• Elevated levels of homocysteine, which can result from abnormal protein deamination, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. (chewdigest.com)
  • Dr. Kilmer McCully first suggested almost 40 years ago that elevated levels of homocysteine were associated with an increased risk of CAD. (yourfibrodoctor.com)
  • Higher levels of homocysteine increased the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. (yourfibrodoctor.com)
  • Women tend to have lower basal levels of homocysteine than do men, and neither contraceptives nor hormone replacement therapy seems to significantly alter the levels. (medscape.com)
  • Homocysteine is metabolized by means of 2 pathways: remethylation and transsulfuration. (medscape.com)
  • It is concluded that quercetin reduces serum homocysteine by increasing remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine in rats exposed to a methionine-enriched diet. (hindawi.com)
  • The transsulfuration pathway of methionine/homocysteine degradation produces the amino acids cysteine and taurine. (medscape.com)
  • Various defects in remethylation or transsulfuration can cause homocysteine to accumulate, resulting in disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Taurine is also produced by the transsulfuration pathway , which converts homocysteine into cystathionine . (cloudfront.net)
  • Beyond the iron-sulfur proteins, many other metal cofactors in enzymes are bound to the thiolate substituent of cysteinyl residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main generation of H 2 S in cutaneous tissue mostly depends on enzymatic routes using L-cysteine and homocysteine by two pyridoxal-5 - phosphate-dependent enzymes, cystathionine β -synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ -lyase (CSE). (hindawi.com)
  • This study was aimed at investigating the effects of quercetin on mRNA expression and activity of critical enzymes in homocysteine metabolism in rats fed a methionine-enriched diet. (hindawi.com)
  • Pathophysiological abnormalities related to altered H 2 S metabolism and function have been demonstrated in various dermatoses, such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and even melanoma [ 7 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with genetic and nutritional abnormalities in Hcy metabolism and has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and several other diseases [ 4 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • When pyridoxine supplementation was initiated at age 18 years, the patient's plasma homocysteine levels decreased below the reference range. (medscape.com)
  • Patients in whom the disease does not respond to pyridoxine supplements must be treated with dietary reductions in methionine and with cysteine supplementation. (medscape.com)
  • Homocystinuria represents a group of hereditary metabolic disorders characterized by an accumulation of homocysteine in the serum and an increased excretion of homocysteine in the urine. (medscape.com)
  • This hypothesis suggests that with or without CBS up-regulation, there can be elevated accumulation of certain sulfur metabolites. (metabolichealing.com)
  • Simplified picture showing homocysteine involvement in different metabolic pathways, as well as the role of vitamins B-6, B-12, and folate as a co-factors in this pathway. (medscape.com)
  • The remethylation pathway comprises 2 intersecting biochemical pathways and results in the transfer of a methyl group (CH 3 ) to homocysteine from methylcobalamin, which receives its methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (an active form of folic acid), or from betaine (trimethylglycine). (medscape.com)
  • In remethylation pathway, Hcy can be remethylated to form Met via methionine synthase (MS) or betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), in which cofactors such as folic acid and vitamin B 12 or betaine are required. (hindawi.com)
  • Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. (cloudfront.net)
  • Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
  • Folate and vitamin B-12 are required for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. (medscape.com)
  • Because remethylation is intact, some of the additional homocysteine is converted to methionine, which accumulates in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is my current hypothesis that many of the sulfur sensitivities experienced by most people are due to aberrations in sulfur detoxification, downstream of CBS. (metabolichealing.com)
  • The reduced ability to detoxify these metabolites may result in significant sulfur sensitivities. (metabolichealing.com)
  • Individuals with chronic kidney disease are particularly at risk, as they often have elevated phosphorus levels and altered amino acid metabolism, which can accelerate the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. (chewdigest.com)
  • The majority of l-cysteine is obtained industrially by hydrolysis of animal materials, such as poultry feathers or hog hair. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following this technology, l-cysteine is produced by the hydrolysis of racemic 2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid using Pseudomonas thiazolinophilum. (wikipedia.org)
  • R.T. Williams , a Welsh pioneer in biotransformation studies, classified these pathways as phase I mainly catalysed by the cytochrome P450 system (oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions) and phase II (conjugation reactions). (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Like other amino acids (not as a residue of a protein), cysteine exists as a zwitterion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In high-protein diets, cysteine may be partially responsible for reduced blood pressure and stroke risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • protein_coding" "Cz03g01030.t1","No alias","Chromochloris zofingiensis","Rieske [2Fe-2S] iron-sulphur domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Due to the ability of thiols to undergo redox reactions, cysteine and cysteinyl residues have antioxidant properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serum homocysteine was significantly increased after methionine treatment and decreased after the addition of quercetin. (hindawi.com)
  • The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] A Song Dynasty military treatise of 1044 AD described different formulas for Chinese gun powder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate ( K N O 3 ), carbon , and sulfur. (wikidoc.org)
  • Elemental sulfur has only a faint odor similar to that of matches. (cqconcepts.com)
  • Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by rock collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes. (cqconcepts.com)
  • H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. (hmdb.ca)
  • He has spoken at dozens of conferences, both nationally and internationally, on topics as diverse as hypnosis in clinical practice, cancer cell metabolism, naturopathic treatment of strokes, the use of therapeutic diets in the clinical setting, and much else. (betterhealthguy.com)
  • Because of its high reactivity, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine has numerous biological functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cysteine has a very high degree of reactivity, essentially undergoing numerous oxidative reactions (1). (metabolichealing.com)
  • I only found sources about microorganisms doing this and plants using soluble forms sulphur. (stackexchange.com)
  • Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and to a lesser extent in other nonpolar organic solvents such as benzene and toluene. (cqconcepts.com)
  • In the newer R/S system of designating chirality, based on the atomic numbers of atoms near the asymmetric carbon, cysteine (and selenocysteine) have R chirality, because of the presence of sulfur (or selenium) as a second neighbor to the asymmetric carbon atom. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replacing sulfur with selenium gives selenocysteine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selenium, the heavier analogue of sulfur can form rings but is more often found as a polymer chain. (cqconcepts.com)
  • In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding H 2 S and its antioxidant effects on skin pathology, the roles of altered H 2 S metabolism in skin disorders, and the potential value of H 2 S as a therapeutic intervention in skin diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Several epidemiological studies showed that quercetin intake was inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, which has been contributed possibly by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of LDL oxidation, and platelet aggregation [ 13 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the translation of messenger RNA molecules to produce polypeptides, cysteine is coded for by the UGU and UGC codons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfur in the solid state ordinarily exists as cyclic crown-shaped S8 molecules. (cqconcepts.com)
  • They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. (lookformedical.com)
  • The European Journal of Medicine reported that 40% of those who had strokes also had elevated homocysteine levels compared to only six percent of controls. (yourfibrodoctor.com)
  • Through its major derivative, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sulfur ranks as one of the most important industrial raw materials. (cqconcepts.com)
  • Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing compound characterized as an amino acid. (intechopen.com)
  • Methanethiol (CH3 SH) - Is an organosulfur compound derived from cysteine oxidation. (metabolichealing.com)
  • In the late 1770s, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element and not a compound. (wikidoc.org)
  • Although classified as a nonessential amino acid, in rare cases, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic diseases or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g. birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. (pathbank.org)
  • It catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono-1,4-lactone to L-xylo-hex-3-ulonolactone. (lookformedical.com)