PathwayIncreased outflow of aqueous humorPathwaysTrabecular outflowDrainage of aqueous humorObstructionSchlemm'sEpiscleral venous pressureRegulation of aqueousResistanceIntraocularChanges in the trabecularSecretion and drainageFluidAnteriorOphthalmic SolutionExtracellular matrixIncreasesManagement of glaucomaDecreaseSuprachoroidalIridocorneal angleCiliary processesPerfusionOptic nerveProductionUvealDecreasesEpitheliumPharmacologicIncreaseReducesAngle-closureRegulatesProteinTissuesDynamicsFacilityImplantFlowProducesDrain
Pathway12
- The uveoscleral, or uveovortex, pathway, which accounts for perhaps 10% of the aqueous drainage in the healthy aged human eye, can become a major accessory route for aqueous drainage after pharmacologic treatment. (nih.gov)
- The conventional aqueous outflow pathway is subjected to a rate-dependent IOP load-boundary with large fluctuations. (lu.se)
- Statement of significance: While the human conventional aqueous outflow pathway is subjected to a large-deformation and time-dependent IOP load-boundary, we are not aware of any studies that have calculated the hyperviscoelastic mechanical properties of the outflow tissues with embedded viscoelastic collagen fibrils. (lu.se)
- The proposed experimental-computational workflow may significantly contribute to understanding of the effects of different drugs on the biomechanics of the conventional aqueous outflow pathway. (lu.se)
- Based on knowledge regarding the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in vascular biology, we sought to understand the contribution of the PKC pathway towards outflow function by studying the modulation of contractile and morphological characteristics of TM and SC cells. (duke.edu)
- It can also happen if aqueous flow is restricted earlier along its pathway or if the eye produces too much aqueous humor. (allaboutvision.com)
- One way to differentiate among MIGS devices is according to where in the aqueous drainage pathway it has an effect. (crstoday.com)
- 2 Moreover, these anatomic structures function within the conventional outflow pathway. (crstoday.com)
- Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD, demonstrates ab interno canaloplasty to restore the aqueous outflow pathway. (crstoday.com)
- He moved next to a discussion of devices that target the uveoscleral aqueous outflow pathway. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
- The CyPass Micro-Stent (Transcend Medical) and the iStent supra (Glaukos) are both designed to release aqueous through the uveoscleral outflow pathway. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
- 98% of the aqueous humor exits the eye via either the trabecular meshwork and the Schlemm canal (the major pathway, particularly in older people) or the ciliary body face and choroidal vasculature (also called the uveoscleral pathway and can make up to 50% of outflow in people younger than 30). (msdmanuals.com)
Increased outflow of aqueous humor1
- This allows increased outflow of aqueous humor by mechanically opening the iridocorneal angle. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
Pathways6
- Histologic, experimental, and theoretical studies of the aqueous outflow pathways point toward the juxtacanalicular region and inner wall of Schlemm's canal as the likely site of aqueous outflow resistance in the normal eye. (nih.gov)
- Cell atlas of aqueous humor outflow pathways in eyes of humans and four model species provides insight into glaucoma pathogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
- Typically, glaucoma patients experience poor drainage of aqueous humor (AH) through the natural outflow pathways (i.e., trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal) 11 . (nature.com)
- Aqueous humor is produced in the ciliary processes at 2-3 μL/min diurnally (and approximately 50% less nocturnally) and drains through the trabecular and uveoscleral pathways. (aao.org)
- Tumor-induced glaucoma may be produced by obstruction of outflow pathways by pigment cells (pigment dispersion syndrome), melanin-laden macrophages (melanomalytic glaucoma), or tumor cells. (medscape.com)
- These outflow pathways are not simply a mechanical filter and drain but instead involve active physiologic processes. (msdmanuals.com)
Trabecular outflow2
- Emerging trabecular outflow drugs. (nih.gov)
- it produces aqueous humor, facilitates trabecular outflow, intervenes in alteration of the shape of the crystalline lens during accommodation, and secretes hyaluronic acid into the vitreous. (medscape.com)
Drainage of aqueous humor2
- Glaucoma may be related to drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. (wikipedia.org)
- The main determinant of IOP is the equilibrium between production and drainage of aqueous humor , with compromised drainage generally viewed as the primary contributor to dangerous IOP elevations. (bvsalud.org)
Obstruction4
- Too much aqueous production or obstruction of its outflow causes a rise in IOP that can lead to glaucoma. (allaboutvision.com)
- In Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, the most prevalent form of glaucoma, an obstruction of the outflow system leads to an abnormal increase in eye pressure, and with time, to blindness. (yale.edu)
- IOP elevation in human glaucoma results from an obstruction of the outflow system leading to an abnormal increase in eye pressure, death of retinal ganglion cells and loss of vision. (yale.edu)
