• These surface proteins need to first be translocated across the bacterial cell membranes from the cytoplasm to the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • The component of adult surface cell lipid bilayer with the fastest turnover is phosphatidylcholine and is due to deacylation/reacylation, not to the sloughing of membranes [ 497 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Plasma membranes are permeable barriers between cells and their environment, and they control communication and substance trafficking in and out of cells. (biologists.com)
  • Despite various advanced fluorescence tools being available to study membranes in vivo , novel technologies are required to make it possible to measure conformational changes of biomolecules in real time in live cell plasma membranes. (biologists.com)
  • In previous work, the authors developed an in vitro fluorescence method to measure positions of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, however this in vitro approach cannot be directly applied to study the trafficking of biomolecules in plasma membranes of live cells. (biologists.com)
  • The positional changes of the fluorophore-labeled biomolecule in cell membranes can be reflected by its intensity or lifetime changes. (biologists.com)
  • Specifically, this approach provides detailed insight into structural features of the cellular envelope, including the distance of the inner and outer membranes, as well as the scattering length densities of all bacterial compartments. (iucr.org)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
  • As cell membranes are both dynamic and compositionally complex, replicating these aspects in a model membrane are essential. (lu.se)
  • For this, they labeled the human host peptide LL-37 with tetramethylrhodamine (TAMARA), and added the peptide to culture medium to monitor its membrane insertion dynamics in a lung epithelial carcinoma cell line. (biologists.com)
  • The corneal epithelium is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells on the outer surface of the eye, which acts as a protective barrier and is critical for clear and stable vision. (wjgnet.com)
  • Next, we found that type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) damaged after NH3 exposure in vivo and in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacterial display can be used to find target proteins with desired properties and can be used to make affinity ligands which are cell-specific. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell display systems were first used in 1985, when peptides were genetically fused with proteins displayed on the M13 bacteriophage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteriophage display is a commonly used cell display system, although it carries limitations in the size of proteins that can be displayed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial display was then introduced in 1986, allowing the surface display of larger proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • in 1986, when they used bacterial surface proteins OmpA and LamB to display peptides. (wikipedia.org)
  • They showed that the proteins were now subject to cleavage by proteinase K. The non-OmpA peptides inserted were therefore a target of proteinase K. Insertion of the foreign peptides did not affect bacterial cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was the first evidence of using bacterial surface display techniques to express proteins on the surface of cells, without altering the function of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells express surface proteins which can be involved in a whole host of responses including recognition of other cells, interaction with other cells, and cell signalling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many types of bacteria have cell surface proteins such as the enteropathogenic E. coli intimin protein which is involved in binding to host cells, or the OmpA protein of E. coli cells which is important in keeping the structure of the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many surface proteins are involved in bacterial cell attachment and invasion of the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • By using bacterial display, target proteins on the host cell can be identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • The display of heterologous proteins on the bacterial cell surface normally requires the fusion of the protein with a surface protein, called a scaffold. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are various scaffolds which have been used such as outer membrane proteins, fimbriae/flagella proteins and CPX (circularly permuted OmpX). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins can also be displayed on the bacterial cell surface through the use of autotransporters. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are many fimbriae on mainly Gram-negative bacteria, so displaying proteins on fimbriae is advantageous over some other surface proteins which are less numerous. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Tat pathway ensures that only soluble, well-folded proteins are transported out of the cytoplasm and displayed on the inner membrane, thereby eliminating poorly folded scFvs prior to interrogation for antigen-binding. (jove.com)
  • These methods are powerful and effective for identifying antibodies that bind to targets, yet they depend on the secretory pathway to transport proteins that will be displayed 14-16 . (jove.com)
  • The proteins then fold under oxidizing conditions and are displayed on the cell surface or packaged into phage particles to screen for binding affinity 17,18 . (jove.com)
