• There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • More cases of H5N1 in humans in Thailand. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are working with the Texas Department of Health and the Texas Animal Health Commission on both the human health and animal/veterinary aspects to contain this outbreak in poultry and minimize risk to humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The health risk to humans from the H5N2 influenza outbreak in Texas is considered low at this time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • It is believed that most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Because it is possible that avian influenza could be transmitted to humans, CDC is issuing the following interim U.S. guidance for 1) individuals who may be exposed to avian influenza, 2) health-care professionals, and 3) consumers of poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • Some bird flu viruses have infected other mammalian species, and rare, sporadic human infections with some bird flu viruses have occurred (more information is available in the Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans section). (cdc.gov)
  • Although the H5N1 flu is highly infectious among birds, public health officials said the risk it poses to humans remains low. (nbcnews.com)
  • Although public health officials have worried that a mutation could present a threat to humans, only one other human case has been detected worldwide - a person who raised birds in the United Kingdom tested positive for the virus in December. (nbcnews.com)
  • Other kinds of influenza, namely H1 and H3, are the ones that usually cause outbreaks in humans. (nbcnews.com)
  • Most H5 viruses identified worldwide are known to infect wild birds and poultry, but can sometimes infect humans, said Dr. Buddy Creech, an infectious disease expert at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. (nbcnews.com)
  • From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Zoonotic influenza viruses are influenza virus type A which might be transmitted from animals to humans and seldom transmitted from human to human. (rroij.com)
  • In such instances, infection with avian or swine influenza can be deadly to humans. (rroij.com)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • A vaccine that stops disease but doesn't stop transmission will result in "silent" virus spread, which compromises outbreak control and is undesirable because the virus has the potential to spread from animals to humans. (theconversation.com)
  • Fortunately, most of the currently circulating H5 virus variants are not as dangerous to humans as their ancestor H5N1. (theconversation.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
  • It is important to monitor and predict which of the various zoonotic viruses have the potential to emerge in humans and start outbreaks or even pandemics," said Herfst. (upi.com)
  • The B.C. Centre for Disease Control is asking doctors to be on the lookout for the unlikely possibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza spreading to humans after a recent spike in outbreaks on commercial farms in the Fraser Valley. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing illness in humans have been identified globally, with the WHO Western Pacific Region as one of the hotspots. (who.int)
  • From November 2003, when a resurgence of H5N1 virus activity in humans and animals occurred, through September 2017, 1,838 human infections with avian influenza viruses in the region were reported to WHO. (who.int)
  • Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. (who.int)
  • Timing of influenza A(H5N1) in poultry and humans and seasonal influenza activity worldwide, 2004-2013. (who.int)
  • Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. (who.int)
  • An overview of the epidemiology and emergence of influenza A infection in humans over time. (who.int)
  • So far there is no evidence that the H5N1 subtype can infect humans. (surinenglish.com)
  • The virus cannot be transmitted to humans through cooked poultry meat, eggs or processed products derived from them. (surinenglish.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • With the ongoing global presence of A(H5) HPAI viruses, further sporadic spill-over events to humans cannot be excluded," said the researchers. (earth.com)
  • Transmission of bird flu viruses to humans is relatively rare and usually requires direct or close contact with infected birds, or heavily contaminated environments. (earth.com)
  • Public health organizations closely monitor avian influenza outbreaks in birds and humans because of the potential for the virus to mutate and gain the capability to spread easily among humans, which could lead to a pandemic. (earth.com)
  • Therefore, co-circulation of a large diversity of AIVs is a risk for emergence of novel reassortant viruses affecting animals, humans, or both. (blogspot.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Because if H5N1 does mutate into a form that can spread easily among humans, the death toll could be catastrophic. (themostimportantnews.com)
  • This pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is also not as virulent as A(H5N1) in humans. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • A second risk, of even greater concern, is that the virus - if given enough opportunities - will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. (citizen-news.org)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • If that happens, it would make the COVID pandemic look like a bad joke in comparison, because the death rate for H5N1 in humans is extremely high. (shtfplan.com)
  • An increase in poultry outbreaks inevitably brings the virus into closer and more frequent proximity to humans, which is always a risk with viruses like influenza that can rapidly evolve," Dr. Holly Shelton, head of the Influenza Viruses Group at The Pirbright Institute, told The Telegraph. (shtfplan.com)
  • If H5N1 were to start spreading as widely as COVID has among humans, the death toll would be absolutely catastrophic. (shtfplan.com)
  • So let us hope that this current outbreak can be brought under control, and let us hope that H5N1 doesn't start spreading among humans any time soon. (shtfplan.com)
  • This was long thought to happen only rarely, but since 1997 in southeast Asia there have been annual occurrences of humans contracting bird flu subtypes such as H5N1 or H7N9 and these cases are often lethal. (thehorse.com)
  • In Lebanon, no cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus were reported in poultry or humans before 2016. (blogspot.com)
  • In fact, the epidemic of H5N1 avian influenza poses a real pandemic threat to a variety of species, including humans. (timestechpharma.com)
  • Influenza A H5N1 has killed millions of birds and raises serious public health concern because of its potential to spread to humans and cause a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • The means by which it infected humans remains unknown, although direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans is suggested by the finding that all but one of the human cases had been exposed to live chickens during the days before their illness. (ispub.com)
