VesiclesProteinsCellularApoptosisPlasma membranesMembraneCancersEndometrialPathwaysMembranesTyrosineProliferationEpithelialVitroSecretoryResiduesRegulateMalignantExosomesKinaseAnnu Rev Cell Dev BiolTumor cellCytoplasmMediateVacuolesHomeostasisTissuesProcessesSignaling pathwayInhibitionRegulationLigandEpitheliumCompartmentBiologySubstancesInvasiveDifferentiationSubstratesReceptorPeripheralClinicalImmuneTissueSpecificallyMigrationBiologicalFluidBiolMechanismsParallelProgressionClassificationMigratorySuggestsTypesVascular
Vesicles11
- We found that shRNA knockdown of intrinsic ST6GAL1 expression resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 cargo in the exosome-like vesicles as well as decreased breast tumor cell growth and invasive behavior in 3D in vitro cultures. (nature.com)
- Theranostic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12044 (accessed December 04, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mainly featured as a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed, non-replicating, and sub-micron sized structures, which are actively secreted by wide variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially identified in the 1950s as a type of particle derived from platelets present in plasma [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Elucidation of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) over the past decade has cast a brighter light on this field. (frontiersin.org)
- Macropinosomes, a subcellular component of macrophages, clear the necroptotic cells through pinocytosis, a process of "cellular drinking" in which the broken-down cells are brought into the macropinosome and suspended within small vesicles that fuse with lysosymes to hydrolyze the cell. (bioradiations.com)
- Studies on extracellular vesicles have increased in recent years. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Exosomes are one of the most researched classes of extracellular vesicles because they are carriers of targeted protein and DNA/RNA loads. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Biogenesis and classification of extracellular vesicles. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins14
- The protein contains a WD40 domain which permits multi-proteins complexes formation and a heparin-binding domain which mediates heparin-sensitive cell adhesion. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, EVs are mediators of communication between cells in physiological and pathological settings, and they transport a diverse array of biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Autophagy is generally considered as a cell survival/protection mechanism because it removes toxic or obsolete proteins and organelles and recycles the degradation products for use as sources for energy and metabolites in anabolic pathways 3 . (nature.com)
- This entry represents the extracellular repeated domains found in cadherins and related proteins. (embl.de)
- Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. (embl.de)
- Upon activation by its cytokine ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), this protein phosphorylates multiple intracellular proteins that play a role in in the proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis of many cell types and thereby plays an important role in hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, melanogenesis, and in mast cell development, migration and function. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
- Unlike necrosis, an unregulated form of cell death caused by external physicochemical stress, necroptosis is highly regulated and acts as a defense mechanism or escape route for cells infected with viruses that inhibit apoptosis signaling proteins (examples of these viruses include the murine cytomegalovirus, West Nile virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and herpes simplex virus). (bioradiations.com)
- Several cancers, including breast and ovarian cancers, melanoma, and leukemia, are characterized by low expression and activity of necroptotic signaling proteins. (bioradiations.com)
- Apoptosis, on the other hand, is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, condensation, margination of nuclear chromatin, packaging of apoptotic bodies, and engulfment of the immunogenic intracellular proteins by phagocytes and macrophages. (bioradiations.com)
- Changes in glycan structures and the interactions of these structures with endogenous carbohydrate- binding proteins, known as lectins, are now considered to be potential biomarkers on cancer cells for monitoring tu- mor progression. (fdocuments.net)
- Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)
- Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. (lookformedical.com)
- 14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
Cellular16
- Our data indicate that extracellular ST6GAL1 from remote sources can compensate for cellular ST6GAL1-mediated aggressive tumor cell proliferation and invasive behavior and has great clinical potential for extracellular ST6GAL1 as these molecules are in the extracellular space should be easily accessible targets. (nature.com)
- Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway in which cellular constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes and degraded upon autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. (nature.com)
- Sperm cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during cellular oxidation. (mdpi.com)