  • To dissect the basis underlying exosporium assembly we use molecular biology, bacterial genetics, biochemical and structural analysis, omics and single cell imaging techniques to understand the mechanisms through which key morphogenetic proteins drive exosporium assembly and interplay with other spore-coat and exosporium constituents. (tamu.edu)
  • In order to contribute to the control of COVID-19 spread world-wide, we are adapting a protein-display platform, which we have recently used for nasal immunization against C. difficile infections, to express SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins for mucosal immunization studies. (tamu.edu)
  • Role of the Spore Coat Proteins CotA and CotB , and the Spore Surface Protein CDIF630_02480, on the Surface Distribution of Exosporium Proteins in Clostridioides difficile 630 Spores. (tamu.edu)
  • Scientists are looking into strategies that induce latently infected cells to express HIV proteins on their outer surface so that an enhanced immune system or therapeutic agents can recognize these proteins and kill the infected cell. (nih.gov)
  • One arm of this protein binds to a receptor on HIV-infected CD4 T-cells, prompting that cell to display HIV proteins on its outer membrane. (nih.gov)
  • In a separate step, the other arm of VRC07-αCD3 then binds to these HIV membrane proteins while the original arm attaches to a killer T-cell in order to activate it and bring it in proximity to the infected cell. (nih.gov)
  • CCR5 exists on the surface of human immune cells, and it is one of the proteins that HIV uses to enter and infect cells. (nih.gov)
  • This parallel detection of PB1-F2 and NP suggests that applied sensor chip technology may be amenable to an arrow immunosensor for simultaneous detection of all known influenza virus proteins in infected tissues and cells. (omicsonline.org)
  • Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopic techniques are often the methods of choice for investigating membrane proteins in live cells, however they face various hindrances. (biologists.com)
  • However, prolonged peripheral nerve compression does begin to obstruct axoplasmic transport of proteins and other cell parts to and from the neuron's cell body. (erikdalton.com)
  • VMD is a molecular graphics program designed for the display and analysis of molecular assemblies, in particular biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids. (uiuc.edu)
  • [2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
  • Competing methods for protein evolution in vitro are phage display, ribosome display, yeast display, and mRNA display. (wikipedia.org)
  • These approaches commonly use phage display, yeast surface display, or bacterial surface display to screen large libraries of antibodies 11-13 . (jove.com)
  • In the present work, Hou et al (1) developed a one donor-multiple quenchers Förster resonance energy transfer method by adding non-fluorescent quenchers in the extracellular environment during cell imaging. (biologists.com)
  • Insulin binds outside the cell on the extracellular domain of its receptor and induces a structural change that is transmitted inside the cell to initiate the response. (mcgill.ca)
  • Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, although the characteristic spikes of coronaviruses may be visible on the virus surface, especially on extracellular particles, they are less evident in thin sections than in negative stain preparations. (cdc.gov)
  • In recent years, there has been significant progress in development of in vitro aggregates of tumor cells for use as models for in vivo tissue environments. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Spheroids are believed to mimic tumor behavior more effectively than regular two dimensional (2D) cell cultures because, much like tumors, they contain both surface-exposed and deeply buried cells, proliferating and non-proliferating cells, and a hypoxic center with a well-oxygenated outer layer of cells. (moleculardevices.com)
  • One of the most significant objectives in cancer research is to understand tumor cell formation. (moleculardevices.com)
  • They help display the physiological changes that differentiate tumor cells from healthy cells. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Multicellular tumor spheroid models give deeper insights into the tumor microenvironment, allowing researchers to visualize cell-to-cell interactions, how tumor cells absorb nutrients, and how they proliferate. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Compared to other 3D cell culture methods, spheroids offer several advantages, including relevance to tumor biology, lower cost, less labor than animal models, reproducibility, ease of integration into high-throughput screening, and advanced imaging techniques. (moleculardevices.com)
  • A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Scaffolds are used to display the heterologous protein on the bacterial cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adult worms possess surface molecules bearing alternative pathway complement activation sites ( Section 15.2.3.2 ), but these sites are masked by adsorbed host components in vivo [ 499 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The human body does not recognize the adult worms as foreign material because, although purified schistosomal tegumental protein is potently immunogenic [ 509 ], the adult parasites can remake their surfaces constantly and cover them with native molecules taken from the human host [ 510 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The relapses result from the bacterium's unusual ability to change the molecules on its outer surface, allowing it to dodge the human immune system. (nih.gov)