  • The infection of humans with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus variant served as a reminder of the ever-present threat of emergence in human populations of new influenza virus subtypes to which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. (ispub.com)
  • On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
  • The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The current H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is referred to as 'highly pathogenic' avian influenza, or HPAI. (bto.org)
  • Previous outbreaks of HPAI have tended to hit wintering waterfowl, subsiding as wintering flocks disperse. (bto.org)
  • Unusually, in the spring of 2022, the HPAI virus (subtype H5N1) spread into our globally important colonies of nesting seabirds. (bto.org)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)* A(H5) viruses have been detected in U.S. wild aquatic birds, commercial poultry and backyard and hobbyist flocks beginning in January 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • These are the first detections of HPAI A(H5) viruses in the United States since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • Preliminary genetic sequencing and RT-PCR testing on some virus specimens shows these viruses are HPAI A(H5N1) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4b . (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) are described in the " Classification of avian influenza A viruses " section. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2013-2021, different HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes as well as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H3), A(H5), A(H6), A(H7), and A(H9) virus subtypes caused animal outbreaks globally. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2020, there has been a global increase in the number of HPAI A(H5) outbreaks reported in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia reported multiple outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N8) starting in 2020 and HPAI A(H5N1) starting in 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • During this same time, HPAI A(H5N6) virus outbreaks were reported in Asia, particularly China and Vietnam, and Southeast China (Chinese Taipei) reported outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N2) virus in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2021, Europe reported multiple outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N5) virus and reported the first outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N4) virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2021,HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were detected in birds in Newfoundland, Canada, marking the first identification of this virus in the Americas since June 2015. (cdc.gov)
  • Ancestors of these HPAI A(H5N1) viruses first emerged in Asia in the late 1990s and began spreading widely in birds throughout Asia in 2003, and later spread to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, causing sporadic human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was yet exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. (preprints.org)
  • Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. (preprints.org)
  • The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses detected in Europe since late 2020. (preprints.org)
  • An additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. (preprints.org)
  • Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population. (preprints.org)
  • In 2021/2022, the re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) occurred in Europe. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we present a whole genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of 57 H5N1 HPAI and two low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N1 strains collected in the Czech Republic during 2021/2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • The genotyping showed considerable genetic heterogeneity among Czech H5N1 viruses, with six different HPAI genotypes, three of which were apparently unique. (bvsalud.org)
  • The genetic distance between Czech H5N1 HPAI and the closest LPAI segments available in the database illustrates the profound gaps in our knowledge of circulating LPAI strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • The changing dynamics of HPAI in the wild may increase the likelihood of future HPAI outbreaks and present new challenges in poultry management, biosecurity, and surveillance. (bvsalud.org)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • The novel Eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI A (H5N8) virus spread rapidly and globally during 2014, substantially affecting poultry populations. (cdc.gov)
  • After the reported spread of HPAI H5N1 virus in Asia, a large, interagency avian influenza virus, or AIV, surveillance effort was implemented throughout the United States during April 2006 to March of 2011. (cdc.gov)
  • According to World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines, the virus was consistent with HPAI. (cdc.gov)
  • Samples taken by the veterinary services of the Junta de Andalucía were sent to the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Algete, as the National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza in Spain, where was confirmed that in all three cases the strain HPAI subtype H5N1 was responsible. (surinenglish.com)
  • In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has transformed from a seasonal phenomenon associated with migratory birds in specific regions to a constant global risk. (earth.com)
  • Previously, Europe experienced HPAI epidemics as a seasonal event, with migratory waterfowl spreading the virus during their autumn return to overwintering sites. (earth.com)
  • HPAI viruses, particularly the influenza A(H5) subtype, are causing the worst bird epidemics to date. (earth.com)
  • This has led to the adaptation of HPAI viruses to new or previously rarely affected wild bird species, such as barnacle geese or sea birds. (earth.com)
  • Consequently, HPAI viruses have impacted wild bird populations worldwide, with the influenza A(H5N1) virus causing the death of more than 40 percent of the pelican population in Chile and Peru. (earth.com)
  • The experts also refer to global reports of HPAI transmission to mammals like minks and sea lions, which increases the risk of the virus spilling over to pet animals through contact with dead or sick wild birds or mammals such as foxes. (earth.com)
  • We tested nasopharyngeal (NP) and throat swabs from workers with influenza-like-illness (ILI) and NP, throat, and arm swabs from asymptomatic workers for influenza virus by rRT-PCR and sera for seroconversion and antibodies against HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in a non-commercial backyard flock (non-poultry) in Suffolk County, New York. (shtfplan.com)
