Osteoclast differentiation monocyte macrophage precursor cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Recently, Th17 was reported to express RANKL itself as well as directly inducing mature osteoclasts via cell-to-cell contact, substantiating its role in inflammatory bone destruction [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Non-Canonical (RANKL-Independent) Pathways of Osteoclast Differentiation and Their Role in Musculoskeletal Diseases. (ox.ac.uk)
in the canonical pathway of osteoclastogenesis, these cells fuse and differentiate to form specialised bone-resorbing osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). (ox.ac.uk)
This review summarises the evidence for these RANKL substitutes in inducing osteoclast differentiation from tissue-derived and circulating mononuclear phagocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
OPG binds RANKL as a decoy receptor, inhibiting the activation of RANK by RANKL and preventing the differentiation of bone marrow precursor (monocyte/macrophage) cells to osteoclasts - cells that are central in the process of bone resorption [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we examined the potential of SF extract (SFE) to inhibit receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) -induced osteoclast differentiation in cultured mouse-derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). (biomedcentral.com)
BMMs, that act as osteoclast precursors, were cultured with M-CSF (50 ng/ml) and RANKL (100 ng/ml) for 4 days to generate osteoclasts. (biomedcentral.com)
SFE inhibited the RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). (biomedcentral.com)
SFE attenuated the RANKL-mediated induction of NF-κB through inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation, which contributed to inhibiting of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through downregulation of NFATc1. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) are two cytokines secreted mainly by osteoclast. (biomedcentral.com)
Osteoclasts were formed by culturing mouse bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). (e-jbm.org)
In BMM cultures, an ethanol extract of the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity. (e-jbm.org)
In contrast, an ethanol extract of the aerial parts of IKN had a minor effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. (e-jbm.org)
Mechanistically, the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, effectively abrogating the induction of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) expression. (e-jbm.org)
4 ] Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) are key factors in osteoclastic differentiation. (e-jbm.org)
5 ] Osteoblasts, bone-forming cells, also regulate osteoclast differentiation via RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression, a decoy receptor for RANKL. (e-jbm.org)
5 , 6 ] Stimulation of osteoclast precursors with RANKL recruits cytoplasmic tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and activates downstream signaling pathways. (e-jbm.org)
They are differentiated and activation from monocytes/macrophages in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). (e-jbm.org)
EFV reduced RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and activation by inhibiting expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, a key factor of osteoclastogenesis. (e-jbm.org)
Osteoclast formation is controlled by 2 cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which are secreted by osteoblasts/activated T cells. (e-jbm.org)
In contrast, TNF often acts on cell types other than osteoclasts, or synergically with RANKL to indirectly promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. (frontiersin.org)
Osteoclast differentiation is induced by the master osteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, which acts in concert with M-CSF and ITAM-mediated co-stimulatory signaling. (frontiersin.org)
DAP12 -/- osteoclasts developed in vitro with macrophage colony-sfimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL formed only intensely TRACP + mononuclear cells and failed to generate multinuclear osteoclasts. (elsevierpure.com)
Osteoclast Culture Kit includes cryopreserved osteoclast precursor (OCP) cells from bone marrow and culture medium containing M-CSF and RANKL for researchers studying osteoporosis, bone reabsorption, or other bone metabolism disorders. (asone-int.com)
Osteoclast differentiation and function is controlled primarily by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) and Receptor for Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL). (asone-int.com)
Osteoclasts and odontoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from hematogenous bone marrow, from the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage, and are formed by the fusion of these cells under the action of colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand), which also have a role in chemotaxis and cell differentiation [1]. (oatext.com)
The differentiation of the osteoclast precursor into a mature osteoclast requires RANKL binding to its receptor RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B). However, OPG binding to RANKL will block RANKL binding to RANK, which will result in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis (Figure 1) [3]. (oatext.com)
of osteocyte mechanotransduction.6 PGE2 acts synergistically with receptor activator of nuclear element κB ligand (RANKL) to stimulate osteoclast differentiation and to initiate bone remodeling.7 Bone pressure also prospects to osteocyte apoptosis which in turn induces RANKL expression from neighboring osteoblasts. (cancer8.info)
Estrogen stimulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) which Isochlorogenic acid B in turn inhibits osteoclast differentiation by acting like a decoy receptor of RANKL therefore leading to decreased osteoclast differentiation osteoclast survival and preservation of bone.8 Inversely menopause or ovariectomy will decrease OPG and promote osteoclast differentiation survival and consequently bone resorption. (cancer8.info)
therefore these cells are considered circulating osteoclast precursors which respond to osteoclast-specific factors and differentiate Isochlorogenic acid B into true osteoclasts.16 These osteoclast-specific factors include macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL as well as OPG the endogenous decoy receptor for RANKL. (cancer8.info)
Macrophage colony-stimulating element appears to be a permissive element necessary in the early cell fate dedication whereas RANKL is the final executor of many physiological regulators of bone resorption (e.g. parathyroid hormone calcitonin and calcitriol) and is an obligatory. (cancer8.info)
M-CSF induces RANKL in mature osteoclasts, and is consequently a potent stimulator of mature osteoclast resorbing activity. (biolegend.com)
In both cases, the cells need to be differentiated into the mature osteoclast by M-CSF and RANKL [1-4]. (sciforschenonline.org)
Recently, this cell line has become a valuable tool to study osteoclast differentiation and activity due to its expression of RANK and differentiation to osteoclast in response to RANKL [7]. (sciforschenonline.org)