- Cell type and tissue specific alterations in fine GAG structure, which are strictly predetermined [ 8 - 10 ], allow these molecules to modulate with high specificity different cellular processes [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- TNT cellular networks are upregulated between cancer and stromal cells under hypoxic and other conditions of physiologic and metabolic stress. (frontiersin.org)
- Necroptosis is characterized by increased cell volume, swelling of organelles, perforation of the plasma membrane, cellular collapse, release of cellular contents that triggers an innate and adaptive immune response, and clearance of the necroptotic cells by macropinosomes. (bioradiations.com)
- Under conditions that sensitize the cell to death, a cell death-inducing complex of RIPK1, Fas-associated protein via death domain (FADD), caspase-8, and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is formed. (bioradiations.com)
- Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
- In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
- The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. (lookformedical.com)
- Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (lookformedical.com)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- This 'fast' or freely exchangeable fraction, which distributes throughout the cell, is thought to be sodium in solution whose cellular level is maintained by a pump. (biologists.com)
- Activation of EGFR regulates essential cellular processes including cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis ( 1 ). (biorxiv.org)
- CSCs represent a heterogeneous tumor cell population and lack specific cellular targets, which makes it a great challenge to target and eradicate them. (oaepublish.com)
Apoptosis7
- Therefore, in this review, we avoid a lengthy repetition of the description of autophagy and cell death processes and focus on the death-promoting roles of autophagy and the intertwined connection between autophagy and apoptosis. (nature.com)
- The LANP-PTX-siSRI inhibited the expression of SRI and enhanced intracellular calcium, leading to the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of the growth of PTX-resistant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
- Necroptosis is often compared to apoptosis, another programmed cell death pathway. (bioradiations.com)
- This is particularly true for galectin family members because changes in their expression levels correlate with alterations in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. (fdocuments.net)
- A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
- In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
- Substantial data have provided convincing evidence establishing that human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display self-renewal and are resistant to anticancer drugs, radiation, and apoptosis, and express enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal progression. (oaepublish.com)
Plasma membranes2
- Intracellular fluid includes all fluid enclosed by the plasma membranes of cells. (oncolink.org)
- Phosphorylation of RIPK3 leads to recruitment and subsequent phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which translocates to intracellular and plasma membranes and induces membrane permeabilization and rupture, either through calcium or sodium influx through ion channels or direct binding to membrane phosphatidylinositol phosphates (this is still controversial among experts). (bioradiations.com)
Membrane12
- HA is synthesized in the absence of a protein core at the inner face of the plasma membrane and consequently found in the form of free chains whereas other GAG types are covalently bound into protein cores to form proteoglycans (PGs). (hindawi.com)
- GAGs bound into PGs are located to the extracellular matrix, basal membrane, and cell surface [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- PGs, molecules which consist of a protein core that is covalently modified with GAG chains, are distributed both to the ECM "proper" associated with the cell membrane as well as located to intracellular compartment. (hindawi.com)
- Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)
- GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
- The two cell death pathways share several upstream signaling elements and eventually lead to plasma membrane rupture, but the cell morphologies of each process are drastically different. (bioradiations.com)
- Membrane rupture leads to the spilling of intracellular content into the organ and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-β, IL-33, and high-mobility group protein 1, into the extracellular space. (bioradiations.com)
- Microvesicles have a diameter ranging from 100 nm to 1 µm and are released by cell membrane budding. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. (lookformedical.com)
- The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (lookformedical.com)
- Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)
- The ligand-bound TM configuration promotes asymmetric dimerization of the intracellular juxta-membrane (JM) and kinase domains, which causes autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues ( 6 , 7 ). (biorxiv.org)
Cancers7
- The sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 that adds α2-6 linked sialic acids to N-glycans of cell surface and secreted glycoproteins is prominently associated with many human cancers. (nature.com)
- These results align reasonably well with a survey study of women survivors of ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancers, who met criteria for lymphedema based on a validated survey that demonstrated a point prevalence of 37%, 33%, and 31%, respectively. (oncolink.org)