  • Molecules are displayed as one or more `representations', where each representation embodies a particular rendering method and coloring scheme for a selected subset of atoms. (uiuc.edu)
  • High-resolution raster images of displayed molecules may be produced by generating input scripts for use by a number of photorealistic image processing applications. (uiuc.edu)
  • In turn, only recently surface-sensitive techniques have explored the phase behaviour of lipid layers in contact with solid surfaces, such as supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and supported layers of vesicles (SLVs). (hindawi.com)
  • We recently developed a generic method for producing polymer-supported lipid bilayers directly from cell-derived native membrane vesicles (NMVs). (lu.se)
  • Bacterial display (or bacteria display or bacterial surface display) is a protein engineering technique used for in vitro protein evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein engineering technique allows us to link the function of a protein with the gene that encodes it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another method of heterologous protein fusion is fusion with fimbriae/flagella, which are filamentous protrusions on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • We provide a method to simultaneously screen a library of antibody fragments for binding affinity and cytoplasmic solubility by using the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation pathway, which has an inherent quality control mechanism for intracellular protein folding, to display the antibody fragments on the inner membrane. (jove.com)
  • Commonly used methods for the display and screening of recombinant antibody libraries do not incorporate intracellular protein folding quality control, and, thus, the antigen-binding capability and cytoplasmic folding and solubility of antibodies engineered using these methods often must be engineered separately. (jove.com)
  • They have the ability to modulate protein activity by binding to a target protein inside cells to prevent protein-protein interactions, disrupt protein-nucleic acid interactions, or prevent substrate access to enzymes 1-5 . (jove.com)
  • In spite of the relevance of lipid-protein interactions, the phase behaviour of the lipid components of the cell membrane is believed to be of major importance to uncover some underlying principles behind the membrane function. (hindawi.com)
  • In 2015, a team of researchers at NIAID developed a double-headed protein called VRC07-αCD3, which is a kind of bispecific T-cell engager, or BITE. (nih.gov)
  • Conditions characterized by the presence of M protein (Monoclonal protein) in serum or urine without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia. (lookformedical.com)
  • This pD dependence is due to labile protein deuterons in acidic side-chains and surface peptide groups, which exchange rapidly with water deuterons. (lu.se)
  • Co-first author Ingmar Schäfer, from the Department of Structural Cell Biology at the Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB) adds, "We recorded over 8000 electron microscopic images and analyzed over 300000 single receptor particles, from which we could generate 2D images of the "T"-shaped complex to reconstruct a 3D image. (mcgill.ca)
  • However, most of the presumed virus or virus-like particles shown in all of these reports either represent normal subcellular organelles previously demonstrated in cells ( 23 ) or, otherwise, lack sufficient ultrastructure and morphologic features to be conclusively identified as coronavirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Among commonly used microscopy techniques, AFM is best suited for studying surface properties on the nanometer scale. (parksystems.com)
  • They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stem cell research is another significant application of spheroids, especially during the cultivation of embryonic (ESC) and neural stem cells (NSC). (moleculardevices.com)
  • Recently, researchers cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in spheroids and proved their regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects, which depicts potential for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Some clinicians have attempted to cure HIV in people who needed a bone marrow transplant to treat a life-threatening cancer by selecting a donor whose stem cells had the CCR5 mutation. (nih.gov)
  • The anonymous "London patient" received a bone marrow transplant for Hodgkin's lymphoma using stem cells from a donor with the CCR5 mutation. (nih.gov)
  • I delivered stem cells from the material to promote bone formation. (duke.edu)
  • interactions between cells. (lu.se)
  • Marine mild steel structures are usually protected by sacrificial anode techniques, involving integration of zinc auxiliary anode [5]. (jcse.org)
  • These images-most of which are from scientists at or supported by NIH-comprise Life: Magnified , a gallery exhibit that showcases backlit, mega-magnified images of cells and other microscopic biological structures. (nih.gov)
  • Cuticle-like structures or cell layers similar to an epidermis of higher plants are not formed. (nature.com)
  • However, fungal fruit bodies (called basidiomes) may show skin surface structures like parallel irregular hyphae or a strongly geliferous pileipellis which have been interpreted as contributing to barrier properties 13 . (nature.com)
