• Several hundred different proteins are imported from the cytosol into the mitochondria. (nih.gov)
  • This ability to exploit structure within a pre-protein is an unexplored area of protein transport, which may apply to other protein transporters, such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. (elifesciences.org)
  • In this process, TOM and TIM aren't brothers, but large protein complexes found in the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria. (reasons.org)
  • TOM (translocase of the outer membrane) and TIM (translocase of the inner membrane) function as biomolecular machines that operate in tandem to import newly made proteins into mitochondria. (reasons.org)
  • How Complex Is Protein Transport into Mitochondria? (reasons.org)
  • For example, mitochondria-thought to have descended from α-proteobacteria-are about the same size and shape as a typical bacterium and have a double membrane structure similar to gram-negative microbes. (reasons.org)
  • Except for select proteins, most mitochondrial proteins are made in the cytosol of the cell and transported into the mitochondria. (reasons.org)
  • The overall process of mitochondrial protein biogenesis consists of four stages: (1) protein synthesis, (2) targeting the protein to the mitochondria, (3) transporting the protein into the mitochondrial lumen, and (4) targeting the protein to its final destination in the organelle. (reasons.org)
  • The signal sequence has a specialized structure (an amphipathic α-helix) that serves to target the proteins to mitochondria. (reasons.org)
  • Once in the intermembrane space (the region between the outer and inner membranes), two different TIM complexes (TIM22 and TIM23) work together, taking the protein "baton" from the TOM complex and ushering the protein into the lumen (or the matrix) of the mitochondria. (reasons.org)
  • Reducing a protein found in the mitochondria of cardiac muscle cells initiates cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, a finding that could provide insight for new treatments for cardiovascular diseases, a study led by Georgia State University has shown. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Also, disrupting how FUNDC1 binds to a particular receptor inhibited the release of calcium from another cell structure, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), into the mitochondria of these cells and resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction and heart failure . (medicalxpress.com)
  • The points where mitochondria and ER make physical contact and communicate are known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). (medicalxpress.com)
  • TOMM20L Belongs to the Tom20 family.Tom20 is the master receptor for protein import into mitochondria. (abbkine.com)
  • and the intrinsic pathway, which is activated by cellular stress and is regulated primarily at the level of mitochondria by the Bcl-2 family of proteins ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • In addition, some diatom genera expressed components of a putative Fe-siderophore uptake system, including an Fe-siderophore outer membrane receptor protein and corresponding ABC transporter components. (uri.edu)
  • In derivatives of this strain which contain only one of these proteins in large amounts a strong decrease of the number of intramembraneous particles is observed, which is accompanied by a complete restoration of the rate of uptake of those solutes which use pores in which the protein in question is involved. (uu.nl)
  • A homologue of the ferric uptake protein (Fur), which regulates the uptake of iron in most Gram-negative bacteria, was identified and characterised However, the results suggest that in S mehloti, Fur does not function as an iron response regulator but actually regulates manganese uptake. (dcu.ie)
  • M catarrhalis also expresses specific proteins for iron uptake that act as receptors for transferrin and lactoferrin. (medscape.com)
  • Because it crosses the blood-brain barrier so that the the alpha receptors it binds are ones in the CNS instead of on the effector organ. (proprofs.com)
  • This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)
  • One arm of this protein binds to a receptor on HIV-infected CD4 T-cells, prompting that cell to display HIV proteins on its outer membrane. (nih.gov)
  • In a separate step, the other arm of VRC07-αCD3 then binds to these HIV membrane proteins while the original arm attaches to a killer T-cell in order to activate it and bring it in proximity to the infected cell. (nih.gov)
  • At this time the AI binds to and activates the receptor protein, which in turn induces gene expression. (asmblog.org)
  • In order to induce its effects on the intestinal epithelial cells, LTD4 binds to its receptor CysLT1R. (lu.se)
  • Some attach to bacterial outer membrane proteins, while others attach to appendages such as pili or flagella. (virology.ws)
  • Another useful module would be a bacterial system that senses a eukaryotic protein and transduces the sensed signal into a certain behavior. (igem.org)
  • We have been checking the literature and could not trace yet the existence of such bacterial sensing systems that could be modified for sensing eukaryotic proteins, although some possible leads exist. (igem.org)