- If the role of cancer heterocellular signaling via TNTs in the TME is proven to be crucial, then disrupting formation and maintenance of TNTs represents a novel therapeutic approach for ovarian and other similarly invasive peritoneal cancers. (frontiersin.org)
- Peritoneal cancers, such as primary ovarian cancer and peritoneal mesotheliomas, are characterized by a hallmark of localized or regional dissemination within the peritoneal cavity. (frontiersin.org)
- Ovarian cancer in particular is one of many cancers in which the role of the TME in cancer progression is relatively well-established. (frontiersin.org)
- Here we examined the SRI expression in multiple cancers using a human TissueArray and found that SRI expression was significantly higher in malignant tumor tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- that's, cancers derived from a single irregular cell. (ehd.org)
Endometrial1
- It is found to be expressed strongly in the cytosol of endothelial cells, cytotrophoblasts, and poorly differentiated colon adenocarcinoma cells found in lymphatics and has been observed at the luminal edges of endometrial cells and in the extracellular environment of vascular-associated mesenchymal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways4
- To establish the importance of specific cell signaling pathways to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from LPS-stimulated human monocytes, the NF-B inhibitor, Bay11, the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, and 607737-87-1 supplier the JNK inhibitor, SP 600125, were added to adherent human monocytes cultured in RPMI 1640 made up of 10% AB+ serum in flat bottom 96 well plates. (morainetownshipdems.org)
- Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
- To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
- Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Membranes1
- A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc. (lookformedical.com)
Tyrosine2
- The canonical form of this glycosylated transmembrane protein has an N-terminal extracellular region with five immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain at the C-terminus. (nih.gov)
- The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a HER-family receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is involved in cell signaling in healthy tissue. (biorxiv.org)
Proliferation2
- Extracellular ST6GAL1, present in cancer exosomes or the freely soluble recombinant sialyltransferase, compensates for insufficient intrinsic ST6GAL1 by boosting cancer cell proliferation and increasing invasiveness. (nature.com)
- This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
Epithelial6
- Aggressive breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease caused by a variety of distinct cell-intrinsic genetic alterations in mammary epithelial cells, leading to vastly heterogenic disease manifestation in individual patients and predominantly affecting patient prognosis and treatment options [ 14 ]. (nature.com)
- Both epithelial and mesenchymal components of carcinosarcoma show high-grade malignant cells. (medscape.com)
- Solution structure of the epithelial cadherin domain responsible for selective cell adhesion. (embl.de)
- The conversion of an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell is critical to metazoan embryogenesis and a defining structural feature of organ development. (rupress.org)
- The extracellular mucus stained diffusely with Alcian blue staining (Fig. 2c ), mucicarmine staining (Fig. 2d ), and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and these findings confirmed the epithelial origin of the mucin. (biomedcentral.com)
- By using Fh1-deficient mouse epithelial kidney cells we have recently demonstrated that in the absence of Fh1, the TCA cycle is definitely truncated causing an build up of fumarate and succinate paralleled by a decrease of malate and citrate. (immune-source.com)
Vitro2
- To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
- Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)
Secretory3
- Canonically, ST6GAL1 resides in the intracellular secretory apparatus and glycosylates nascent glycoproteins in biosynthetic transit. (nature.com)
- Canonically, functioning ST6GAL1 resides within the intracellular ER-Golgi secretory complex, where sialylation of nascent cell surface and secreted components occurs cell-autonomously. (nature.com)
- RNase T2 includes both intracellular and secretory types ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Residues2
- Cadherins depend on calcium for their function: calcium ions bind to specific residues in each cadherin repeat to ensure its proper folding, to confer rigidity upon the extracellular domain and is essential for cadherin adhesive function and for protection against protease digestion. (embl.de)
- fumarate was found to covalently improve cysteine residues of Keap1, the bad regulator of the transcription element Nrf2, suggesting a part for a deregulated antioxidant response in the formation of FH-deficient tumors [8,9]. (immune-source.com)
Regulate7
- AAMP helps to regulate vascular endothelial cell migration regulation and angiogenesis, with other signaling pathway like RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling. (wikipedia.org)
- Extracellular cues, including those of hormones and cytokines, can also regulate autophagy. (nature.com)
