oxidative coupling of aldehydes and amines to amides using acridinium salt photocatalysis. (beilstein-journals.org)

This study suggests that long-term vitamin C supplementation at high dose, i. e. 500 mg together with vitamin E in moderate dose, 182 mg, decreases the steady-state level of oxidative DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells of smokers. (nih.gov)

These are oxidation reactions which also involve the cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds, with the oxidation occurring at both ends. (everyscience.com)

The enzyme works on six reversible reactions in gluconeogensis and glycolysis. (medscape.com)
In glycolysis, aldolase catalyzes fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate through an oxidative reaction. (medscape.com)

were the first to demonstrate in obese mice and in humans with obesity that fat accumulation is positively associated with systemic oxidative stress, suggesting that the oxidative stress increase in people with obesity could be explained by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in adipose tissue [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

Regio- and stereoselectivity of oxidative coupling reactions of phenols. (vtt.fi)
Dive into the research topics of 'Regio- and stereoselectivity of oxidative coupling reactions of phenols. (vtt.fi)
The alkylation of phenols is particularly straightforward since it is subject to fewer competing reactions. (wikipedia.org)

Introduction of the IMe ligand disfavors oxidative addn. (bath.ac.uk)
for the C2H6 reaction, and this trend is linked to increased steric bulk of the IMe ligand compared to IH. (bath.ac.uk)
The Kumada coupling employs both a nucleophilic alkylation step subsequent to the oxidative addition of the aryl halide (L = Ligand , Ar = Aryl ). (wikipedia.org)

While ROS-dependent modifications are fundamental in transducing intracellular signals controlling pleiotropic functions, imbalanced ROS can cause oxidative damage, eventually leading to many chronic diseases. (hindawi.com)

Strained, three-membered rings were found to undergo oxidative addition to [iPrNDI]Ni2(C6H6) complex [NDI = napthyridine-diimine). (purdue.edu)
OxyferrylHb, in addition to Fe(IV) contains a free radical that can undergo additional oxidative reactions. (johnshopkins.edu)

To sum up, in the oxidative decarboxylation reaction, there is both an oxidation reaction and a decarboxylation. (wikipedia.org)
In this work, electrochemistry was used to drive a 4-electron oxidation reaction that is hard to access by other protocols, providing a parallel pathway to nitrene chemistry. (nature.com)

Here, the predominant exposure of c-surface was controlled, and its influences in methane oxidation reactions (combustion and oxidative coupling over HAP and lead-substituted HAP (Pb-HAP), respectively) were studied. (osti.gov)
The present study explored the effects of HAP crystal orientation in methane oxidation reactions, which revealed distinct catalytic behaviors of crystal surfaces in HAP-based materials. (osti.gov)
article{osti_1543698, title = {Effects of Controlled Crystalline Surface of Hydroxyapatite on Methane Oxidation Reactions}, author = {Oh, Su Cheun and Xu, Jiayi and Tran, Dat T. and Liu, Bin and Liu, Dongxia}, abstractNote = {Hydroxyapatite (HAP, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) has a hexagonal prismatic structure that exposes two crystalline surfaces: prism-faceted a- and basal-faceted c-surfaces. (osti.gov)
Non- oxidative coupling of methane is a promising route to obtain ethylene directly from natural gas . (bvsalud.org)
Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy results show that methyl radicals are the reaction intermediates formed upon methane activation. (bvsalud.org)

For simple decarboxylation reaction, the enzyme involved in this reaction is pyruvate decarboxylase, which is different from oxidative decarboxylation. (wikipedia.org)
Aldolase is a cytoplasmic enzyme responsible for converting sugar into energy, specifically splitting aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (a reversible reaction). (medscape.com)