  • As no surface expressed α-actinin was found on any of the eight cell lines examined, and as Opc interactions with endothelial cells in the presence of serum lead to bacterial entry into the target cells, we examined the possibility of the two proteins interacting intracellularly. (bris.ac.uk)
  • We observed time-dependent increase in colocalisation of Nm with the cytoskeletal protein, which was considerable after an eight hour period of bacterial internalisation. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Here we present a protocol for visualisation and quantification of the colocalisation of the bacterium with intracellular proteins after bacterial entry into human endothelial cells, although the procedure is also applicable to human epithelial cells. (bris.ac.uk)
  • This method is expected to facilitate the detection of receptors expressed in other bacterial species or human cells by simply changing the ligand. (uml.edu)
  • Proteins that are structural components of bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) or sex pili (PILI, SEX). (bvsalud.org)
  • Mycobacteria outer membrane, rich in lipids and essential disaccharide precursors such as trehalose, has been the prime target for drug development against tuberculosis. (uml.edu)
  • The specific targeting of precursor proteins synthesized in the cytosol to various cell organelles is a central aspect of intracellular protein traffic. (nih.gov)
  • The accumulation of FtsY-ribosome complexes induces the formation of intracellular membranes needed for their quantitative accommodation. (rupress.org)
  • Our results with E. coli , in conjunction with recent observations made with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , raise the possibility that the SRP receptor-mediated formation of intracellular membrane networks is governed by evolutionarily conserved principles. (rupress.org)
  • Autophagy, the type II cell death, is a physiological mechanism involving degradation of intracellular damaged proteins and organelles into membrane vacuoles. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The cell surface immune receptors (CSIRs) and intracellular immune receptors (IIRs) directly or indirectly recognize apoplastic or cytoplasmic "invasion molecules" to induce weak or strong immune responses [ 3 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • We identified a putative nuclear localisation sequence in CysLT1R, which is crucial for the LTD4, induced internalisation of the receptor. (lu.se)
  • The lab of Sine Lo Svenningsen at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark showed in a recent study that E. coli respond to high cell density by turning off - or at least reduce - the synthesis of the lambda phage (λ) receptor, LamB. (asmblog.org)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we show that in cells depleted of the SRP protein, Ffh or the translocon component SecE, the ribosomal targeting pathway is blocked downstream and unprecedented, membrane-bound FtsY-ribosomal complexes are captured. (rupress.org)
  • Even though biochemists are figuring out how the process of protein transport works, they must also identify a plausible evolutionary pathway that can adequately account for the evolution of this biochemical operation. (reasons.org)
  • We found that receptors in the Toll-like receptor pathway, such as Tlr2 and CD14, were increased under LPS and HSV stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated in response to a variety of stress signals ( Willis and Adams, 2005 ), and a complex interplay of Bcl-2 proteins relays this signal to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) to initiate Bak and Bax activation, oligomerisation and OM damage ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • However, in certain cell types, the extrinsic pathway also induces mitochondrial damage by cleaving the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid to its activated truncated form (tBid), which leads to Bak and Bax activation. (biologists.com)
  • The researchers discovered that reducing an outer mitochondrial membrane protein, FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1), in cardiac muscle cells , also known as cardiomyocytes, activates and worsens cardiac dysfunction . (medicalxpress.com)
  • Our study found the formation of MAMs mediated by the mitochondrial membrane protein FUNDC1 was significantly suppressed in patients with heart failure, which provides evidence that FUNDC1 and MAMs actively participate in the development of heart failure," said Dr. Ming-Hui Zou, director of the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine at Georgia State and a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Molecular Medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the growth hormone receptor . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Beginning in the late 1990s, studies revealed that people with stronger natural protection from HIV tended to have mutations in the gene that codes for a protein called CCR5. (nih.gov)
  • Although gene profiling can identify their cancer-specific signatures, systematic correlations between protein functions and tumor-related mechanisms are still unclear. (mit.edu)
  • Results showed that RirA, under iron replete conditions, downregulates the rhizobactin 1021 siderophore biosynthesis genes and also the gene encoding the outer membrane receptor of the chelator. (dcu.ie)