  • As of Saturday, over 240 wild birds in South and North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Delaware and Florida had been found to be infected with Eurasian H5 HPAI, with a number of cases specified as H5N1. (shtfplan.com)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • Targeted surveillance for influenza A(H7N9) identified 21 cases of infection with this virus in Guangzhou, China, during April 1, 2013?March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • During February?May 2013, the initial outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China resulted in 133 cases ( 1 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) virus reemerged in southern China in October 2013 and had caused 85 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection in Guangdong Province as of March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • In response to the influenza A(H7N9) outbreak, PUE surveillance was enhanced in April 2013 by implementing laboratory testing specific for influenza A(H7N9) virus ( 3 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Avian influenza of subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 are classical examples of direct animal to human transmission. (rroij.com)
  • Avian influenza types (AI) A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H9N2), which originated in birds, and swine influenza A(H3N2)v, which originated in pigs, Human infections with swine flu A(H1N1v) and A(H3N2v) viruses have been reported from different regions, with maximum notified from North America and Europe. (rroij.com)
  • Unlike other types of flu, H5N1 and H7N9 usually do not spread between people. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Culling of sick birds, persons in several countries, with Egypt reporting decontamination of infected farms, and surveillance the highest number of H5N1 infections and China the within the vicinity of infected farms were applied and the highest number of H7N9 infections ( 8-13 ). (who.int)
  • By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
  • The vast majority of infections were with H7N9 (n=1,562) and H5N1 (n=238) viruses, and most (n=1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
  • There are many types of avian influenza viruses, but only a few of them have caused serious concerns for human health, most notably H5N1, H7N9 and H5N8. (earth.com)
  • The low pathogenicity AIVs A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) are also potential threats for global public health, related to the ability of these viruses to cause human infections in people in close contact with infected poultry ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
  • PFGE), multilocus sequence typing, genotypic relationship between the Patient 1, a 36-year-old man, and outer membrane protein ( por A) strains in China and those of Hajj pil- was seen at a local hospital in Fujian gene variant region subtyping were grimages and Taiwan. (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • While prior H5N1 strains have been known, they were significantly different from the current H5N1 strain on a genetic level, making the global spread of this new strain unprecedented. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 caused flu outbreaks in 1959 and in 1991 but these strains were very different from the current highly pathogenic strain of H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Over the last 20 years, there have been regular introductions of H5N1 strains and occasional cases of H7N1 and H9N2 infections, mostly associated with outbreaks in poultry ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Several strains of viruses can be responsible. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In addition, second-order reassortment relationships were observed with the direct involvement of co-circulating H5N1 LPAI strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present study, we provide an insight into the genetic variability of the Czech/2021 (CZE/2021) H5N8 viruses to determine the relationships between strains from wild and domestic poultry and to infer transmission routes between the affected flocks of commercial poultry. (bvsalud.org)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • For the new study, published Wednesday in the journal Cell Host and Microbe , researchers exposed ferrets to different strains of H10N7, the virus subtype responsible for the 2014 seal flu outbreak. (upi.com)
  • Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
  • Because the strains isolated for the study were collected late in the 2014 outbreak, scientists suggest the mutations may have occurred after the virus was already spreading among seals. (upi.com)
  • The findings suggests influenza strains may regularly adopt mutations that enable spread among mammals, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • It is active against influenza A and B including strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • We analyzed 226 HA and 92 NA sequences with an emphasis on the H5N1 2.2.1.1 strains in Egypt using a Bayesian discrete phylogeography approach. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even in nonpandemic years and in years when less pathogenic strains predominate, the influenza virus is a major cause of death and debilitation. (ispub.com)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2004 researchers discovered H5N1 is far more dangerous than previously believed because waterfowl were directly spreading the highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 to chickens, crows, pigeons, and other birds and that it was increasing its ability to infect mammals as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Limiting this conclusion to domestic waterfowl proved to be wishful thinking, as in later months it became clear that nondomestic waterfowl were also directly spreading the highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 to chickens, crows, pigeons, and other birds and that it was increasing its ability to infect mammals as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Estimates suggest that many thousands of birds died as a result of the virus. (bto.org)
  • Preliminary testing of birds at two of these markets found evidence of avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • On January 14, 2022, USDA announced finding H5N1 bird flu in an American wigeon in South Carolina, marking the first detection of this virus in wild birds in the United States since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu viruses can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of birds and have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the world. (cdc.gov)
  • Wild aquatic birds including gulls, terns, and shorebirds, and wild waterfowl such as ducks, geese and swans are considered reservoirs (natural hosts) for bird flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Most wild birds infected with bird flu viruses are asymptomatic (i.e., do not exhibit signs or symptoms of illness). (cdc.gov)