- PCD has fundamental functions in tissue development and homeostasis, as PCD is activated to sculpt or remove structures, regulate cell numbers, and eliminate unnecessary or dysfunctional cells. (nature.com)
- Free glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycan- (PG-) containing GAGs, key effectors of cell surface, pericellular and extracellular microenvironments, perform multiple functions in cancer by virtue of their coded structure and their ability to interact with both ligands and receptors that regulate cancer growth [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
- Recent animal studies also indicate that necroptosis may regulate the number of T cells in peripheral tissues and is required for clearance of abnormal lymphocytes during T cell development. (bioradiations.com)
- Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components. (lookformedical.com)
Malignant3
- Furthermore, they can connect malignant cells to benign cells, including vascular endothelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Background Loss of function of fumarate hydratase (FH), the mitochondrial tumor suppressor and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme, is associated with a highly malignant form of papillary and collecting duct renal cell malignancy. (immune-source.com)
- The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm emerged from investigating a subpopulation of less-differentiated CD34+/CD38- cells possessing stem cell-like renewal ability and robust malignant-initiating capacity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [ 1 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Exosomes2
- The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Kinase4
- For example, in the smooth muscle cells, if AAMP is overexpressed, it activates RhoA, which activates Rho-kinase (this one generates GTP) and it finally leads to increased smooth muscle cell migration and division, causing atherosclerosis and restenosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrotic cell death that is dependent on activation of receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and occurs when caspase activation is insufficient or blocked. (bioradiations.com)
- Current therapeutics target EGFR's kinase domain or extracellular region. (biorxiv.org)
- We propose that the resulting disruption of native TM interactions disrupts the conformation of the kinase domain, inhibiting EGFR's ability to send migratory cell signals. (biorxiv.org)
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol1
- Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. (embl.de)
Tumor cell4
- Tumor-native ST6GAL1 promotes tumor cell behaviors such as invasion and resistance to cell stress and chemo- and radio-treatments. (nature.com)
- The impact of this non-canonical extrinsic mechanism of ST6GAL1 on tumor cell pathobiology is not known. (nature.com)
- Specifically, these extracellular matrix (ECM) components critically modulate the tumor cell "motile phenotype" affecting their adhesive/migratory abilities which are directly correlated to the metastatic cascade [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The field of investigation of TNT-mediated tumor-stromal, and tumor-tumor, cell-cell communication is gaining momentum. (frontiersin.org)
Cytoplasm1
- Our findings are consistent with a model of compartmentalization in which rapidly exchanging sodium is nearly uniformly distributed in the water of the nucleus and cytoplasm and its exchange limited by movement through the cell surface. (biologists.com)
Mediate3
- Cadherin domains occur as repeats in the extracellular regions which are thought to mediate cell-cell contact when bound to calcium. (embl.de)
- γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
- To mediate these processes, the extracellular ligand binding region of EGFR senses environmental cues via interactions with one of its 7 known ligands, of which epidermal growth factor (EGF) is the most well characterized ( 2 , 3 ). (biorxiv.org)
Vacuoles1
- The intracellular RNase T2 is mainly localized in lysosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, and other organelles. (frontiersin.org)
Homeostasis4
- It took several years before the role of EVs was revealed to be very much the opposite of meaningless cell debris, as their fundamental role in regulating homeostasis at the local and systemic level became apparent [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- As a new type of probe, the heavy isotope of water has been widely used in the study of cell development, metabolism, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity. (medsci.org)
- To restore intracellular calcium homeostasis and overcome chemoresistance, we developed lipid-coated albumin-PTX nanoparticles loaded with SRI-siRNA (LANP-PTX-siSRI) for PTX and SRI-siRNA co-delivery. (biomedcentral.com)
- In conclusion, our data unveil that restoring intracellular calcium ion homeostasis via reducing SRI expression can reverse chemoresistance. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues7
- This enzyme is detected in all tissues, especially in embryonic tissues and immune cells ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ) ( Figures 1B,C ). The full-length human RNase T2 has 256 amino acids (AA) and a predicted size of 29 kD ( Table 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The evolutionary conservation structure of RNase T2 and distribution of RNASET2 in human tissues and immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
- Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