  • VMD can simultaneously display any number of structures using a wide variety of rendering styles and coloring methods. (uiuc.edu)
  • Additional background information on previous studies of loose roof rock vibrations in underground mines, analyses of expected low-order resonant frequencies of slabs with varying boundary conditions, and reviews of laser Doppler and full-field vibration techniques applied to large structures can be found in [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • Techniques for detecting defects in concrete structures include impulse response (IR) [3] and impact-echo (IE) [4] testing and modal analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Both the IR and IE methods can be used to characterize the vibration response over two-dimensional surface structures by making measurements over a two-dimensional grid. (cdc.gov)
  • As fully immersed in saline solution, surface of a soft contact lens with color coating was scanned by tapping and pinpoint mode and successfully acquired roughness values, Young's modulus, and adhesion energy of the lens surface with nano-scale resolution. (parksystems.com)
  • Technical reviews on contact lenses often name surface roughness and material analysis as key factors that define the comfort for the customer as well as the resistance against bacterial contamination [3, 4, 5]. (parksystems.com)
  • High tech manufacturing innovations of the lens mold facilitated lens surfaces with roughness in the nanometer-scale. (parksystems.com)
  • Lens surface takes on distinctive roughness and surface adhesion features depending on their manufacturing process and the after treatment [6]. (parksystems.com)
  • We demonstrate surface roughness measurements using tapping mode as well as the Park Systems's PinPoint TM nanomechanical mode to determine additional properties such as the difference in Young's modulus and adhesion energy between the center and the color coated layer. (parksystems.com)
  • To accomplish this aim, we blend expertise from bacterial genetics, cellular microbiology, cellular biology and advance imaging techniques. (tamu.edu)
  • Analyze cancer cells - Use cellular imaging analysis software to run quantitative analysis of the cell images to monitor the expression of different markers and to quantify biological readouts. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Just as our bodies rely on bones for structural support, our cells rely on a cellular skeleton. (nih.gov)
  • However, scattering originating from flagella was replaced by a term accounting for the oligosaccharide cores of the lipopolysaccharide leaflet of the outer membrane including its cross-term with the cellular body. (iucr.org)
  • Microbes form a biofilm in response to a number of different factors, [9] which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics . (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of a series of microscopic and microspectroscopic techniques including fluorescence microscopy (FM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM)) enabled correlative cell wall structural and chemical information to be obtained. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scientists used them to test the power of a new microscopy technique that offers vivid views of the inside of a cell. (nih.gov)
  • Cryo-electron microscopy is a powerful technique, and we are excited to see how these new insulin binding sites will augment the development of designer insulins with more targeted activity," says co-senior author, Michael Strauss of McGill University's Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology. (mcgill.ca)
  • Their use is getting more popular, and display systems offer a useful way to engineer peptides and optimise their binding capabilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 2H relaxation data also provided information about the orientational order and internal motion of OD and ND bonds in side-chains and surface peptides. (lu.se)
  • Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) triggers release of cytokine IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and infected individuals [ 505 ], and the IL-10 then suppresses lymphoproliferative responses to SWAP by 90-100% [ 504 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. (lookformedical.com)
  • The deposition of the main components within this model is spatially and temporally regulated, and the chemical characteristics differ between cell walls, plant tissues and plant species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Spheroids are three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates that can mimic tissues and microtumors. (moleculardevices.com)
  • In sickle cell trace, the heterozygosis for genes of normal (HbA) and mutant (HbS) hemoglobins (AS genotype) does not exhibit clinical symptoms of the disease under physiological conditions 3,5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • As a result, antibodies isolated using these techniques will not necessarily fold well in the cytoplasm, and intracellular solubility must often be engineered separately if the antibodies will be used in intracellular applications. (jove.com)