Three theories were dominant: from 1949 to 1970 the connective tissue origin was popular, which stated that osteoclasts and osteoblasts are of the same lineage, and osteoblasts fuse together to form osteoclasts. (wikipedia.org)
Osteoclasts originate from monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. (e-jbm.org)
7 ] They are differentiated from the monocyte-macrophage of a hematopoietic lineage. (e-jbm.org)
Osteoclasts are bone cells derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage and are exclusively responsible for bone resorption, which contributes to skeletal development, bone homeostasis, and remodeling. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, MNC also expressed monocyte-related antigens (My11, Mo1), suggesting that they are derived from or related to the monocytic lineage. (elsevierpure.com)
Introduction: Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells derived from hematopoietic precursors in the myeloid lineage. (elsevierpure.com)
CSF-1 signaling through CSF-1R regulates the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the monocytic lineage. (thermofisher.com)
[4] The role of M-CSF is not only restricted to the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. (meddic.jp)
Microglia are similar, but not identical to other tissue macrophages, and in this review, we will first summarize the differences in the origin, lineage and population maintenance of microglia and macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
But how different are microglia really from other tissue resident macrophages in terms of origin, lineage, and identity? (frontiersin.org)
In the next sections, we will review evidence about the origin, lineage, identity, and population dynamics of microglia compared to other tissue-resident macrophages and highlight commonalities and differences. (frontiersin.org)

Although the exact molecular mechanism of the RA pathogenesis remains elusive, proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukin- (IL-) 1 β and autoreactive T cells are known to play central roles in the development and progression of RA [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The activity of osteoclasts is controlled by hormones and cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 µm in diameter occur. (wikipedia.org)
It was found that thymic involution impairs: (i) the efficacy of negative selection (by affecting thymocyte expression of CD90, negative regulator of selection threshold and the expression of thymic stromal cell integrity factors) and (ii) Treg generation (by diminishing expression of cytokines supporting their differentiation/maturation). (torlakinstitut.com)
On the other hand, the development of EAE (most likely by increasing circulatory levels of proinflammatory cytokines) contributed to the decline in thymic output of T cells, including Tregs, and thereby to the progression/maintenance of clinical EAE. (torlakinstitut.com)
It also induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1-β, TNF-α, and INF-γ in monocytes. (biolegend.com)
M1 macrophages, positive expression of CD86, can produce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), induced nitrogen monoxide synthase (iNOS), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and other proinflammatory cytokines to induce immune response. (researchpad.co)
The proliferation of effector T cells such as cytotoxic T cells and the production of cytokines are highly dependent on glycolysis, and therefore become inactive under conditions of low glucose levels and high lactic acid concentrations. (medicaltrend.org)
Inhibitor FX11 inhibits LDHA activity of macrophages, and can down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation , Thus playing an anti-inflammatory effect. (medicaltrend.org)
Arguments supporting the reactive nature of LCH include the occurrence of spontaneous remissions, the extensive elaboration of multiple cytokines by dendritic cells and T-cells (the so-called cytokine storm) in LCH lesions, and the good survival rate in patients without organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)