- Among these, Raman spectroscopy has attracted increasing attention as a highly sensitive molecular imaging technique for studying complex biological systems, including cells, tissues, and various biological materials [ 4 ]. (medsci.org)
- This technique allows non-destructive, label-free spectral imaging and analysis of cells, tissues, and nanoparticles [ 5 - 7 ]. (medsci.org)
- Expression of galectins in normal lymphoid cells Each member of the galectin family exhibits a specific expression pattern in distinct tissues, and galectin expression is regulated during development. (fdocuments.net)
Processes3
- In addition, cell death subroutines have been recently classified on the basis of mechanical and molecular aspects of cell death processes 5 . (nature.com)
- Sorcin (SRI) is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein involved in chemoresistant processes and is overexpressed in many chemoresistant cancer cells, including paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Focal parenchymal defects are nonspecific, indicating the presence of space‐occupying processes. (radiologykey.com)
Signaling pathway1
- It negatively regulates intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in cells and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating AKT/PKB signaling pathway. (ayassbioscience.com)
Inhibition2
- These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
- The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
Regulation4
- They may also be involved in the regulation of tight and gap junctions, and in the control of intercellular spacing. (embl.de)
- These functions include coupling cytoskeletal force generation to strongly adherent sites on the cell surface and the regulation of intracellular signaling events. (embl.de)
- LANP-PTX-siSRI had dual-target roles in the regulation of SRI and the delivery of PTX into chemoresistant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells also develop in embryos, and their intra-thymic development shows strict regulation and flexible plasticity [ 2 ]. (explorationpub.com)
Ligand2
- Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
- Ligand binding promotes EGFR oligomerization mediated by the extracellular region. (biorxiv.org)
Epithelium1
- The exosome marker CD63 was primarily localized to the apices of principal cells throughout the epididymal epithelium. (oncotarget.com)
Compartment1
- They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
Biology3
- In normal cell biology, ROS levels increase with a decreasing antioxidant response, resulting in oxidative stress which threatens sperm biology. (mdpi.com)
- Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)
- Also covered in detail was the basic cell biology of EMT and its role in cancer and fibrosis, as well as the identification of new markers to facilitate the observation of EMT in vivo. (rupress.org)
Substances1
- In theory, this method can detect the entire spectrum of substances in the cell, especially the "fingerprint area" in the range of ~600-1800 cm -1 , which can distinguish cell types and explore the mechanism of microbial stress [ 11 - 13 ]. (medsci.org)
Invasive1
- Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)
Differentiation3
- Rarely, mucinous differentiation or squamous cell carcinoma is seen. (medscape.com)
- The utility of ultrasound elastography in differentiation of endometriomas and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. (endometriosi.it)
- To investigate the feasibility of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in differentiation of endometriomas and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. (endometriosi.it)
Substrates1
- Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
Receptor3
- γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
- Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
- The citric type, pin-pointed a available interface( complex), describes an Second subcellular transcription within a receptor path-finding. (evakoch.com)
Peripheral2
- (C) Expressions of RNASET2 in 18 types of human blood cells and total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed in the Blood Atlas database. (frontiersin.org)
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from the buffy coat, reconstituted in 50% autologous plasma and seeded 607737-87-1 supplier at 4.5×104 cells/50 L into flat bottom 96 well plates. (morainetownshipdems.org)
Clinical4
- When patients had at least 1 positive clinical finding in the 10-m walk test, anterior drawer test, or inversion tilt test, they had a 90.2% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity in terms of detecting at least 1 prognostic factor by MRI. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSION: MRI scanning is valuable in predicting CAI after first-episode LAS for those patients with at least 1 positive clinical finding in the 10-m walk test, anterior drawer test, and inversion tilt test. (bvsalud.org)
- However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
- Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)
Immune4
- The ovarian TME not only comprises immune infiltration and angiogenesis, but also unique features that are characterized by regional metastasis within the peritoneum. (frontiersin.org)
- The DAMPs send signals into the circulation to recruit immune cells to the damaged tissue and increase inflammation. (bioradiations.com)
- This review further emphasizes the diversified cross-talk between γδ T cells and other immune cells. (explorationpub.com)
