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AmikacinTobramycinNeomycinNephrotoxicityBeta-lactam antiToxicityBactericidalIrreversibleNephrotoxicAntibacterial drugsSulfateAnaerobic bacteriaVestibularSystemicConcentrationsBacteriaEthacrynic acidFurosemideRenal functionBacterial infectionsIntravenousConcentrationTroughParenteralIntramuscular injectionPatientsSynthesisClinicalPeakDizzinessPregnant womanPrimarilyDrugsResistantDrugInfections causedHearing lossIncludeSide effectsTopicalSolutionActivityBloodTreatAddition

Amikacin17

• Amikacin is an antibiotic medication used for a number of bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
• A pregnant woman taking amikacin with another aminoglycoside has a possibility of causing congenital deafness in her child. (wikipedia.org)
• Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used to treat serious gram-negative bacterial infections. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin and gentamicin are the most commonly used in veterinary medicine. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• There are some gram-positive Staphyloccus that are sensitive to amikacin although generally the aminoglycosides are combined with other antibiotics when both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are present. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin has a broader spectrum of activity than some of the other members of this group and is often used for bacterial infections resistant to gentamicin. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin and other aminoglycosides are eliminated via the kidney and can be nephrotoxic. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin may be combined with other antibiotics to provide coverage for gram positive bacteria. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin and other aminoglycosides are commonly used in ophthalmic preparations to treat corneal ulcers. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin is generally preferred over gentamicin for systemic use in neonatal foals. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Amikacin is also used for ophthalmic preparations, regional limb perfusion, joint lavage, and intra-articular injections. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Systemic use of amikacin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics are usually reserved for serious illnesses because of the risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• When using amikacin or other aminoglycoside antibiotics, monitoring of renal function and peak trough drug concentrations can be very useful to decrease the risks of nephrotoxicity. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Whether tobramycin is less nephrotoxic than either gentamicin or amikacin when used clinically is controversial. (elephantcare.org)
• Among them, kanamycin A is the raw material for the synthesis of amikacin sulfate and kanamycin monosulfate. (ballyabio.com)
• Because sensitive bacteria are susceptible to kanamycin resistance, kanamycin is no longer directly used in the clinical market, but after deep addition, it produces kanamycin monosulfate, amikacin sulfate and other products for clinical use. (ballyabio.com)
• amikacin and neomycin PO both increase nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. (medscape.com)

Tobramycin5

• Tobramycin belongs to a group of drugs called aminoglycoside antibiotics. (rxwiki.com)
• Common side effects of tobramycin include upset stomach, pain at the injection site, fever, and headache. (rxwiki.com)
• Chemistry - An aminoglycoside derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius , tobramycin oc-curs as a white to off-white, hygroscopic powder that is freely soluble in water and very slightly soluble in alcohol. (elephantcare.org)
• Pharmacology - Tobramycin, like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics, act on susceptible bacteria presumably by irreversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit thereby inhibit-ing protein synthesis. (elephantcare.org)
• Pharmacokinetics - Tobramycin, like the other aminoglycosides is not appreciably ab-sorbed after oral or intrauterine administration, but it is absorbed from topical administra-tion (not skin or urinary bladder) when used in irrigations during surgical procedures. (elephantcare.org)

Neomycin5

• amphotericin B deoxycholate and neomycin PO both increase nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. (medscape.com)
• cidofovir and neomycin PO both increase nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. (medscape.com)
• contrast media (iodinated) and neomycin PO both increase nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. (medscape.com)
• ioversol and neomycin PO both increase nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. (medscape.com)
• We found that MM-201 exhibited dose-dependent protection from neomycin and gentamicin ototoxicity in mature mouse utricular explants. (bvsalud.org)

Nephrotoxicity4

• Evidence of ototoxicity (dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, roaring in the ears or hearing loss) or nephrotoxicity requires dosage adjustment or discontinuance of the drug. (nih.gov)
• Kanamycin has ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. (ballyabio.com)
• Increased risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. (medscape.com)
• An increase in the serum gentamicin level results in additional nephrotoxicity, beginning a cycle of damage. (medscape.com)

Beta-lactam anti2

• In vitro inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics by beta-lactam antibiotics is well doc-umented. (elephantcare.org)
• It may be used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics. (medscape.com)