- or left outflow obstruction. (who.int)
Schlemm's12
- At least 50% of the aqueous outflow resistance in the normal eye and the bulk of the pathologically increased resistance in the glaucomatous eye resides in the trabecular meshwork and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. (nih.gov)
- Surgeries that unroof Schlemm's canal or expand the canal, such as viscocanalostomy, probably cause inadvertent ruptures of the inner wall and juxtacanalicular tissue, thus relieving the abnormal outflow resistance of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
- The aqueous humor actively interacts with the trabecular meshwork (TM), juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT), and Schlemm's canal (SC) through a dynamic fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coupling. (lu.se)
- Although the TM and Schlemm's canal (SC) comprise the major route for aqueous humor outflow, little is known about the potential signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of aqueous outflow. (duke.edu)
- A mathematical model of Schlemm's canal is developed to simulate collapse of the canal and its effect on resistance to flow through the aqueous outflow network. (northwestern.edu)
- Based on comparisons between the model and results in the literature, The following tentative conclusions are reached: (1) Most of the resistance in the aqueous outflow network occurs in the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. (northwestern.edu)
- Johnson, MC & Kamm, RD 1983, ' The role of Schlemm's canal in aqueous outflow from the human eye ', Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 320-325. (northwestern.edu)
- Schlemm's canal collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber. (wikipedia.org)
- Its inner face contacts the Schlemm's canal, and its external face contacts the aqueous humor. (aao.org)
- 3.2 Corneoscleral meshwork, from the scleral spur to the scleral sulcus, with smaller oval holes as they approach the Schlemm's canal, offering slightly more resistance to the aqueous humor. (aao.org)
- The end of the rivet inserts into Schlemm's canal, with the head in the anterior chamber allowing aqueous fluid to pass through the lumen in the middle of the device. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
- Most new surgical innovations have been designed according to natural physiology by routing aqueous as nature intended, through the Schlemm's canal. (intechopen.com)
Episcleral venous pressure2
- they include outflow facility, aqueous humor production rate, episcleral venous pressure, and uveoscleral outflow rate. (aao.org)
- 1 Possible mechanisms for these changes include increased aqueous outflow, decreased episcleral venous pressure, decreased scleral rigidity, and generalized acidosis during pregnancy. (aao.org)
Regulation of aqueous1
- Clarifying the mechanisms and regulation of aqueous humor formation can lead to novel strategies for lowering IOP, the only intervention known to retard the onset and progression of blindness in glaucoma. (yale.edu)
Resistance4
- This review is a summary of current thought on the pathophysiology of aqueous outflow resistance in glaucoma and, in light of this, provides an interpretation of the mechanism of pressure reduction created by these new surgeries. (nih.gov)
- This creates outflow resistance against the aqueous humor. (wikipedia.org)
- In most of these cases, outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork causes IOP to increase. (allaboutvision.com)
- The authors concluded the depletion of HA may increase aqueous outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork of POAG patients. (molvis.org)
Intraocular9
- Despite the fact that intraocular pressure (IOP) undergoes significant fluctuations, our understanding of the hyperviscoelastic biomechanical properties of the aqueous outflow tissues is limited. (lu.se)
- The imbalance between the rate of production and the outflow of AH from the eye causes an increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which is a major risk factor that leads to subsequent damage to optic nerve and the loss of eyesight 12 , 13 . (nature.com)
- These can decrease intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous production. (medscape.com)
- The secretion of aqueous humor and the regulation of intraocular pressure are fundamental physiologic processes for the integrity and normal function of the mammalian eye. (yale.edu)
- A balance between the rates of secretion and drainage of the aqueous humor determines the level of intraocular pressure. (yale.edu)
- The most effective way to lower intraocular pressure is by targeting the inflow system with drugs that reduce the rate of secretion of aqueous humor. (yale.edu)
- The ocular ciliary epithelium as a novel endocrine secretory epithelium: The secretion of aqueous humor and the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are physiologically and pathophysiologically important processes for the integrity and normal function of the mammalian eye. (yale.edu)
- Written for ophthalmology residents and practitioners, this book provides the most comprehensive resource covering all the major aspects of aqueous humor and intraocular pressure dynamics. (intechopen.com)
- Glaucoma is characterized by reduced outflow of intraocular fluid and elevated intraocular pressure. (wisdompanel.com)