  • Markers of well-characterized aggregative adherence plasmids, present in typical EAEC strains, are aggregative adherence regulator gene aggR , anti-aggregative protein or dispersin gene aap, and empiric plasmid probe (CVD432) that represents part of the aat secretion system operon ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These drugs bind to α1 receptors and activate them, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. (proprofs.com)
  • This means that while they bind to the receptor in an antagonistic manner, they also stimulate the receptor at the same time. (proprofs.com)
  • Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells typically bind to a plasma membrane receptor to initiate the reproduction cycle. (virology.ws)
  • We have identified endothelial surface-located integrins as major receptors for Opc, a process which requires Opc to first bind to integrin ligands such as vitronectin and via these to the cell-expressed receptors1. (bris.ac.uk)
  • The researchers found that two cannabinoid acids commonly found in hemp varietals of cannabis, cannabigerolic acid, or CBGA, and cannabidiolic acid, also known as CBDA, can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. (forbes.com)
  • They bind to the spike proteins so those proteins can't bind to the ACE2 enzyme, which is abundant on the outer membrane of endothelial cells in the lungs and other organs. (forbes.com)
  • Most toxins bind to specific target cell receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of H. pylori play a crucial role in the host-pathogen interaction, virulence and pathogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Several types of Xoo virulence factors have been identified, including proteins associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and motility, outer membrane (OM) proteins and TonB-dependent receptors, hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) proteins, and type III (T3) effectors [ 2 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • HomB protein contributes to the colonization and persistence of H. pylori , and the presence of homB genes affects the number of bacteria adhering to the host cells. (nature.com)
  • The genome of E. coli MG1655 is 4,641,642 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The genome size of E. coli strain K-12 MG1655 is 4,641,652 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins, 228 RNA genes, and 146 pseudogenes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Another protein, the homologue of the transcriptional iron regulator RirA in Rhizobium legummosarum was identified and characterised in S mehloti as the new general regulator of iron responsive genes. (dcu.ie)
  • Molecular neuroscience has largely focused on the functions of protein-coding genes, which account for less than 2% of our DNA. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, we observed that CysLT1R is located in the plasma membrane and in the outer nuclei membrane. (lu.se)
  • In addition to the spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 has three more structural proteins as well as 16 nonstructural proteins and several compounds van Breemen characterized as "accessory" proteins, all of which are potential targets for drugs developed to prevent Covid-19. (forbes.com)
  • Solanum nigrum (SN) is a herb with anticancer effects such as destruction of tumor cell membrane, induction of apoptosis by NF-kappaB, caspase activation, nitric oxide production and inhibition of angiogenesis [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In this Commentary, we discuss the implications of these findings for the regulation of apoptosis by Bcl-2 family proteins. (biologists.com)
  • It does not have the morphological characteristics of typical necrosis, such as swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles and rupture of the cell membrane, nor does it have the characteristics of traditional cell apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and disintegration of the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
  • The spike protein is the same part of the virus target by Covid-19 vaccines and antibody therapies. (forbes.com)
  • Antibody responses to outer-membrane proteins have been obtained, predominantly in the IgG3 subclass. (medscape.com)
  • The Opc protein of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a surface-expressed integral outer membrane protein, which can act as an adhesin and an effective invasin for human epithelial and endothelial cells. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Analysis of motifs present in Tom20 sequences from fungi and animals found several highly conserved regions, including features of the transmembrane segment, the ligand-binding domain and functionally important flexible segments at the N terminus and the C terminus of the protein. (abbkine.com)
  • This new approach has been shown to preserve mobility and enzymatic activity of transmembrane proteins in the resulting nSLB. (lu.se)
  • In bacteria, this comprises SecY, SecE and usually SecG, with the protein-conducting pore running through the centre of SecY. (elifesciences.org)
  • showing the cavities through the channel, with the protein in grey surface, the pre-protein pore constrictions in red (SecY) or purple (SecA) mesh, and the SecY plug in red helix. (elifesciences.org)
  • The results provide strong evidence for the notion that an individual pore contains only one protein species, a property which has been found earlier for individual particles. (uu.nl)
