• Previously, we showed that diabetic monocytes produce increased superoxide anion (O 2 − ), and α-tocopherol (AT) supplementation decreases this. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients secrete increased superoxide anion (O 2 − ) compared with control subjects ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • 300 nm) KN photoreduces oxygen to superoxide radical (in DMSO) and nitromethane (CH3NO2) to a nitromethane radical anion (CH3NO2. (nih.gov)
  • Oxidation of cysteine, NADH, and EDTA was accompanied by superoxide radical formation. (nih.gov)
  • [ 11 ] This is the most toxic component due to high reduction-oxidation (redox) potential that generates oxygen-free radicals such as superoxide anion in the cells, which damages DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids in the cell. (medscape.com)
  • While SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion (O2') to H2O2, catalase and glutathione (peroxidase, reductase) system reduce cellular toxicity degrading peroxides into oxygen and water 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Owing to H … F contacts between hydrogen peroxide and the fluorine substituents of the anion and the resulting activation of H 2 O 2 in solution, the compound [P 4,4,4,14 ][B(C 6 H 3 -3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 ) 4 ] is applicable as an efficient mediator for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. (znaturforsch.com)
  • Moreover, the resultant two-electron oxidation form of GA-Fe is an excellent Fenton-like agent that can catalyze hydrogen peroxide decomposition into hydroxyl radical, finally triggering severe oxidative damage to tumors. (nature.com)
  • In this work, a series of Brønsted acidic ionic liquids having different protonated amide-based cations were synthesized and investigated as solvents and catalysts in the oxidation desulfurization of diesel fuel, with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. (confex.com)
  • In case of the compound [TMG][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] hydrogen-fluorine contacts between cation and anion are present in the solid state. (znaturforsch.com)
  • The bimembrane consisted of a cation membrane facing the anode and an anion membrane facing the cathode. (cdc.gov)
  • This reaction pathway led to the formation of triplet spin-correlated radical pair of anion radical of CBP and N-centered aminium cation radical which deprotonated within tens of nanoseconds. (europa.eu)
  • Huang, Y.-F., Kooyman, P. J. & Koper, M. T. M. Intermediate stages of electrochemical oxidation of single-crystalline platinum revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopy. (nature.com)
  • Novel 2:1 EDOB-EDT-TTF radical salts with different octahedral PF6−, AsF6−, and SbF6− anions were prepared by electrochemical oxidation. (intechopen.com)
  • 1 Since then, several redox metal species have been applied, such as vanadium, cobalt, manganese, and zinc, owing to the excellent reversibility of their reduction and oxidation. (rsc.org)
  • Dau, H. (2015) Water oxidation by amorphous cobalt-based oxides: in situ tracking of redox transitions and mode of catalysis. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The oxide ions and vacancies in turns function as actives sites for promoting methane activation and complete oxidation into CO 2 . (osti.gov)
  • This could be caused by promoting the methoxide and/or OH adsorption at low overpotentials and catalyzing complete oxidation by a surface bound Pb species at higher potentials. (tuhh.de)
  • The dependences of the nature, electronic relaxation, dynamics of paramagnetic centers, and the charge transfer mechanism on the method of synthesis, the structure of the acid molecule, and the polyaniline oxidation level are shown. (researchgate.net)
  • The present study explored the effects of HAP crystal orientation in methane oxidation reactions, which revealed distinct catalytic behaviors of crystal surfaces in HAP-based materials. (osti.gov)
  • The use of photosensitive C 70 for the catalytic oxidation of benzylamines to the corresponding imines enables faster reaction rates, lower catalyst loadings, and clean reactions with simple workup without chromatography, compared to C 60 or other commonly used photosensitizers such as tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Those tools enable to disentangle effects on the electrocatalysis of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in different potential regions for 1 M methanol in different concentrations of NaOH and KOH. (tuhh.de)
  • The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen: If oxygen makes up part of the process recipe during wet oxidation, it will reduce the water vapor partial pressure, slowing the overall growth rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the oxidation rate of silicon with oxygen molecules to water molecules is almost ten times slower, variability in the oxygen to water vapor pressure can lead to process variability. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in the rusting of iron , the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an oxide , and simultaneously the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fat oxidation can be assessed clinically by measuring respiratory quotient (RQ), which is the ratio of the carbon dioxide expired to the oxygen consumed during indirect calorimetry. (frontiersin.org)