  • Plants have evolved a hierarchical structure during cell wall assembly, which is differentiated into several distinct layers: the shared cell corner middle lamella (Ccml) and compound middle lamella (Cml) that function as a glue between adjoining cells, the thinner primary wall (P) and thicker secondary wall (Sw). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The remarkable improvement could be correlated to a sequence of changes occurring in plant cell walls due to their pretreatment-induced deconstruction, namely, loss in the matrix between neighboring cell walls, selective removal of hemicelluloses, redistribution of phenolic polymers and increased exposure of cellulose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moshayedi P, Nih LR, Llorente IL, Berg AR, Cinkornpumin J, Lowry WE, Segura T, Carmichael ST. Systematic optimization of an engineered hydrogel allows for selective control of human neural stem cell survival and differentiation after transplantation in the stroke brain. (duke.edu)
  • When CCR5 is dysfunctional or absent, HIV can no longer infect immune cells. (nih.gov)
  • After multiplying inside a host cell, the stringlike Ebola virus is emerging to infect more cells. (nih.gov)
  • Water loss via intact skins differed markedly from evaporation of water from a water surface. (nature.com)
  • The stress distribution on the upper and under surfaces is also markedly different. (macpara.com)
  • The combination of the most relevant microscopic and microanalytical techniques employed in this work provided information crucial for evaluating the influence of anatomical and compositional changes on enhanced enzymatic digestibility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subpopulations of cells within the biofilm differentiate to perform various activities for motility, matrix production, and sporulation, supporting the overall success of the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
  • Thus a relatively stable adult schistosome surface membrane escapes immune recognition and damage by employing active processes which result in reduced surface antigenicity [ 495 ] and the development of a tegument intrinsically resistant to immune damage [ 492 ] - a potentially useful example for medical nanorobotics. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Computational techniques such as these are becoming increasingly important to analyze complicated dynamic processes in living cells, with the added advantage of allowing drug screens to be performed in silico ," says Ilpo Vattulainen from the Department of Physics at the University of Helsinki. (mcgill.ca)
  • A biofilm usually begins to form when a free-swimming bacterium attaches to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Another rare group of meningiomas consists of tumors that arise from ectopic arachnoid cells within the orbital cavity, either in the muscle cone or in the walls of the orbit. (medscape.com)
  • When the battery is charged, the negative electrode surface consists of cadmium. (vicorpower.com)
  • If researchers induce CCR5 dysfunction or absence by mutating the CCR5 gene in the cells of adults who do not naturally have this rare mutation, scientists may be able to help these people better control or eliminate HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • For years, researchers have been working on ways to improve solar cell performance-;their power conversion efficiency-;by trying to maintain their temperature. (azooptics.com)
  • In a way this shows also how the majority researchers are using neutrons as one really excellent technique in order to get deeper insight after learning about the system with other more accessible experimental techniques. (lu.se)
  • Most of our MAP experiments use spherical HMPs produced through emulsion or microfluidic techniques, but we've been experimenting with other shapes as well. (duke.edu)
  • Single cell experiments [ 11 ] could provide iterative validation of models with experimental results. (lu.se)
  • Bacterial display is often coupled with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • The FRET between the fluorophore and the quenchers results in a very steep change in fluorescence as the fluorophore-labeled molecule moves from the outer to the inner surface of the membrane or vice versa. (biologists.com)
  • For this purpose we employ the combination of experimental techniques in real and reciprocal spaces, including grazing incidence X-ray scattering and fluorescence, off-specular neutron scattering, flicker spectroscopy, etc. (lu.se)
  • The process of applying an antiseptic hand-rub product to all surfaces of the hands to reduce the number of microorganisms present. (cdc.gov)
  • A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biofilms can attach to a surface such as a tooth or rock, and may include a single species or a diverse group of microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antimicrobial activity displayed by some lactic acid bacteria isolates suggests the possibility of its use against pathogens , and they might be effective as a barrier in these microorganisms development and as biological preservatives in coalho cheese. (bvsalud.org)
  • Before our study, research has largely focused on single-junction solar cells and computational evaluations. (azooptics.com)
  • In vitro, bound complement is localized to infoldings of the parasite's tegument and not on its free surfaces [ 499 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • But on other hand it is more vulnerable to corrosion due to its poor passivation as its oxide layer formed by corrosion does not have good adhesion to under 1 laying metal and peel off readily causing exposure of fresh metal surface hence corrosion continue without obstruction. (jcse.org)
  • Both methods sub-divide into a variety of techniques with auxiliary mechanisms to achieve some goal. (lesker.com)
  • of the most critical events which lead to tissue patterning involves mechanisms going beyond single cells. (lu.se)
