Oxidation and phosphorylation. Medical search. Frequent questions

Seahorse was used to measure the level of oxidative phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
In the early reprogramming process, fatty acid oxidation upregulated oxidative phosphorylation and downregulated protein kinase C activity. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrated that fatty acid oxidation promotes reprogramming by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting protein kinase C activity in the early stage of the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)
Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. (unibo.it)
by contrast, interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated macrophages mainly use oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation to generate energy. (nature.com)
Subtype 3 uniquely represented metabolism-related processes (oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid b-oxidation, and citrate cycle). (genomeweb.com)
The ACAD9 enzyme is critical in helping assemble a group of proteins known as complex I. Complex I is one of several complexes that carry out a multistep process called oxidative phosphorylation, through which cells derive much of their energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Decreased complex I formation can impair oxidative phosphorylation and reduce the amount of energy available in the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
It was therefore assumed that cancer cells were generating energy using glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and that the mitochondria were dysfunctional. (researchgate.net)
In addition, different cell types exhibit preference for specific metabolic pathways (fatty acid oxidation/FAO, glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation/OxPhos). (upenn.edu)
Finally, during oxidative phosphorylation, each ATP molecule produces 1 molecule of CO2, so the total number of CO2 molecules produced is 135. (proprofs.com)
Pathways of pyruvate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. (bmj.com)
2003 ) The action of thyroxine on mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. (academictree.org)
2003 ) Oxidative phosphorylation in an enzyme fraction from mitochondrial extracts. (academictree.org)
NADH and FADH 2 are coenzymes that accept the electrons released in oxidation reactions, and are utilized in oxidative phosphorylation . (citizendium.org)
The citric acid cycle is always followed by oxidative phosphorylation . (citizendium.org)
The citric acid cycle itself does not use oxygen, but oxidative phosphorylation does. (citizendium.org)
contains the enzyme systems required for the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, electron transfer, and oxidative phosphorylation. (flashcardmachine.com)
This instrument measures oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in order to interrogate oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation. (cedars-sinai.edu)
The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. (conceptdraw.com)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed downregulation of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, protein ubiquitination, and ubiquinone biosynthesis with ketosis. (oregonstate.edu)
유산소 호흡은 해당과정(glycolysis), 피루브산 산화(pyruvate oxidation), 시트르산회로(citric acid cycle), 산화적 인산화(oxidative phosphorylation), 이렇게 네 가지 주요 단계로 구성됩니다. (jove.com)
Six genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) decreased. (diabetesjournals.org)
Two recent microarray studies have shown that genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) exhibit reduced expression levels in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects and prediabetic subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
Mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell because they produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the oxidative phosphorylation chemical reaction. (acs.org)
The mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. (eurekamag.com)
The pathogenesis of Reye syndrome, while not precisely elucidated, appears to involve mitochondrial injury resulting in dysfunction that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation and fatty-acid beta-oxidation in a virus-infected, sensitized host potentially with an underlying occult inborn error of fatty acid oxidation, urea cycle or mitochondrial disorder. (medscape.com)
We also show that MTIF3 regulates mitochondrial respiration and endogenous fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes, probably as a consequence of MTIF3 affecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex assembly. (lu.se)

Classic fatty acid metabolism involves the breakdown of fatty acids by beta-oxidation within the mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)
beta-oxidation of fatty acids. (unibo.it)
They are also involved in other metabolic processes such as urea generation, haem synthesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation. (nih.gov)
In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation which results in acetyl-CoA which can be used in the citric acid cycle. (citizendium.org)
Sometimes beta oxidation can yield propionyl CoA which can result in further glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver. (citizendium.org)
Acetyl CoA is generated from fatty acids through repeated beta-oxidation cycles. (msdmanuals.com)
This deficiency is the most common defect in the beta-oxidation cycle. (msdmanuals.com)

The authors conclude that H2O2 affects cellular respiration by damaging mitochondria, interfering in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and inhibiting glucose uptake and glycolysis. (cdc.gov)
Six major pathways have been studied in immune cells in detail: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. (nature.com)
Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. (nature.com)
The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)

By regulating the genes rather than the oxidation-phosphorylation process as many other companies do, Parrish says, Pretzel hopes that their strategies can better modulate mitochondrial behavior. (acs.org)

The ACAD9 enzyme also plays a role in fatty acid oxidation, a multistep process that occurs within mitochondria to break down (metabolize) fats and convert them into energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Pyruvate may be reduced to lactate in the cytoplasm or may be transported into the mitochondria for anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, or for oxidation to acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDC). (bmj.com)
2003 ) Oxidation and phosphorylation in liver mitochondria lacking polymerized ribonucleic acid. (academictree.org)
2000 ) Oxidation-reduction state of rat liver mitochondria and the action of thyroxine. (academictree.org)
LCFA-CoA esters promote their own oxidation by acting as allosteric inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which reduces the production of malonyl-CoA and relieves inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1, thereby promoting LCFA-CoA transport into the mitochondria for β-oxidation2-6. (mcmaster.ca)

Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle (TCA cycle). (unibo.it)
Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (conceptdraw.com)

Similarly, PGC1α increases the transcription of enzymes necessary for substrate oxidation, electron transport, and ATP synthesis. (diabetesjournals.org)