  • Some bird flu viruses can infect domestic poultry and other domestic and backyard birds, and outbreaks of bird flu in domestic poultry occur worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • The latest case reports on bird flu outbreaks in wild birds, commercial poultry, and backyard birds in the United States are available from the USDA website . (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past decade there have been increases in the reported number and geographic spread of bird flu infections in birds, increases in the number of subtypes of bird flu viruses that have infected birds, and increases in the numbers of bird species that bird flu viruses have infected. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2003, multiple different clades of A(H5N1) viruses have circulated over the years, including a clade that was introduced by wild birds into the United States in 2014 and circulated until 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • There are three types of H5 viruses that have infected birds in the U.S.: H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8. (nbcnews.com)
  • The H5N1 virus now circulating has been found in commercial and backyard birds in 29 states and in wild birds in 34 states, the CDC said. (nbcnews.com)
  • An outbreak at a lake outside Chicago is believed to have killed more than 200 birds, and at least three bald eagles died from the virus in Georgia. (nbcnews.com)
  • With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
  • Human infection with avian influenza type A viruses are unusual and particularly result from indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. (rroij.com)
  • Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Bird flu outbreaks are caused by avian influenza viruses, most of which cause mild infection in birds, but two sub-types (called H5 and H7) can occur as a very deadly virus. (theconversation.com)
  • Infections caused by these deadly viruses were also never seen in wild birds. (theconversation.com)
  • Wild birds became infected because of a spillover from the ongoing spread of the virus in poultry. (theconversation.com)
  • a virus strictly associated with poultry had adapted itself to wild water birds, tremendously increasing its survival potential. (theconversation.com)
  • Surveillance is recommended to assess the risk of virus exposure to poultry and the removal of carcasses of dead birds from the environment. (theconversation.com)
  • Faeces of infected wild birds can contain high amounts of virus and can easily enter a poultry shed by uncleaned boots or materials. (theconversation.com)
  • Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships between H5N1 genomes from poultry and wild birds and secondary transmission in commercial geese. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
  • In addition, cloacal and/or oral swab samples from 5 birds had molecular assay results positive for influenza A and H5. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers suspect the 2014 outbreak, which killed some 2,500 seals, began in western Sweden when one or more seals came into contact with infected birds or virus-laden bird droppings. (upi.com)
  • It is a disease (a virus) that can be carried and transmitted mainly between birds. (nrbhss.ca)
  • Wild birds, especially waterfowl, are natural carriers of avian influenza viruses. (nrbhss.ca)
  • They are not always affected by the disease but can still transmit the virus to other wild birds and vulnerable domestic birds. (nrbhss.ca)
  • Although the virus circulates mainly between birds, it can also be transmitted from one bird to another animal. (nrbhss.ca)
  • Similar to the situations in Nunavut and Labrador, the avian flu virus has been detected in Nunavik birds. (nrbhss.ca)
  • However, because exposure to avian influenza can occur when handling wild birds, we recommend the following. (nrbhss.ca)
  • In poultry and wild birds, H5N1 and H5N6 subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from ten and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
  • Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. (who.int)
  • In Seville the outbreaks are at a farm with 16,000 birds in Gilena and a farm with 600 free-range poultry in El Viso del Alcor. (surinenglish.com)
  • Over 14,000 outbreaks have been reported, with approximately 96 million farmed birds culled in Europe alone. (earth.com)
  • While human infections with A(H5N1) have been reported in a few countries, symptoms vary from mild to severe, and even death, often related to exposure to infected birds, culling activities, or contaminated environments. (earth.com)
  • These viruses can be deadly to domestic birds, such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys. (earth.com)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
  • As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
  • This strain of equine influenza (subtype H3N8) is not related to the current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) that is currently impacting wild birds and poultry across the United States. (americancowboychronicles.com)
  • This virus caused the deaths of 20,000 domestic birds. (blogspot.com)
  • The isolated virus (clade 2.3.2.1c) was similar to that detected in wild and domestic birds in Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey during January−March 2015 ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
  • The main concern among scientists is the unprecedented spread of the virus in wild birds. (timestechpharma.com)
  • Such viruses cause severe diseases and also a lot of poultry and non-poultry birds die due to it. (timestechpharma.com)
  • According to reports, the virus is spreading faster among wild birds and they act as carriers for the virus across the world. (timestechpharma.com)
  • The illness was later identified as influenza and traced to a variant of Influenza A virus H5N1, previously known to infect only birds. (ispub.com)
  • H5N1 did not appear to spread efficiently from person to person, and no additional cases of human infection were reported after the authorities mandated the destruction of all 1.6 million birds in Hong Kong. (ispub.com)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • As of mid-June 2006, 54 countries, worldwide, confirmed the presence of H5N1 in domestic and wild birds. (who.int)
  • A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Within two weeks, WHO was informed of similar outbreaks in various hospitals in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (China), Singapore and Toronto (Canada). (who.int)
  • Subsequent investigations traced the source cases in all these outbreaks to contact in a hotel in Hong Kong with a visiting physician from Guangdong Province, China. (who.int)
  • Both WHO's Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network and Global Influenza Network were on high alert after reports from Hong Kong, on 19 and 20 February, confirming two cases (one fatal) of infection with avian influenza virus A, subtype H5N1. (who.int)
  • However, when laboratories in the influenza network detected no influenza virus strain or other known cause of pneumonia in samples taken from patients in the Viet Nam and Hong Kong outbreaks, WHO staff then began to suspect a new pathogen as the cause. (who.int)