Toxicity5

• Patients treated with aminoglycosides should be under close clinical observation because of the potential toxicity associated with their use. (nih.gov)
• Excessive peak and/or trough serum concentrations of aminoglycosides may increase the risk of renal and eighth cranial nerve toxicity. (nih.gov)
• In addition, when administered intravenously, diuretics may enhance aminoglycoside toxicity by altering the antibiotic concentration in serum and tissue. (nih.gov)
• It is less nephrotoxic than gentamicin although all aminoglycosides have the potential for both renal and otic toxicity. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• The inherent toxicity of the aminoglycosides limit their systemic use to serious infec-tions when there is either a documented lack of susceptibility to other less toxic antibiotics or when the clinical situation dictates immediate treatment of a presumed gram negative infection before culture and susceptibility results are reported. (elephantcare.org)

Bactericidal3

• It is considered to be a bactericidal antibiotic. (elephantcare.org)
• We then asked if MM-201 altered the bactericidal properties of aminoglycosides. (bvsalud.org)
• Using either plate or liquid growth assays we found that MM-201 did not alter the bactericidal efficacy of aminoglycoside antibiotics at therapeutically relevant concentrations. (bvsalud.org)

Irreversible2

• Aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity is usually irreversible. (nih.gov)
• Ototoxicity may present as hearing loss or vestibular signs and may be irreversible. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)

Nephrotoxic1

• As with other aminoglycosides, gentamicin injection is potentially nephrotoxic. (nih.gov)

Antibacterial drugs1

• To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Gentamicin Injection, USP and other antibacterial drugs, Gentamicin Injection, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)

Sulfate2

• Gentamicin sulfate, a water-soluble antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, is derived by the growth of Micromonospora purpurea , an actinomycete. (nih.gov)
• Kanamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. (ballyabio.com)

Anaerobic bacteria1

• The aminoglycoside antibiotics are inactive against fungi, viruses and most anaerobic bacteria. (elephantcare.org)

Vestibular2

• Neurotoxicity manifested by ototoxicity, both vestibular and auditory, can occur in patients treated with gentamicin, primarily in those with pre-existing renal damage and in patients with normal renal function treated with higher doses and/or for longer periods than recommended. (nih.gov)
• Excessive concentrations may also cause damage to the eighth cranial nerve, resulting in temporary or permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction due to ototoxicity. (medscape.com)

Systemic1

• Avoid coadministration of cholera vaccine with systemic antibiotics since these agents may be active against the vaccine strain. (medscape.com)

Concentrations4

• Serum concentrations of aminoglycosides should be monitored when feasible to assure adequate levels and to avoid potentially toxic levels. (nih.gov)
• When monitoring gentamicin peak concentrations, dosage should be adjusted so that prolonged levels above 12 mcg/mL are avoided. (nih.gov)
• When monitoring gentamicin trough concentrations, dosage should be adjusted so that levels above 2 mcg/mL are avoided. (nih.gov)
• The dosing of gentamicin may be 1, 2, or 3 times per day via intravenous or, less commonly, intramuscular injections to achieve peak blood concentrations between 5 and 12 µg/mL. (medscape.com)

Bacteria5

• It is often used in settings where gentamicin-resistant bacteria are a clinical prob-lem. (elephantcare.org)
• It is used for the infection of Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and also for the infection of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to kanamycin and gentamicin. (ballyabio.com)
• If the bacteria produces an enzyme that destroys kanamycin, it can become a resistant strain. (ballyabio.com)
• Gentamicin is a prescription medication used to treat certain serious infections that are caused by bacteria such as meningitis (infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord) and infections of the blood, abdomen (stomach area), lungs, skin, bones, joints, and urinary tract. (rxwiki.com)
• Gentamicin is a prescription medication used to treat infections of the skin and eyes that care caused by bacteria. (rxwiki.com)

Ethacrynic acid1

• The concurrent use of gentamicin with potent diuretics, such as ethacrynic acid or furosemide, should be avoided, since certain diuretics by themselves may cause ototoxicity. (nih.gov)

Furosemide3

• Each 2ml sterile solution for injection contains 20 mg of furosemide. (medicines.org.uk)
• Each 5ml sterile solution for injection contains 50 mg of furosemide. (medicines.org.uk)
• To achieve optimum efficacy and suppress counter-regulation, a continuous furosemide infusion is generally to be preferred to repeated bolus injections. (medicines.org.uk)

Renal function4

• In the event of overdosage or toxic reactions, hemodialysis may aid in the removal of gentamicin from the blood, especially if renal function is, or becomes, compromised. (nih.gov)
• If renal function or hydration status is questionable, other antibiotics outside the aminoglycoside family may be preferable. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Because gentamicin is excreted in the urine rather than metabolized, the administered dosing amount or dosing interval must be adjusted to compensate for reduced renal function. (medscape.com)
• Therefore, any decrease in renal function without a concomitant decrease in the dose amount or interval of administration may increase the daily serum gentamicin concentration. (medscape.com)