In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the isolated Fe3+ centers in zeolite framework of fresh catalysts are reduced during the reaction to the active sites , including Fe2+ species and Fe (oxy)carbides dispersed in zeolite pores. (bvsalud.org)
Infrared spectroscopy analysis was employed to confirm that the chemisorption of α-pinene on the surface in the oxidative gas environment plays a critical role. (psu.edu)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed oxidative damages to 6 lipids only for electrocoagulation consistent with electro-Fenton reactions. (cdc.gov)

A leading hypothesis on the effects of inhaled PM involves the generation of cellular oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)

This reaction is catalyzed by acids. (vtt.fi)

To investigate the effects of napping after partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on reaction time, mood, and biochemical response to repeated-sprint exercise in athletes. (nih.gov)
Another mechanism involves substitution of As (V) for phosphorus in many biochemical reactions. (cdc.gov)

Mechanisms of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are complex interplay between bloodstream cells and arterial wall components that leads to a chronic state of vascular oxidative stress and inflammation ( Hansson and Hermansson, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
As an example, acute inhalation MRLs may not be protective for health effects that are delayed in development or are acquired following repeated acute insults, such as hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. (cdc.gov)

However, a longer nap opportunity could be preventive against muscle and oxidative damage, even for higher performances. (nih.gov)
Oxidative damage to DNA constituents by iron-mediated Fenton reactions. (missouri.edu)
Antioxidants, in particular vitamin C, have been suggested to decrease oxidative DNA damage. (nih.gov)

Oxidative stress is involved in the modulation of gene expression patterns and metabolic activities, characterized by the disruption of redox homeostasis 7 . (nature.com)

General catalytic cycle of a photocatalyst in a photoredox organocatalysed reaction. (beilstein-journals.org)

In 1981, he obtained his M.S. from the Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, where his research field was hydrogenation reactions over metal-doped zeolites. (rsc.org)
In 1989, he earned his Ph.D. degree in inorganic chemistry from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, and his research field was photo-induced charge transfer reactions in zeolites. (rsc.org)

These oxidation products are a potential source for oxidative reactions in the plasma, but to a greater extent when the lower molecular weight Hb dimers are taken up into cells and tissues. (johnshopkins.edu)
H 2 O 2 + R′ H 2 → R′ + 2H 2 O. This type of oxidative reaction is particularly important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic molecules that enter the bloodstream. (nih.gov)
in yeast and plant cells, however, this essential reaction occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. (nih.gov)

The utilization of light to induce or accelerate a chemical reaction is undoubtedly one of the most promising and sustainable fields in modern organic chemistry. (beilstein-journals.org)
For users of the Chemical Reaction Engineering Module, COMSOL Multiphysics ® version 6.0 brings an interface for modeling nonisothermal reacting flow, improved handling of porous materials, and a new porous catalyst feature. (comsol.de)
Using the Chemistry interface also gives the ability to use thermodynamic properties from the built-in database in the Chemical Reaction Engineering Module. (comsol.de)
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. (wikipedia.org)

Oxidative stress and inflammation in the vascular wall are essential mechanisms of atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunctions associated with risk factors such as metabolic diseases, aging, hypertension, etc. (frontiersin.org)
This review article will summarize the most recent findings on the functional roles of arginases in vascular diseases and/or dysfunctions and the underlying mechanisms in relation to oxidative stress and inflammations. (frontiersin.org)
In the past decades, unambiguous evidence has been provided that heightened oxidative stress and vascular wall inflammation are the key mechanisms for initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and vascular diseases associated with the risk factors ( Hansson and Hermansson, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, elucidation of mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and inflammations in the vascular wall will have important impact in understanding atherosclerosis and vascular diseases associated with cardiovascular risk factors and will eventually lead to novel and effective therapeutic modalities. (frontiersin.org)
Mechanisms of oxidative stress in the potentiation of noise -induced hearing loss by acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)

Determination of aerosol oxidative activity using silver nanoparticle aggregation on paper-based analytical devices. (cdc.gov)
CONTAINED IN VOL. 08.02, 2015 Defines a procedure for the determination of oxidative-induction time (OIT) of polymeric materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). (saiglobal.com)
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for the determination of oxidative-induction time (OIT) of polymeric materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). (saiglobal.com)