  • Recent studies have identified the mitochondrial outer membrane proteins MOM19, MOM72, MOM38 (approximately ISP42) and p32 which have a role in initial steps of protein import. (nih.gov)
  • The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus E. coli is literally dumb - but not deaf: it has a homolog of the V. fischeri LuxR protein, SdiA, which upon binding to one of various AHLs acts as transcriptional regulator. (asmblog.org)
  • This Rat Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog (TOMM20) ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate TOMM20 in samples. (abbkine.com)
  • Rat Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog (TOMM20) ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Rat TOMM20. (abbkine.com)
  • In contrast to autophagy, ferroptosis does not have the formation of classical closed bilayer membrane structures (autophagic vacuoles). (nature.com)
  • If the protein is to be incorporated into the inner membrane, it possesses an additional targeting sequence that is recognized by another protein complex dubbed OXA. (reasons.org)
  • This biomolecular ensemble inserts the protein into the inner membrane. (reasons.org)
  • If the protein is to carry out its work in the intermembrane space, then the OXA complex will transport the protein back across the inner membrane. (reasons.org)
  • Alternatively, some proteins destined to operate in the inner membrane space possess a stop signal sequence. (reasons.org)
  • These sequences prevent the TIM22 and TIM23 complexes from transporting it across the inner membrane into the lumen. (reasons.org)
  • CrMP-Sol also presents QTY-enabled water-soluble designs to facilitate native membrane protein studies despite natural hydrophobicity. (mit.edu)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
  • We recently developed a generic method for producing polymer-supported lipid bilayers directly from cell-derived native membrane vesicles (NMVs). (lu.se)
  • The methodology presented allows the amount of native membrane material in the nSLB to be precisely controlled and display a uniform lateral distribution. (lu.se)
  • In Escherichia coli , ribosomes must interact with translocons on the membrane for the proper integration of newly synthesized membrane proteins, cotranslationally. (rupress.org)
  • Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12 IV. (uu.nl)
  • The hypothesis that intramembraneous particles, observed in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, are the morphological representation of aqueous pores, was tested. (uu.nl)
  • Escherichia coli is the best-known model for the biotechnological production of many biotechnological products, including housekeeping and heterologous primary and secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins, and is an efficient biofactory model to produce biofuels to nanomaterials. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. (nih.gov)
  • In prokaryotes, SecYEG associates with the motor ATPase SecA to carry out translocation for pre-protein secretion. (elifesciences.org)
  • The encapsulation and compartmentalisation of cells has necessitated the evolution of machineries that conduct proteins across membranes, including for protein secretion and organellar import. (elifesciences.org)
  • The bulk of protein secretion and membrane protein insertion is conducted by the ubiquitous Sec translocon. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, when platelets are activated, negatively charged phospholipids move from the inner to the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer. (medscape.com)
  • To complement our structural studies, Opa - human receptor interactions are being examined in vitro and in vivo, using liposomes and nanodiscs. (umich.edu)
  • These reports led to the hypothesis that Toc159 functions as a selective import receptor for preproteins that are required for chloroplast development. (rupress.org)
  • Due to the lack of detergent solubilization and reconstitution steps, the nSLBs created using this approach contain essentially all of the native lipids, as well as the membrane-associated proteins and carbohydrates from the donor membrane. (lu.se)
  • Transport of proteins across membranes is a fundamental process, achieved in every cell by the 'Sec' translocon. (elifesciences.org)
  • Toc, translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts. (rupress.org)
  • We propose that in the absence of a functional SRP or translocon, ribosomes remain jammed at their primary membrane docking site, whereas FtsY-dependent ribosomal targeting to the membrane continues. (rupress.org)
  • We have found that the major outer membrane protein of these organisms, the Neisserial porin PorB, can work as an immune adjuvant due to it recognition by the pattern recognition receptor TOLL-like receptor (TLR) 2. (bu.edu)
  • Recently, it has been recognized that membrane-bound ribosomes are crucial for biogenesis of integral membrane proteins in E. coli , thus renewing interest in ribosome targeting to and association with the membrane in this organism. (rupress.org)
  • Each stage of mitochondrial protein biogenesis involves multiple steps with each one carried out by an ensemble of proteins. (reasons.org)
  • If not, the entire process of mitochondrial protein biogenesis fails. (reasons.org)