Changes in the trabecular1
- Episodic changes in the trabecular meshwork lead to impairment of outflow facility and result in an elevation of IOP. (medscape.com)
Secretion and drainage2
- A balance between the rates of secretion and drainage of the aqueous humor determines the level of IOP. (yale.edu)
- IOP is determined by the balance of aqueous secretion and drainage. (msdmanuals.com)
Fluid8
- A smaller amount of fluid also leaves the eye through uveoscleral outflow . (allaboutvision.com)
- This angle helps to funnel aqueous fluid into the trabecular meshwork. (allaboutvision.com)
- The eyeball contains a fluid called aqueous humour, which is constantly produced by the eye. (specsavers.co.uk)
- As the lens thickness increases, it can make it more difficult for the eye's natural fluid (the aqueous humour) to circulate and drain from the eye. (specsavers.co.uk)
- The aqueous humor fluid leaves the eye through the trabecular meshwork and the Schlemm channel (outflow system). (yale.edu)
- Elevated IOP can be the result of excessive production of aqueous humor, reduced flow of fluid out of the eye, or both. (health.mil)
- Aqueous humor is a transparent fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and that flows passively out of the eye. (health.mil)
- The two stents are implanted in different areas to maximise outflow of fluid. (glaucoma.org.au)
Anterior6
- Porcine anterior segment perfused organ culture model was used to measure the effects of Noladin ether on aqueous humor outflow facility. (arvojournals.org)
- It collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the episcleral blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
- The aqueous humor is produced behind the iris, flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil, and exits the eye between the iris and cornea. (allaboutvision.com)
- However, the microscale channel that removes excess aqueous humor from the anterior chamber often gets obstructed due to biofouling, which necessitates additional surgical intervention. (nature.com)
- The iStent Trabecular Micro-Bypass Stent (Glaukos) drains aqueous flow into Schlemm canal from the anterior chamber, effectively bypassing the damaged or blocked trabecular meshwork (see video). (crstoday.com)
- Aqueous humor provides nutrients and oxygen to the avascular anterior segment of he eye, and sustains inflation of the globe, ensuring normal visual function. (yale.edu)
Ophthalmic Solution1
- TIMOPTIC Ophthalmic Solution is supplied as a sterile, isotonic, buffered, aqueous solution of timolol maleate in two dosage strengths: Each mL of TIMOPTIC 0.25% contains 2.5 mg of timolol (3.4 mg of timolol maleate). (nih.gov)
Extracellular matrix2
- The hyperviscoelastic mechanical properties of the outflow tissues' extracellular matrix with embedded viscoelastic collagen fibrils were calculated using an inverse FE-optimization method. (lu.se)
- Introduction The outflow of aqueous humor across the trabecular meshwork (TM) is usually regulated by among other factors actomyosin contraction of the resident TM cells and altered extracellular matrix (ECM) [1-3]. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Increases3
- The data obtained from this study demonstrate that Noladin ether increases aqueous humor outflow facility and that its effect is mediated through the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. (arvojournals.org)
- Intriguingly, both PDBU and GF109203X caused increases in aqueous outflow facility in the perfusion model. (duke.edu)
- Selective alpha 2-receptor that reduces aqueous humor formation and increases uveoscleral outflow. (medscape.com)
Management of glaucoma2
- An understanding of aqueous humor dynamics is essential for the evaluation and management of glaucoma. (aao.org)
- Based on the newer insights in aqueous outflow, this text offers a rational approach to the medical and surgical management of glaucoma. (intechopen.com)
Decrease3
- Ex vivo perfusion studies have exhibited that brokers that increase the actomyosin contraction of TM cells decrease aqueous humor outflow and vice versa [4-6]. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
- Glaucoma drops are formulated to decrease aqueous production, increase aqueous outflow or do both of these jobs at the same time. (oliviasvision.org)
- Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) is a conjunctiva-sparing approach to decrease IOP that strives to enhance the natural physiological outflow from the eye. (aao.org)
Suprachoroidal1
- Glaucoma treatments include various topical and oral medications, cilioablative or trabecular meshwork laser procedures, and various surgical techniques designed to improve trabecular meshwork outflow, increase suprachoroidal drainage, or divert aqueous to the subconjunctival space. (medscape.com)
Iridocorneal angle1
- Goniodysgenesis, narrowing or closure of the iridocorneal angle through which the aqueous humor drains, may be detectable through gonioscopy. (wisdompanel.com)
Ciliary processes1
- Both act by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes that decreases aqueous humor formation. (medscape.com)
Perfusion2
- After the outflow facility had been stabilized, Noladin ether was administrated to the perfusion medium and the outflow facility was observed for 5 hours. (arvojournals.org)