The new formulation gives a consistent energy balance when using reactions from the Chemistry interface and Heat Transfer interface. (comsol.de)

With the new functionality, it is possible to define heterogeneous reactions as well as adsorption and desorption processes. (comsol.de)

In this thesis, the effects of the structures of starting materials - monolignols - and the effects of reaction conditions such as pH and solvent system on this coupling mechanism and on its regio- and stereoselectivity have been studied. (vtt.fi)
It also supplies a wealth of information about relevant reaction mechanism. (saujanyabooks.com)

However, these free-radical reactions are not specific to the pigment molecules of the tooth only, as they can react with other organic structures as well (6). (bvsalud.org)

reactions of H2 and CH4 and the C-C bond activation of C2H6 have been studied. (bath.ac.uk)
Computed Ru-PH3 and Ru-IR bond strengths and CO stretching frequencies indicate that PH3/IR substitution does create a more electron-rich metal center, and yet this does not facilitate oxidative addn. (bath.ac.uk)

This suggests that oxidative stress responses to HIIT and MICT are tissue-specific. (hindawi.com)

NIOSH research has shown that when combined with ozone, one of the common components of pine oil cleaners, alpha-terpineol, transforms into many oxygenated organic compounds in both the gas-phase and on surface reactions creating new products potentially harmful to those exposed. (cdc.gov)

After the nucleophilic addition to the quinone methide, other hydrolytic reactions, rearrangements, and elimination reactions occur, leading finally to stable dimeric structures called lignans or dilignols. (vtt.fi)

Our skin takes a beating over time, thanks to free radicals causing oxidative stress . (healthline.com)

Most of this reaction is covered in the aforementioned electrophilic addition page, but not the usual conclusion. (everyscience.com)
Let us define a carboxylation reaction as the addition of a CO2 unit to a substrate molecule, and decarboxylation as loss of CO2. (wikipedia.org)
Diggle, RA, Macgregor, SA & Whittlesey, MK 2004, ' Ability of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands to Promote Intermolecular Oxidative Addition Reactions at Unsaturated Ruthenium Centers ', Organometallics , vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1857-1865. (bath.ac.uk)

To investigate PM-induced oxidative stress, analytical methods have been developed to study the chemical oxidation of dithiothreitol (DTT) in the presence of PM. Although DTT readily reacts with several forms of reactive oxygen species, this molecule is not endogenously produced in biological systems. (cdc.gov)

This intermediate reacts quickly with a suitable nucleophile which can be, for example, an intramolecular hydroxyl group or another nucleophile such as water, methanol, or a phenolic compound in the reaction system. (vtt.fi)
As a chelator of cuprous copper, thiourea inhibits this intermediate in oxidative reactions of cupric ion. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Chemicals and Drugs5

Phenomena and Processes4

Phosphorylation10

Expressed oxidative stress1

Involved in combating oxidat1

Hydrogen peroxide6

Antioxidant6

Enzymes3

Metabolism4

Coupling Reaction10

Reductive3

Vitro4

Anti-oxidant1

Stress-induced2

Inflammatory5

Arylboronic acids1

Reactivity4

Pathways1

Mitochondria2

Amides1

Supplementation1

Cleavage1

Glycolysis2

Systemic1

Phenols3

Ligand3

Intracellular1

Undergo2

Oxidation reaction2

Methane5

Enzyme2

Spectroscopy3

Cellular1

Acids1

Biochemical2

Chronic2

Damage3

Modulation1

Photocatalyst1

Zeolites2

Cells3

Chemical Reaction4

Mechanisms5

Determination3

Chemistry1

Heterogeneous1

Mechanism2

Free radical1

Bond2

Responses1

Organic1

Nucleophilic1

Radicals1

Addition3

Investigate1

Intermediate2