  • Areas with cases detected before the recommendations were issued, namely Viet Nam, Hong Kong, Singapore and Toronto, experienced the largest and most severe outbreaks, all characterized by chains of secondary transmission outside the health care setting. (who.int)
  • 10. During the last week of April, the outbreaks in Viet Nam, Hong Kong, Singapore and Toronto showed signs of peaking. (who.int)
  • Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A (H5N1) in Hong Kong: an overview. (who.int)
  • The first outbreak of human infection with the avian influenza (H5N1) virus and it was observed in Hong Kong in 1997. (timestechpharma.com)
  • 1 , 2 Influenza caused by the H5N1 variant eventually spread to at least 18 Hong Kong residents and caused 6 deaths. (ispub.com)
  • The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the previous century, epidemics of the deadly bird flu were rare and always originated from mild H5 or H7 viruses that mutated into a deadly virus while transmitting in a chicken or turkey flock. (theconversation.com)
  • Until 1996, resulting outbreaks and epidemics were either effectively controlled or faded out due to a lack of susceptible hosts. (theconversation.com)
  • Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • In these regions, summer outbreaks are uncommon and do not develop into epidemics. (ercim.eu)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • The excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics occurring every one to three years has increased during the last 15 years to approximately 30,000 persons per year in the United States. (ispub.com)
  • Influenza epidemics typically have an abrupt onset and end separated by a 2- to 3-week upsurge in the frequency of new cases and a 2- to 3-month plateau.3 Community outbreaks are often heralded by an increase in medical visits from children suffering from fever and respiratory illness. (ispub.com)
  • In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • The influenza season happens every year during autumn, winter, and early spring months, and the influenza viruses that circulate each season tend to be the usual suspects: influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • The Junta de Andalucía's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Sustainable Development has declared three new cases of avian influenza in the provinces of Huelva and Seville. (surinenglish.com)
  • The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced two new human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • Unless otherwise indicated, "H5N1" in this article refers to the recent highly pathogenic strain of H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evolution from 1999 to 2002 created the Z genotype which became the dominant strain of highly pathogenic H5N1 in 2004. (wikipedia.org)
  • The strain of influenza virus behind the outbreak has a high potential to cause disease. (bto.org)
  • The H5N2 strain in Texas is a different subtype of influenza A than the virus affecting parts of Asia. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • When cases of atypical pneumonia began to appear among hospital staff, WHO initially feared a new strain of influenza virus, and activated its influenza pandemic preparedness plan. (who.int)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The most highly pathogenic and most commonly-known strain is H5N1. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Scientists have identified the genetic mutations that allowed an avian flu strain to adapt to mammalian transmission, triggering an outbreak among European seals. (upi.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meanwhile, we just received some very troubling news about the H5N1 strain of the bird flu. (themostimportantnews.com)
  • The BLM conducted tests that showed that a strain of the virus, known as H3N8, was likely the cause of the outbreak and related horse deaths. (americancowboychronicles.com)
  • In 1989 in northern China a strain of bird flu was positively confirmed to cause a large-scale disease outbreak in horses. (thehorse.com)
  • The study seeks to quantify the possible economic impact in terms of loss in work hours, death and hospitalization rates and cost to the economy if there were to be an outbreak of some strain of the H5N1 virus which is considered to be highly pathogenic and extremely lethal. (uwi.edu)
  • The state of Texas has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N2) among poultry on one farm in Gonzales County, in south-central Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • There is no epidemiologic link between the H5N1 virus in Asia and the H5N2 virus in Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • In this study, we characterized the genome of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021-2022 epidemic. (preprints.org)
  • Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Evolution of the A/chicken/pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Also in November 2014, a novel H5N2 virus was reported in outbreaks on chicken and turkey farms in Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • This H5N2 influenza virus is a reassortant. (cdc.gov)
  • Whole- genome sequencing indicated the virus was highly similar to the H5N2 reassortant virus from Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • Pandemics occur if such a new subtype acquires the ability to infect and transmit in the human population. (frontiersin.org)
  • Re-collection creates most beneficial situations for influenza pandemics just like the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic that took place in 2009-2010. (rroij.com)
  • however those are the activities that cause global influenza outbreaks or pandemics. (rroij.com)
  • Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th Century. (cdc.gov)
  • It targets the enigma of seasonal influenza, and how it relates to the prospect of future lethal pandemics. (ercim.eu)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the past, influenza pandemics have been occurring every 20 to 30 years. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A viruses can cause pandemics. (citizen-news.org)
  • Influenza pandemics, which have occurred approximately every 15 years over the last century, cause significant morbidity and mortality. (ispub.com)
  • Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • On 11 February, WHO had been informed by the Chinese Ministry of Health of an outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome involving 305 cases with five deaths in Guangdong Province. (who.int)
  • The infections identified included: ARI, avian influenza A(H5N1), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • His primary areas of investigation include Biological dispersal, Socioeconomics, Livestock, Outbreak and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. (research.com)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