  • A combination of molecular simulation with hydrogendeuterium-exchange mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal an asymmetry across the membrane: ATP-induced conformational changes in the cytosolic cavity promote unfolded pre-protein structure, while the exterior cavity favours its formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The Scholars of the Podcast reveal ribosomal proteins encoded in viral genomes, and a protein cell receptor for bat influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
  • Scientists are looking into strategies that induce latently infected cells to express HIV proteins on their outer surface so that an enhanced immune system or therapeutic agents can recognize these proteins and kill the infected cell. (nih.gov)
  • In 2015, a team of researchers at NIAID developed a double-headed protein called VRC07-αCD3, which is a kind of bispecific T-cell engager, or BITE. (nih.gov)
  • The "molecule" could for instance be a cancer cell or a viral protein. (igem.org)
  • RESENSA (Receptor S-layer Electrical Nano Sensing Array)- the device detects the same molecules that natural cell receptors do. (mit.edu)
  • More recently, we observed an interaction of Opc with a 100kDa protein found in whole cell lysates of human cells3. (bris.ac.uk)
  • We initially observed this interaction when host cell proteins separated by electrophoresis and blotted on to nitrocellulose were overlaid with Opc-expressing Nm. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is the point of no return in many forms of apoptotic cell death. (biologists.com)
  • Any part of the infection and replication cycle is a potential target for antiviral intervention, and the connection of the spike protein's receptor binding domain to the human cell surface receptor ACE2 is a critical step in that cycle," van Breeman said. (forbes.com)
  • Horizontal cell outputs inhibit (ie, reduce transmission at) nearby unilluminated receptor-bipolar cell synaptic junctions. (medscape.com)
  • As cell membranes are both dynamic and compositionally complex, replicating these aspects in a model membrane are essential. (lu.se)
  • CCR5 exists on the surface of human immune cells, and it is one of the proteins that HIV uses to enter and infect cells. (nih.gov)
  • Different glycans of proteins can result in different immunogenicities and immune functions ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Unlocking the Mysteries of the Immune System: new Roles of complement proteins in Diabetes and Cancer. (lu.se)
  • Growth hormone and IGF-I also influence metabolism, including how the body uses and stores carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The current development of anti-cancer agents that target the Bcl-2 protein family is showing considerable promise, although how this targeting triggers Bak and Bax to perform their crucial function of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is not clear. (biologists.com)
  • While many studies have been focused on the membrane structure, the dynamics of such systems are crucial for the function of the membrane including membrane bound proteins. (lu.se)
  • The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • When studying the LTD4 induced signalling pathways we found that CysLT1R mediated stress fibre formation and a calcium response through two heterotrimeric G-proteins, Ga12 and Gai3, respectively and that the LTD4 induced calcium response is dependent on PKCe. (lu.se)
  • Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are distinctive features of Gram-negative bacteria. (nature.com)
  • Upon binding to a receptor on the surface of target bacteria, the CDI toxin is delivered via the C-terminal. (nih.gov)
  • CDI(+) bacteria also produce a CDI immunity protein (CdiI) to specifically neutralize the CdiA-CT toxins to prevent auto-inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • Hijacking pathogenic membrane proteins to engineer cellular entry: A molecular biophysics approach Invasive pathogenic bacteria feature many cellular niches and life cycles, for which they have developed functions that are potentially attractive in biotechnology and therapeutic delivery applications. (umich.edu)
  • Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide produced by gram-negative bacteria and is part of the outer membrane of these organisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, cephalopod photoreceptors are likely not maintained as well as in vertebrates, and that as a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the photoreceptors respond to light with a hyperpolarizing receptor potential that is accompanied by an increase in membrane resistance to Na+ influx. (medscape.com)
  • In the absence of light (ie, dark adaptation), a constant influx of Na+ ions (dark current) occurs through the outer segment membrane of photoreceptors, giving rise to a resting membrane potential of about -40 mV. (medscape.com)
  • Fe addition elicited varying responses by different diatom genera, with more prevalent diatoms experiencing more differential regulation of Fe-responsive pathways and proteins. (uri.edu)
  • Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)
  • Membrane proteins are critical mediators for tumor progression and present enormous therapeutic potentials. (mit.edu)
  • Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins, and glycoproteins are widely involved in various important cellular biological processes and diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)