- It is hoped that the host immune status can be accurately predicted and gradually advance γδ T cell precise individualized medicine. (explorationpub.com)
Tissue4
- The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
- Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
- tissue through the PLOS rat to sample cells in your download. (a-e-markt.de)
Specifically3
- Specifically in cancer, EVs secreted by tumor cells promote the development of tumor-related features in recipient cells and the acquisition of the cancer hallmarks described in the literature [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Specifically, following the 7 h incubation assay, red blood cells were lysed by the addition of 2.5 mL of ammonium chloride solution (StemCell Technologies) in polystyrene flow tubes. (morainetownshipdems.org)
- In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
Migration1
- Our data indicated that PET1 inhibits EGFR-mediated cell migration. (biorxiv.org)
Biological1
- The biological importance of activation targets of Nanog, Oct4, SOX-2, and c-Myc in CSCs, which are more frequently overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumors than in well-differentiated tumors, has been shown by correlating signature characteristics of these cells and poor survival [ 3 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Fluid5
- Lymphedema occurs when disruption of normal lymphatic drainage leads to accumulation of protein-rich lymph fluid in the interstitial space. (oncolink.org)
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body. (oncolink.org)
- ECF has two primary constituents: intravascular plasma and the interstitial fluid that surrounds all cells not in the plasma. (oncolink.org)
- Hypovolemic shock occurs secondary from a decrease in circulating blood volume that occurs when extracellular fluid is sequestered in a third space such as a distended large colon or small intestine/stomach. (dvm360.com)
- Dehydration occurs in patients with hypovolemic shock when fluid is moved from the Intracellular Space→ Extracellular Space→ Lumen of the distended Bowel. (dvm360.com)
Biol2
- Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)
- J Cell Biol (2006) 172 (7): 973-981. (rupress.org)
Mechanisms4
- Cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms, which are poorly understood, are also believed to contribute to disease progression and the heterogeneous genetic mutations with diverse presentations. (nature.com)
- First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
- While the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in FH-deficient cells have been extensively looked into, the metabolic changes caused by the loss of FH activity have only been partially tackled. (immune-source.com)
- Studying such mechanisms not only provides mechanistic insights into these cells that are unresponsive to drugs, but may lead to the development of targeted and effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. (oaepublish.com)
Parallel2
- The extracellular domains of cadherins form parallel dimers that possess intrinsic homophilic-binding activity. (embl.de)
- Cell Viability Assays In parallel studies, whole human blood samples (70 L/well) were collected at the end of the 7 h incubation period to determine the effect of DMSO, DMSO2 and DMS on cell viability using propidium iodide staining. (morainetownshipdems.org)
Progression6
- It is within the cell-autonomous context that ST6GAL1 involvement in cancer progression has been interpreted. (nature.com)
- Importantly, cell-associated and tumor microenvironment glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/proteoglycan (PG) content and distribution are markedly altered during tumor pathogenesis and progression. (hindawi.com)
- Cell-associated and tumor microenvironment GAG content and distribution is markedly altered during tumor pathogenesis and progression [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These parts include a multitude of cell types that evolve during the course of carcinogenesis and cancer cell progression. (frontiersin.org)
- After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) this study found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. (sdbonline.org)
- Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
Classification1
- It is of great significance to gain insight into the classification of γδ T cell subsets. (explorationpub.com)
Migratory1
- Angio-associated, migratory cell protein, also known as AAMP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AAMP gene. (wikipedia.org)
Suggests2
- However, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is a primary mechanism of cell death (autophagic cell death, ACD) and implicates ACD in several aspects of mammalian physiology, including tumor suppression and psychological disorders. (nature.com)
- The intracellular distribution pattern suggests that RNase T2 may be involved in degrading exogenous or endogenous RNAs in lysosome and regulating mitochondrial RNA metabolism ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Types2
- Homologous elements (composed of cell types normally found in the uterus) are typically undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma, pleomorphic sarcoma, or fibrosarcoma. (medscape.com)
- They may play an important role in the sorting of different cell types during morphogenesis, histogenesis and regeneration. (embl.de)
Vascular1
- The vascular endothelial growth factor is a promoting factor of the protein synthesis and localisation in the different parts of the cells. (wikipedia.org)