Increases in the intramitochondrial ratios of NADH/NAD and acetyl CoA/CoA also stimulate kinase mediated phosphorylation of PDC. (bmj.com)
The oxidation of isocitrate is coupled with the reduction of NAD þ to NADH and the production of CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
Factor B produces several-fold stimulation of ATP-driven Nad reduction, and of net phosphorylation coupled to Nadh or succinate oxidation in ammonia particles. (eurekamag.com)

The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Conclusions: Therefore, we identified novel phosphorylation site of IκBα by AURK, and its site was related to apoptosis and necroptosis pathway in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)

By comparing the gene expression profiles of somatic cells, intermediate-phase cells, and iPSCs, we found that carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)1b, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation, was significantly upregulated in the early stage of the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)
PDC is regulated, in part, by reversible phosphorylation, in which the phosphorylated enzyme is inactive. (bmj.com)

Photosystem II (PSII) is the initial site of photosynthetic electron transfer by water oxidation. (elifesciences.org)
The first step of photosynthetic electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane occurs at Photosystem II (PSII), where light energy absorbed by P 680 chlorophyll molecules drives water oxidation, and electron is transferred to plastoquinone. (elifesciences.org)

Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)
The work supports a role for chemical modification in the recognition and subsequent degradation of a key protein subunit of PSII by a bacterial-type protease, suggesting that tryptophan oxidation of components of the photosynthetic apparatus after high light stress plays a critical role in initiating the PSII repair system. (elifesciences.org)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Background: The phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein is pivotal to the regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
Here we report a new level of regulation wherein LCFA-CoA esters per se allosterically activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β1-containing isoforms to increase fatty acid oxidation through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (mcmaster.ca)

Figure 5: Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in immunity. (nature.com)

Perilipin 5 S155 phosphorylation by PKA is required for the control of hepatic lipid metabolism and glycemic control. (uci.edu)
We detected phosphorylation on S155 and identified S155 as a functionally important site for lipid metabolism. (uci.edu)

Various fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were added during the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, LCFA-CoA metabolites act as direct endogenous AMPK β1-selective activators and promote LCFA oxidation. (mcmaster.ca)

Multiple CODHs are often present in carboxidotrophs potentially facilitating separate, CO oxidation and CO 2 -assimilation reactions [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)

Significant changes shared by the fly species belong to the expression of genes involved in processes such as oxidation-reduction process, iron-ion binding, and voltage-gated potassium-channel activity. (nature.com)

The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP. (conceptdraw.com)

The phosphorylation of IκBα by IκB kinase family have been so many identified, but the phosphorylation sites of IκBα by other kinases remain poorly understood. (researchsquare.com)
To identify the essential domains of IκBα for phosphorylation of IκBα by AURK, kinase assay was performed with a series of IκBα truncation mutants. (researchsquare.com)

Furthermore, palmitoylcarnitine or acetyl-CoA, the primary and final products of Cpt1-mediated fatty acid oxidation, also promoted reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO 2 , and one acetyl-CoA. (citizendium.org)

The enhanced effects on germination with H2O2 have a) been reported for seed with pathogenic infestations (Szopniska, 2014) i.e. a biocidal effect, and b) mediated through the oxidation of germination inhibitors present in the seed coat or/and in the pericarp, i.e. a seed treatment effect. (researchgate.net)

Together, our results suggest that the Trp oxidation at its N-terminus of D1 may be one of the key oxidations in the PSII repair, leading to processive degradation by FtsH. (elifesciences.org)
While this system is well known to cope with photoinhibition, the actual oxidation within the D1 polypeptide and its association to degradation remained elusive. (elifesciences.org)

ACAD9, a complex I assembly factor with a moonlighting function in fatty acid oxidation deficiencies. (medlineplus.gov)

Here, we characterized oxidative modification of tryptophan (Trp) residues in the PSII core, and hypothesize that the oxidation of N-terminal Trp is one of the key oxidations in the PSII repair, likely enhancing D1's accessibility to FtsH. (elifesciences.org)

1987 ) Isolated tumoral pyruvate dehydrogenase can synthesize acetoin which inhibits pyruvate oxidation as well as other aldehydes. (academictree.org)

Molecular dynamics simulation of PSII implies that both Trp-14 oxidation and Phe substitution cause fluctuation of D1 N-terminal tail. (elifesciences.org)

Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)

We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)

Other molecular adaptations included upregulation of genes and nuclear receptors associated with cytokine signaling, fatty acid uptake/transport, and fatty acid oxidation. (oregonstate.edu)

We investigated the new phosphorylation site for IκBα and identified its biological function in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)

Multiple membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (DsrMK) could promote both energy-conserving and non-energy-conserving menaquinol oxidation. (hindawi.com)

Other mutations affect the ACAD9 enzyme's structure or stability and likely disrupt both complex I assembly and long-chain fatty acid oxidation. (medlineplus.gov)

Results: We identified two novel sites of serine phosphorylation at S63 and S262. (researchsquare.com)

Figure 1 summarises the major steps of carbohydrate oxidation in mammalian cells. (bmj.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs150

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes52

Information Science3

Oxidative phosphorylation28

Beta-oxidation7

Glycolysis4

Mitochondrial1

Mitochondria5

Citric2

Substrate1

NADH3

Pathway2

Enzyme2

Electron transfer2

Protein6

Synthesis1

Metabolism2

Metabolites3

Reactions2

Reduction1

Nutrients1

Kinase2

Acetyl3

Inhibitors1

Degradation2

Deficiencies1

Residues1

Pyruvate dehydrogenase1

Substitution1

Lipolysis1

Mice1

Molecular1

Biological1

Energy1

Complex1

Results1

Cells1