Bacterial infections2

• Kanamycin can be used for oral and intravenous injections, and is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. (ballyabio.com)
• Gentamicin is used to treat bacterial infections. (rxwiki.com)

Intravenous2

• Therefore, it is only prescribed for intramuscular injection, and it is not suitable for large dose intravenous injection. (ballyabio.com)
• However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms. (blogspot.com)

Concentration1

• It is usually given once a day, because it is a concentration dependant antibiotic. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)

Trough2

• Patients who require treatment with gentamicin often require monitoring, which includes peak and trough levels. (medscape.com)
• The use of gentamicin in the neonatal intensive care unit using a weight-based gentamicin dosing protocol should also account for serum creatinine levels and urine output as indicators for identifying neonatal patients at risk for supratherapeutic trough levels. (medscape.com)

Parenteral2

• Gentamicin injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic aqueous solution for parenteral administration. (nih.gov)
• Do not administer cholera vaccine to patients who have received oral or parenteral antibiotics within 14 days prior to vaccination. (medscape.com)

Intramuscular injection1

• It must be noted that intramuscular injection is not suitable for the treatment of acute conditions such as pulmonary oedema. (medicines.org.uk)

Patients2

• Patients receiving oral aminoglycosides with hemorrhagic or necrotic enteritises may ab-sorb appreciable quantities of the drug. (elephantcare.org)
• Patients should be closely monitored while receiving gentamicin. (rxwiki.com)

Synthesis2

• Kanamycin is a protein biosynthesis inhibitor that binds to 30S ribosomes to cause miscoding of the mRNA code and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. (ballyabio.com)
• The synthesis process of B as a raw material produces semi-synthetic antibiotics through chemical structural transformation. (ballyabio.com)

Clinical1

• Here, we examined the ability of MM-201 to protect mammalian sensory hair cells from aminoglycoside damage to further evaluate MM-201's clinical potential. (bvsalud.org)

Peak1

• Subcutaneous injection results in slightly delayed peak levels and with more variability than after IM injection. (elephantcare.org)

Dizziness1

• Gentamicin can also cause dizziness. (rxwiki.com)

Pregnant woman1

• Aminoglycosides can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman (see WARNINGS section). (nih.gov)

Primarily1

• After absorption, aminoglycosides are distributed primarily in the extracellular fluid. (elephantcare.org)

Drugs1

• Loss of sensory hair cells from exposure to certain licit drugs, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, can result in permanent hearing damage. (bvsalud.org)

Resistant1

• Kanamycin-resistant plasmids are often used as selection genes or marker genes for molecular cloning. (ballyabio.com)

Drug2

• This is not a complete list of gentamicin drug interactions. (rxwiki.com)
• All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. (blogspot.com)

Infections caused1

• Gentamicin is an antibiotic administered to treat severe blood infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. (medscape.com)

Hearing loss1

• Gentamicin can cause kidney damage and hearing loss. (rxwiki.com)

Include4

• Common side effects of gentamicin include upset stomach, decreased appetite, pain at the injection site, fever, and tiredness. (rxwiki.com)
• Common side effects of gentamicin for the skin include itching and redness at the site of application. (rxwiki.com)
• Common side effects of gentamicin for the eyes include burning and irritation of the eye. (rxwiki.com)
• These include an antibiotic, several endo- and ectoparasiticides, an antiseptic preparation and anaesthetic agents. (veteriankey.com)

Side effects3

• Serious side effects have been reported with gentamicin. (rxwiki.com)
• This is not a complete list of gentamicin side effects. (rxwiki.com)
• Serious side effects have been reported with topical gentamicin including burning or itching at the application site. (rxwiki.com)

Topical1

• Gentamicin is also available as a cream and an ointment for topical application to the skin. (rxwiki.com)

Solution3

• The commercial injection is a clear, colorless solution and the pH is adjusted to 6-8 with sulfuric acid and/or sodium hydroxide. (elephantcare.org)
• Solution for injection. (medicines.org.uk)
• For eye infections, gentamicin solution is usually used every 4 to 8 hours and the ointment is applied 2 to 4 times a day. (rxwiki.com)

Activity3

• Aminoglycosides also have poor activity in the presence of pus or organic debris. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics have poor activity in the presence of pus and cellular debris. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
• Antimicrobial activity of the aminoglycosides are enhanced in an alkaline environment. (elephantcare.org)

Blood1

• Aminoglycosides do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier nor penetrate ocular tissue. (elephantcare.org)

Treat1

• Gentamicin can be used topically to treat eye and skin infections. (rxwiki.com)

Addition1

• In addition to ethanol, there is a small amount of kanamycin A in the resulting crystal mother liquor. (ballyabio.com)