- We investigated the involvement of PKC in regulation of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, formation of actin stress fibers and integrin-ECM adhesions (focal adhesions) in human TM and SC cells and correlated these changes with aqueous outflow facility measured in an enucleated porcine whole eye perfusion model. (duke.edu)
Optic nerve1
- This requires parallel studies on genes that are important for the function of the retina, the optic nerve and aqueous humor outflow system in the normal eye. (nih.gov)
Production5
- These may reduce elevated and normal IOP, with or without glaucoma, by reducing production of aqueous humor or by outflow. (medscape.com)
- Separation and disruption of the overlying ciliary epithelium decreases its production of aqueous humor with consequent ocular hypotension. (medscape.com)
- Lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor. (medscape.com)
- Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production. (medscape.com)
- Lower IOP by a combination of decreasing production of aqueous and increasing aqueous outflow. (medscape.com)
Uveal1
- 3.1 The Uveal meshwork, adjacent to the aqueous humor, is formed by trabeculae with large holes, from 25 to 75 µm [16] . (aao.org)
Decreases1
- Decreases IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor. (medscape.com)
Epithelium2
- The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and it regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system that involves ion channels and active transporters. (yale.edu)
- The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system involving ion channels and active ion secretion, from the stromal to the aqueous-humor surface, followed by osmotic water movement. (yale.edu)
Pharmacologic1
- Effects of pharmacologic inhibition of protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I on aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork. (musc.edu)
Increase4
- However, in some studies a slight increase in outflow facility was also observed. (nih.gov)
- Parasympathomimetic drugs also increase aqueous humor protein and may cause vasodilation of the conjunctiva. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Sympathomimetic drugs such as dipivefrin also increase the outflow of aqueous humor but by a different mechanism than the parasympathomimetic drugs such as demecarium bromide. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- They also may increase inflammation by enhancing breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. (medscape.com)
Reduces1
- Reduces aqueous humor formation by inhibiting enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which results in decreased IOP. (medscape.com)
Angle-closure2
- The terms open angle and angle closure describe the basic structural issue within the eye that is disrupting aqueous flow. (allaboutvision.com)
- In angle-closure forms, the aqueous can't leave the eye because the iris is blocking the drainage angle. (allaboutvision.com)
Regulates1
- These observations led to the hypothesis that this contraction of TM cells regulates the outflow facility possibly through the reorganization of the TM through altered cell-ECM interactions. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Protein1
- Scholars@Duke publication: The role of protein kinase C in modulation of aqueous humor outflow facility. (duke.edu)
Tissues2
Dynamics2
- Emerging evidence in the glaucoma literature has expanded the understanding of aqueous flow dynamics. (crstoday.com)
- Collectively, an evolved understanding of aqueous flow dynamics demonstrate that the entire system is complex, and each component has a function in physiologic flow. (crstoday.com)
Facility5
- The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Noladin ether on aqueous humor outflow facility and to test whether its action is CB1 receptor-mediated. (arvojournals.org)
- Noladin ether produced a significant enhancement of outflow facility. (arvojournals.org)
- These results suggest that PKC might play an important role in modulation of aqueous outflow facility by regulating MLC phosphorylation and thereby, the morphological and cytoskeletal characteristics of TM and SC cells. (duke.edu)
- Purpose The outflow facility for aqueous humor across the trabecular meshwork (TM) is enhanced by agents that oppose the actomyosin contraction of GSK690693 its resident cells. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
- In addition, IOP and outflow facility are normal between episodes. (medscape.com)
Implant1
- He moved next to the Ivantis Hydrus Aqueous implant. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Flow4
- With secondary glaucoma, there are known, specific factors directly affecting aqueous flow and IOP. (allaboutvision.com)
- To keep our IOP balanced, the aqueous humor has to be able to flow freely along a specific path through and then out of the eye. (allaboutvision.com)
- In open-angle forms, the aqueous flow disruption usually occurs in the trabecular meshwork. (allaboutvision.com)
- Its scalloped and open design allows for aqueous flow along its three-clock-hour length, targeting multiple collector channels. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Produces1
- This path begins at the ciliary body , which produces the aqueous. (allaboutvision.com)
Drain1
- In most cases, this happens because aqueous humor can't drain from the eye quickly enough. (allaboutvision.com)