  • The symptoms can range from typical influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches) to severe respiratory illness and other complications. (earth.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Detection of AIV RNA in respiratory specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic LBM workers without evidence of seroconversion or virus isolation suggests environmental contamination, emphasizing caution in interpreting rRT-PCR results in high viral load settings. (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
  • On April 28, 2022, the Bureau of Land Management announced tests determined an equine influenza virus caused the mysterious respiratory disease that killed at least 95 wild horses and forced a federal holding facility in Colorado to go under quarantine. (americancowboychronicles.com)
  • We identified 5 virologic surveillance tiers in which specimens were collected or tested: outpatient care settings (tier 1), inpatient care settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state and local public health laboratories and health departments (tier 3), laboratories at CDC-sponsored National Influenza Reference Centers (NIRCs) (tier 4), and laboratories within the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Influenza Division (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • Cough and fever, usually accompanied by myalgia, headache, and sore throat, are the characteristic symptoms of influenza.3, 5 The suddenness with which these symptoms develop distinguishes influenza from other respiratory infections such as the common cold, in which symptoms develop more gradually. (ispub.com)
  • Her Obesity research focuses on Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and how it connects with 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak. (research.com)
  • Melinda A. Beck has included themes like Virus, Respiratory virus, Adipokine and Public health in her Immune system study. (research.com)
  • The dominant subtype was H5N1, which replaced the H5N8 subtype that had predominated in previous seasons. (bvsalud.org)
  • All CZE/2021 H5N8 viruses belonged to the 2.3.4.4b H5 lineage and circulated without reassortment, retaining the A/chicken/Iraq/1/2020 H5N8-like genotype constellation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although H5N8 subtype viruses have been detected previously in the United States, all have been low pathogenicity AIV of North American wild bird lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • Both viruses have 3 RNA segments of North American wild bird lineage and 5 RNA segments that showed more than 99 percent similarity to the 2014 Eurasian H5N8 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Histologic and pathologic findings for the 3 raptors were consistent with those described in previous reports of H5N8 infections, and the severity of the lesions correspond to virus concentrations detected in the tissues by molecular assays. (cdc.gov)
  • First, the Eurasian lineage avian H5N8 virus survived introduction into North America in its entirety. (cdc.gov)
  • The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • Information about the outbreak of avian influenza in 2021 and 2022, its spread and its impact on breeding seabird populations. (bto.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In Poland, this genotype was responsible for several poultry outbreaks between December 2022 and January 2023 and has been identified only sporadically since February 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Dear Editor, In late February 2022, the Omicron BA.2.2 subvariant drove the outbreak of COVID-19 and rapidly spread through many parts of the world. (annals.edu.sg)
  • In Lebanon, AIV H9N2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and H5N1 was detected in 2016. (who.int)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • In Lebanon, an H9N2 outbreak occurred in 2006 in (6). (who.int)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza is also called as non-seasonal influenza as it may be transmitted at any time of the year when people are exposed to animal influenza viruses. (rroij.com)
  • It isn't possible to differentiate clinical symptoms and signs of seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Laboratory research of typeA influenza cases and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses assist additionally to diagnose each seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These efforts track currently circulating influenza viruses, identify novel influenza viruses of public health importance, monitor antiviral drug susceptibility, and characterize circulating seasonal viruses for guiding influenza vaccine virus selection. (cdc.gov)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct patterns and variations in epidemiology across countries, age, and time. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has caused ≈1,000 human infections since the first case was reported in 1997 (overall case-fatality rate 54%) ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • This science has been used to explore the evolutionary history of virus spread, including different subtypes of influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This changed after the emergence of the H5N1 virus in China. (theconversation.com)
  • Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • However, little is known about other AIV subtypes at risk for pandemic emergence, mainly H7 and H9. (blogspot.com)
  • In the book "The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control" it reported that the West Nile Virus, discovered in Uganda in 1937, was transported to American soil in 1999 by planes that carried their vectors (mosquitos). (dnx.news)
  • Phylogeography can highlight the drivers of H5N1 emergence and spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Historical records indicate that each one pandemic influenza occurrences originated from animals. (rroij.com)
  • With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response. (cdc.gov)
  • This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was initially caused by new re-assortant virus, this is the aggregate of swine-avianhuman influenza viruses, arising from pigs which later mutated to efficiently become transmissible among human beings. (rroij.com)
  • His Outbreak study incorporates themes from Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Culling, African swine fever and Environmental health. (research.com)
  • Marius Gilbert combines subjects such as Ecology, African swine fever and Outbreak with his study of Biological dispersal. (research.com)
  • Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • But the virus that caused a pandemic in 2009 was A(H1N1) that was originated from swine influenza. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • There is currently an outbreak of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in eastern North America, which is spreading. (nrbhss.ca)
  • Furthermore, the A(H5N1) virus has spread from Europe to North America for the first time, rapidly progressing across large areas of Canada and the United States (US). (earth.com)