  • By understanding how C. difficile interacts with the host and the composition of the spore surface layer, we aim to develop novel therapeutic strategies that prevent C. difficile spore´s interaction with the host´s intestinal mucosa and their persistence during disease. (tamu.edu)
  • Studies investigating the effect of genetic and environmental factors on cell wall composition have shown considerable variation among M. × giganteus genotypes, allowing potential breeding for high-yielding varieties, which can also be easily established and harvested [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any method to provide real time in situ information about the elemental composition of the growing surface is highly valuable for these new, complicated materials. (sbir.gov)
  • A major obstacle to develop therapies that remove C. difficile spores from the host and/or environment is the lack of basic understanding of how C. difficile forms the outer exosporium layer of the spore. (tamu.edu)
  • One strategy under study would deplete the HIV reservoir by prodding the virus out of its latent state so that an enhanced immune system or administered therapies can target and eliminate HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we report the identification of NADases on the surface of fungi such as the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the saprophyte Neurospora crassa . (nature.com)
  • Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial Gram-negative pathogen that often displays multidrug resistance. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The cells shown here are fibroblasts, one of the most common cells in mammalian connective tissue. (nih.gov)
  • The RF's reversal of electrode polarity or the negative surface bias present during the pulsed DC's 'off' period, causes the highly mobile electrons from the plasma to quickly flood and neutralize the surface. (lesker.com)
  • Active material used at the negative electrode of the nickel-cadmium cell. (vicorpower.com)
  • Stanford professor Xiaolin Zheng often works in the esoteric fringes of nanoscience, but she also likes to find simple ways to fabricate complex materials that can be put to use in practical applications like solar-fuel systems, solar cells, and batteries. (technologyreview.com)
  • Last year she created solar cells in the form of flexible stickers-only a 10th as thick as plastic wrap-that can be applied to a window, a piece of paper, the back of a mobile phone, or anything else you want. (technologyreview.com)
  • These solar cells produce just as much electricity as rigid ones made of the same materials. (technologyreview.com)
  • One day when they were talking on the phone-he in China, she in California-he said that it should be possible to put solar cells on the walls of buildings, not just the roof. (technologyreview.com)
  • Zheng has demonstrated this water-soaking approach as a way to peel off thin-film silicon solar cells grown on a rigid substrate. (technologyreview.com)
  • She hopes the technology will be scaled up beyond the one-square-centimeter devices she's made so far, so that the sides of buildings can one day be papered with solar cells as her father suggested. (technologyreview.com)
  • Solar cells capture massive amounts of heat during the day and their temperatures typically rise to tens of degrees greater than the ambient temperature of ~25 °C. The materials that solar cells are made of degrade at such high temperatures and overall, the performance of the solar cells fall. (azooptics.com)
  • But research into RC as a technique applicable to solar cells remains nascent, and the influence of type of solar cell on RC efficiency remains to be seen. (azooptics.com)
  • In current solar cells, separate water or air cooling systems that require electricity to operate are needed. (azooptics.com)
  • Our research is the first theoretical and experimental demonstration of the effectiveness of radiative-cooler-integrated solar cells. (azooptics.com)
  • A theoretical scouring of a wide range of solar cell-RC combinations showed that multi-junction solar cells (MJSCs) were most effective with an RC. (azooptics.com)
  • With RC, the best kind of solar cells can be truly a renewable means of generating electricity, with long-lasting zero-energy operation, thus saving the earth's resources. (azooptics.com)
  • Certain parasites also display a form of immune privilege that is more properly termed "immune evasion" [ 492 - 497 , 2348 ], which might also be borrowed for medical nanorobot design. (nanomedicine.com)
  • K. Todar (from whose discussion [ 1437 ] the next seven paragraphs draw heavily) points out that a similar example of immune evasion is displayed by Borrelia recurrentis , a spirochete that causes the human disease relapsing fever [ 1746 , 1747 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • This strategy is sometimes called "kick and kill" or "shock and kill" -meaning latent HIV is drawn out by latency-reversing agents, allowing the latently infected cells to be targeted for destruction by the immune system or other anti-HIV therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Once the latent HIV begins to replicate after the "kick" stage, components of the immune system or therapeutic agents kill the HIV-infected cells to ensure a complete eradication of the latent HIV reservoir. (nih.gov)
  • However, some people living with HIV maintain low levels of virus in the blood-or viral load-even without therapy, indicating that their immune cells are protected from HIV. (nih.gov)