  • The reason the have that second step in the flow chart is because some elements like iron can have multiple oxidation states, which means that unlike elements like oxygen or hydrogen, you can't immediately tell what it is without doing a little math first. (scienceforums.net)
  • The iron ion Fe 3 + , for example, has an oxidation number of +3 because it can acquire three electrons to form a chemical bond, while the oxygen ion O 2 − has an oxidation number of −2 because it can donate two electrons. (scienceforums.net)
  • In water solutions, this substance is present as a monovalent anion, ascorbate- (Asc-), which easily donates electrons to oxidized molecules and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). (deepdyve.com)
  • In addition, a multi-probe was used to measure the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. (confex.com)
  • The five-membered rings in 2a and 2b both display an elongated E−Te bond as a consequence of an interaction between tellurium and the iodide anion. (jyu.fi)
  • Density functional theory calculations reveal that the preferen tial interaction of the iodide anion with tellurium is determined by the polarization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [σ*(E−Te)] of the cations in 2a and 2b toward tellurium and that the formation of the dimers 3a and 3b with a central Te−Te linkage is energetically more favorable than the structural isomers with either E−Te or E−E bonds. (jyu.fi)
  • The locations of the extracted platinum atoms after Pt(100) oxidation reveal distinct differences from the Pt(111) case, which explains the different surface stability. (nature.com)
  • two Fe atoms have an oxidation state of +3? (scienceforums.net)
  • At very high potential, the presence of Ag species promotes the oxidation to CO /CO . Tafel analysis after selective blocking of specific facets shows that the 110 terraces promote especially the first step of MOR while the 111 terraces enhance the rate of further steps that are rate-limiting at higher potentials. (tuhh.de)
  • The use of low loadings of a silver NHC catalysts enables a mild, selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids in the presence of BnMe 3 NOH or KOH under dry air in excellent yield. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • When the Fatty acid (FA) oxidation capacity in the muscle decreases, the intramyocellular lipid concentration increases ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Under chronic hyperinsulinemia, FA oxidation progressively decreases with a consequent alteration in glucose transport, and/or phosphorylation pathways associated with normal glucose uptake ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, the predominant exposure of c-surface was controlled, and its influences in methane oxidation reactions (combustion and oxidative coupling over HAP and lead-substituted HAP (Pb-HAP), respectively) were studied. (osti.gov)
  • article{osti_1543698, title = {Effects of Controlled Crystalline Surface of Hydroxyapatite on Methane Oxidation Reactions}, author = {Oh, Su Cheun and Xu, Jiayi and Tran, Dat T. and Liu, Bin and Liu, Dongxia}, abstractNote = {Hydroxyapatite (HAP, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) has a hexagonal prismatic structure that exposes two crystalline surfaces: prism-faceted a- and basal-faceted c-surfaces. (osti.gov)
  • Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. (wikipedia.org)
  • In combination with polymer-supported cyanoborohydride (PSCBH), a one-pot oxidation-imine formation-reduction sequence enables alcohols to be converted directly into both secondary and tertiary amines. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • New organic semiconducting scaffolds by supramolecular preorganization: dye intercalation and dye oxidation and reduction. (mpg.de)
  • Intriguingly, the replacement of gluconate with ascorbate in the patch-clamp pipette reveals a large ascorbate efflux current, which shows sensitivity to the anion channel blocker, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), indicative of the ascorbate release via anion channels. (deepdyve.com)
  • EPR spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that salinity (NaCl) triggers the accumulation of root apoplastic ascorbyl radicals in an A9C-dependent manner, confirming that l-ascorbate leaks through anion channels under depolarization. (deepdyve.com)
  • Surface polycondensation as an effective tool to activate organic crystals: from "boxed" semiconductors for water oxidation to 1d carbon nanotubes. (mpg.de)
  • Analysis services include major and trace element determination by : Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and : Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), total nitrogen/carbon, inorganic carbon, total organic carbon (TOC) and anion analysis by colourimetric continuous flow. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