  • The human "influenza season" in North America is now about to begin again, while in South America spring is approaching and their influenza season is almost over. (thehorse.com)
  • This webpage summarizes the current avian influenza (bird flu) situation both domestically in the United States and globally. (cdc.gov)
  • To address the threat of avian influenza, the authors advocate for a One Health approach, which entails rapid sharing of outbreak information, provision of sequence data and reference viruses, and close collaboration between different sectors both locally and globally. (earth.com)
  • Globally, since 2003, 873 human infections with A(H5N1) viruses, including 458 deaths, have been reported to the World Health Organization. (themostimportantnews.com)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • The H refers to hemagglutinin , one of two proteins that sit on the surface of influenza viruses and allow the viruses to enter cells. (nbcnews.com)
  • To date, 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes have been identified ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore we do not know which subtype - there are 16 hemagglutinin (H) and 9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes - the next pandemic will have. (ercim.eu)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Phylogeography models of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) suggest Ash Sharqiyah as the origin of virus spread, however the support is weak based on Kullback-Leibler values of 0.09 for HA and 0.01 for NA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In late March, Chinese authorities issued updated data on cases and deaths for the previously reported outbreak of atypical pneumonia in Guangdong Province. (who.int)
  • Infectious disease is the cause of more human deaths than any other individual factor, and influenza kills a larger number of people than any other infectious disease. (ercim.eu)
  • Even in less severe years, more than a million deaths worldwide can be attributed to influenza. (ercim.eu)
  • As of November 2017, a total of 56 human cases (including 37 deaths) and 49 poultry outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) have been recorded in Cambodia ( 8 - 10 ). (blogspot.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
  • Some 864 human infections and 456 deaths with the H5N1 subtype have been reported in 19 countries since 2003. (shtfplan.com)
  • The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus in 2019 had rapidly developed into a global pandemic, causing more than 6.8 million deaths and impacting the. (annals.edu.sg)
  • A shift in the predominant circulating virus subtype from H1N1 to H2N2 in 1957, for example, ignited a pandemic that resulted in approximately 70,000 excess deaths (that is, deaths exceeding the number expected when an epidemic is not present) in the United States alone. (ispub.com)
  • Although the current risk to human health is limited, the experts warn that the introduction of avian influenza viruses into mammalian populations could increase the risk of influenza virus reassortment, leading to adaptation and spread among mammals. (earth.com)
  • When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of zoonotic influenza infections in human beings can range from eye infections (conjunctivitis) or influenza-like infection (e.g. fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe breathing disorder (e.g. pneumonia, acute breathing distress, viral pneumonia). (rroij.com)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza symptoms may last longer than 1 week. (medscape.com)
  • 16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • Zanamivir rapidly and effectively alleviated influenza symptoms regardless of patients' age or clinical characteristics. (ispub.com)
  • Even an uncomplicated case of influenza is likely to require days of bed rest and is associated with general malaise and weakness that may persist weeks beyond the cessation of other symptoms. (ispub.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular assay results for oral and cloacal swab samples and major organ and brain samples from one falcon were positive for influenza A and H5 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry began following the primary introduction of a virus, of low pathogenicity, probably carried by a wild bird. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States in 20 years and was detected by routine state monitoring for avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • In 2020-2021, the second massive dissemination of a highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5Nx subtype occurred in Europe. (bvsalud.org)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) has been causing unprecedented global outbreaks since 2003 and many human cases with a high case fatality rate have also been reported. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
  • BURKINA FASO - Four new outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza have been confirmed. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The yearly recurring outbreaks, with the associated mass killing of poultry, are an obvious threat to the sustainability of poultry farming. (theconversation.com)
  • Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. (who.int)
  • Communication campaigns may help increase public awareness and recognition of avian influenza as a threat to animal and human health, reducing the risk of contact with potentially infected animals. (earth.com)
  • Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Fortunately, H5N1 hasn't been a significant threat for ages, but now it is back. (shtfplan.com)
  • Epidemiologic findings for a family cluster of 1 severe and 1 mild case suggested limited person-to-person transmission of this virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • Although the virus rarely infects people, it can be severe when it does: According to the CDC, its mortality rate is 60 percent. (nbcnews.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza like other influenza causes mild to severe illness in the patients they infect. (rroij.com)
  • When and where did severe bird flu outbreaks begin? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • [ 2 ] Early antiviral therapy must be considered among hospitalized children diagnosed with or suspected to have influenza, especially if they have risk factors such as asthma, cardiac problems, or other conditions, to prevent severe complications and prolonged hospitalization. (medscape.com)
  • These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
  • However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
  • Human influenza infection has several modes, such as inhalation, direct or indirect contact, ranging from mild to severe or fatal, depending on the subtype of the virus that causes the disease. (timestechpharma.com)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • Over the winter of 2021/22, an outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in Barnacle Geese wintering on the Solway Firth. (bto.org)