  • If the procedure is successful and the patient survives, it can lead to a reconstitution of the immune system with cells that are impervious to HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Periodontal disease - Chronic bacterial inflammation directly destroys bone around the teeth as immune cells try to fight infection. (cdhp.org)
  • Therefore, various techniques like impressed current cathodic protection methods, sacrificial anode, galvanized coatings and barrier film coatings etc. are in used to protect mild steel structure against corrosion. (jcse.org)
  • Methods that have been successfully applied to plant surfaces were used to study isolated pileipelles. (nature.com)
  • Compared to 2D cell cultures, spheroids mimic solid tumors much more accurately. (moleculardevices.com)
  • features such as pores or surface defects can be mapped in three dimensions. (parksystems.com)
  • The natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic plant cell walls resulting from complex arrangement and distribution of heterogeneous components impedes deconstruction of such cell walls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DAP is a highly effective process for improving bioconversion of cellulose to glucose by breaking down the rigidity and resistance of cell walls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the bioconversion is normally hindered by the complex structure and heterogeneous components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin) distribution in cell walls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In plant cell walls, these layers become lignified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The white blood cells that fight disease and help our bodies heal are directed to sites of infection or injury by "exit signs"-chemical signals that tell them where to pass through the blood vessel walls and into the underlying tissue. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • New research at the Weizmann Institute, which appeared in Nature Immunology online, shows how the cells lining blood vessel walls may act as "selectors" by hiding the signals where only certain "educated" white blood cells will find them. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • This image captures the many layers of nerve cells in the retina. (nih.gov)
  • Primary ONSMs arise from the cap cells of the arachnoid surrounding the intraorbital or, less frequently, the intracanalicular optic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Left untreated, the result is tearing of the outer layer of the disc, formation of fissures in the annulus, and possible triggering of sciatic nerve inflammation. (erikdalton.com)
  • In Image 4, notice how the taut bands on the anterior surface form "fascial hoods" over the L4 and L5 nerve roots. (erikdalton.com)
  • The cerebrum's outer layer, the cerebral cortex, is composed of gray matter made up of nerve cell bodies. (jrank.org)
  • The biological actions of insulin are mediated by its receptor, which is localized to the cell surface. (mcgill.ca)
  • The main reason for this is that we still do not understand enough about how the insulin receptor transmits the signal of insulin binding inside the cell. (mcgill.ca)
  • The key was to examine the outer part, or ectodomain, of the insulin receptor after saturating it with high concentrations of insulin," explains Theresia Gutmann, co-first author of the study from the Paul Langerhans Institute and the German Center for Diabetes Research. (mcgill.ca)
  • To evaluate the manifestations of sickle cell disease on the orofacial complex through a review of current literature concerning prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, temporomandibular joint disorders and radiographic alterations of maxillofacial bones. (bvsalud.org)
  • The surface of C. difficile spores serves as the primary site of interaction with host surfaces. (tamu.edu)
  • Ident- cult to deduce interaction rules from observations of the ified transcription factors for specific cell fates are, for entire system. (lu.se)
  • With this Dynamics workshop, our goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of membrane dynamics, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, single molecule spectroscopy and computer modeling. (lu.se)
  • Libraries of polypeptides displayed on the surface of bacteria can be screened using flow cytometry or iterative selection procedures (biopanning). (wikipedia.org)
  • Using force distance spectroscopy, AFM additionally obtains mechanical properties like surface adhesion and Young's modulus. (parksystems.com)
  • The discharging of a cell to a state of reversed polarity. (vicorpower.com)
  • Numerical accuracy and/or stability may deteriorate over long times due to the treatment of artificial outer boundaries. (sbir.gov)
  • IE uses a low-amplitude, high-frequency source (often a spring-loaded or solenoid-driven ball bearing) to obtain a frequency-domain measure of the compression wave's travel time between the outer surface and internal planar discontinuities or external boundaries that exhibit an acoustic impedance mismatch. (cdc.gov)
  • A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. (lookformedical.com)
  • Battery' is the common term for a single cell. (vicorpower.com)
  • Fancier phones (all the new smartphones) also have a color LCD display, which is probably the single most limiting mass-produced element you would have to use. (freesoftwaremagazine.com)
  • Culture spheroids - Cancer cells can be cultured directly in an ultra-low attachment (ULA), round bottom plate, or other labware to develop the typical morphology of a spheroid. (moleculardevices.com)