  • On the one hand, using the compositions of different salts and complex organic biogenous supplements prevents from the accumulation of some anions in the amounts exceeding the limited concentration, on the other hand- allows different groups of microorganisms to choose biogenous elements, which they assimilate easily and fully. (scirp.org)
  • The goal of present studies is the intensification of biological processes of oxidation of organic contamination in wastewater by new bio-degradable chemical compounds or compositions on their basis, and by bio-sorbents. (scirp.org)
  • V. Kantere, T. Mukhamedzhanova, L. Tchurmasova, O. Ryzhova and S. Zhukova, "Influence of the Silicon- and Element-Organic Compounds on the Process of Biochemical Oxidation in the Organic Contaminations," Engineering , Vol. 4 No. 6, 2012, pp. 321-323. (scirp.org)
  • Intensification of Biological Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in the Bio- sorption Systems of Sewage Treatment Biotechnology," Biotechnology, Moscow, 2002, pp. 61-69. (scirp.org)
  • The oxidation channel via electron transfer from the amino group was revealed. (europa.eu)
  • Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Platinum dissolution and restructuring due to surface oxidation are primary degradation mechanisms that limit the lifetime of platinum-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion. (nature.com)
  • This work studied the degradation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP) by two commonly used advanced oxidation systems: UV/NaClO and UV/peroxymonosulfate (PMS). (mdpi.com)
  • Oxidation by chlorine produced at the anode converted the concentrate to soluble metal ions, arsenic acid, sulfate ion, and elemental sulfur. (cdc.gov)
  • Because malonyl CoA inhibits transport of fatty acid into the mitochondrion, beta-oxidation of fatty acids for energy to support the hypoglycemic cells does not occur. (medscape.com)
  • Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group . (wikiversity.org)
  • Ultra-high-purity steam, also called the clean steam, UHP steam or high purity water vapor, is used in a variety of industrial manufacturing processes that require oxidation or annealing. (wikipedia.org)
  • You, H., Zurawski, D. J., Nagy, Z. & Yonco, R. M. In-situ x-ray reflectivity study of incipient oxidation of Pt(111) surface in electrolyte solutions. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Dissolution and atomic-scale structural changes during Pt oxidation. (nature.com)
  • Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility , and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. (wikiversity.org)
  • In the present work, anion exchange membranes with high-conductivity were fabricated by aligning ion channels of the polymer electrolyte impregnated in porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under electric fields. (rsc.org)
  • The oxidation of secondary amines to imines or ketimines is facilitated with the help of Ag 2 CO 3 as cocatalyst. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Connellite is a secondary mineral found in some unusual oxidation zones of copper deposits. (galleries.com)
  • High RQ values are indicative of low fat oxidation and high carbohydrate oxidation ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Photosynthetic water oxidation at elevated dioxygen partial pressure monitored by time-resolved X-ray absorption measurements. (fu-berlin.de)
  • While high coverages by Pb UPD layers or adsorbed plumbate anions inhibit electrooxidation, the behavior of NPG electrodes with low coverages of Pb species is reminiscent to NPG electrodes with residual Ag. (tuhh.de)
  • The enhanced effects on germination with H2O2 have a) been reported for seed with pathogenic infestations (Szopniska, 2014) i.e. a biocidal effect, and b) mediated through the oxidation of germination inhibitors present in the seed coat or/and in the pericarp, i.e. a seed treatment effect. (researchgate.net)
  • Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • You simply need to determine the oxidation state from the molecular formula you are given. (scienceforums.net)
  • Lead is a natural element and post-transition metal with more than one oxidation state. (europa.eu)
  • Principles, efficiency, and blueprint character of solar-energy conversion in photosynthetic water oxidation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Groundwater samples were collected several times from residential wells using a disposable anion exchange resin cartridge, allowing field speciation of As. (confex.com)
  • The accumulation of lactic acid in blood can cause true acidosis with a large anion gap, a characteristic of glycogen-storage disease type I. (medscape.com)
  • The special enol form not only brings a stronger acidity but also allows it to form two interionic hydrogen bonds with anions. (confex.com)
  • The two minerals are isostructural and share the same chemistry, except for the primary anion group. (galleries.com)
  • Oxidation and annealing are common steps in the manufacture of such devices as microelectronics and solar cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3) Metabolic acidosis with an increase in the anion gap. (who.int)