  • There were more outbreaks reported in 2020-2021 than in the previous four years combined. (cdc.gov)
  • Once again, Europe is experiencing bird flu outbreaks - the deadliest animal disease known. (theconversation.com)
  • The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza . (medscape.com)
  • Adverse event data collected during Phase II and Phase III clinical trials of zanamivir in the treatment of influenza show that it has favorable tolerability, a feature that distinguishes it from other antiviral therapies for influenza. (ispub.com)
  • A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
  • A large variety of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate in live bird markets (LBMs) in countries where highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) viruses are endemic ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • Outbreaks of avian influenza A occur among U.S. poultry flocks from time to time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The PCR testing has also identified two equine herpes viruses (EHV-2 and EHV-5) but these commonly occur in normal, healthy horses, and it is unclear to what extent these may also be contributing to the severity of the clinical signs observed in the more severely affected group of horses at the facility. (americancowboychronicles.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • US - Interim Recommendations for Persons with Possible Exposure to Avian Influenza During Outbreaks Among Poultry in the US. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The H5N1 outbreaks among poultry in Asia have been associated with human cases in Thailand and Vietnam. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Since then, dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe have reported H5N1 outbreaks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The virus gradually expanded its territory across China, and from 2003, further into Asia and Africa. (theconversation.com)
  • Each year in spring and summer, waterbirds mingle on their breeding grounds in Siberia and mix their influenza viruses, creating new variants they then bring to Europe, Asia and Africa during fall migration, causing deadly outbreaks in poultry. (theconversation.com)
  • Committee for Africa expressed concern about the general lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic and the need for Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans. (who.int)
  • The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
  • Antiviral agents available for influenza treatment and/or prevention include neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir marboxil). (medscape.com)
  • A number of protective measures or antiviral vaccinations can be taken by individuals who are exposed to the risk of human avian influenza infection. (timestechpharma.com)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir is the first antiviral specifically developed to combat both influenza A and influenza B viruses. (ispub.com)
  • Intensive efforts were undertaken to slaughter chickens, ducks and geese (over forty million chickens alone were slaughtered in high-infection areas), and the outbreak was contained by March, but the total human death toll in Vietnam and Thailand was twenty three people. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The U.S.'s National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases's (NIAID) Influenza Genome Sequencing Project to provide complete sequence data for selected human and avian influenza isolates begins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza when human beings are exposed and infected with influenza viruses circulating in animals. (rroij.com)
  • This kind of contamination does no longer result in the efficient transmission of those viruses among human beings. (rroij.com)
  • Several zoonotic influenza viruses have these days caused sporadic human contamination. (rroij.com)
  • The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
  • Centre for Disease Control says human cases are very rare, but outbreaks increase chances of transmission. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hammond A, Fitzner J, Collins L, Ong S, K V. Human cases of influenza at the human-animal interface, January 2015-April 2017. (who.int)
  • BACKGROUND: Interpreting rRT-PCR results for human avian influenza A virus (AIV) detection in contaminated settings like live bird markets (LBMs) without serology or viral culture poses a challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • The same subtype, A(H1N1) has been circulating in human population since 1977. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Influenza viruses are grouped into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are of concern for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • However, human health experts and animal health experts should work together to get a permanent solution on this deadly virus. (timestechpharma.com)
  • Since the original human cases of H5N1 originated in Asia [ 1 ], much of the attention concerning the virus has been in Asian countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact or indirectly. (who.int)
  • The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Information from these notifications is critical to inform risk assessments for influenza at the human-animal interface. (who.int)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It is a prodrug which inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease, an enzyme specific to influenza, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. (medscape.com)
  • Clades are described in the " Classification of avian influenza A viruses " section. (cdc.gov)
  • Breeding colonies of other species, such as Guillemot, Razorbill and terns, were also impacted by the outbreak. (bto.org)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
  • This gave rise to new H5 viruses that were still deadly to poultry, but of little harm to certain waterbird species. (theconversation.com)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another can and does happen. (thehorse.com)
  • Does this mean that horses cannot be infected by influenza viruses from other species of animals? (thehorse.com)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses between different species definitely occurs. (thehorse.com)
  • A deadly and highly infectious virus, known as the bird flu or avian influenza has infected millions of poultry bird species around the world. (timestechpharma.com)
  • The outbreak of this virus poses a major risk for these species as they are difficult to contain and thus they increase the chances of the virus to get into people. (timestechpharma.com)
  • Phylogeography is a field that focuses on the geographical lineages of species such as vertebrates or viruses [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza or Bird Flu is an infectious disease caused by the avian influenza viruses that belong to various types A, B, and C. Type A avian influenza virus is most commonly associated with avian influenza pandemic. (timestechpharma.com)