Although RA was conventionally conceived as Th1-driven inflammatory disease, it is becoming clear that Th17, rather than Th1, is a major pathogenic cell that orchestrates the complex network of the sustained inflammation and disease progression [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Under inflammatory conditions, abnormal osteoclast differentiation and function often results in excessive bone resorption, which is a common characteristic of many diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis and periodontitis ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
In different immune cell types, each MiT family member is shown to play distinct or redundant roles and we expect that there is far more to learn about their functions and regulatory mechanisms in host defense and inflammatory responses. (molcells.org)
to anti-inflammatory actions RvE1 also directly functions on bone cells and promotes bone preservation. (cancer8.info)
This promising field may open new avenues to modulate inflammatory responses and to preserve blood cell homeostasis in the clinical setting. (haematologica.org)
In particular, iPS cell-derived monocytic cells and macrophages can be used for functional experiments, such as inflammatory cytokine production, and are often employed in research on patients with autoinflammatory diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
M2 macrophages, positive expression of CD206, contribute to tissue repair and anti-inflammatory functions. (researchpad.co)
Compared with TME, the microenvironment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritic synovium has a high level of inflammatory cell subpopulations, such as TH1 cells, TH17 cells, inflammatory macrophages, and CD4+CD25+ with impaired functions. (medicaltrend.org)
Treg cells, inflammatory cells maintain the continued existence of the pathological process of IMID. (medicaltrend.org)
In IMIDs, lactic acid is produced by mesenchymal fibroblasts and metabolically active infiltrating immune cells, and is a key driver of the microenvironment of inflammatory tissues. (medicaltrend.org)
Imiquimod induced an IFN signature and led to reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells. (cnrs.fr)
In summary, resident macrophages orchestrate inflammatory responses improving cardiac remodelling, while recruited macrophages determine infarct size after I/R injury. (elifesciences.org)

The inhibitory effect of RGE on Th17 differentiation and osteoclastogenesis observed in mice was also confirmed in the subsequent experiments performed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (hindawi.com)
7 - 9 ] Activation of these signaling pathways induces the expression of transcription factors such as c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), a master transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (e-jbm.org)
Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF- κ B p100, IRF8, and Def6. (frontiersin.org)
RAW264.7 cells were transfected with FLAG-tagged DAP12 or TREM2 and stimulated by anti-FLAG antibody during in vitro osteoclastogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
Restoration of DAP12 expression by retroviral transduction of DAP12 -/- osteoclast precursors rescued in vitro osteoclast multinucleation, Direct sfimulation of DAP12 expressed in RAW264.7 during in vitro osteoclastogenesis led to a marked increase in the number of TRACP + multinucleated osteoclast-like cells formed. (elsevierpure.com)
The goal of this paper is to examine the effect of culture conditions on the osteoclastogenesis ability of RAW264.7 cells. (sciforschenonline.org)

Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into stromal cells and hematopoietic precursors. (nih.gov)

This permits characterization of osteoclasts by their staining for high expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K. Osteoclast rough endoplasmic reticulum is sparse, and the Golgi complex is extensive. (wikipedia.org)
10 - 12 ] c-Fos also induces the expression of NFATc1, contributing to the induction of osteoclast-specific marker genes such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ( TRAP ). (e-jbm.org)
Long-term cultures of human bone marrow form multinucleated cells (MNC) with many functional characteristics of osteoclasts including: expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, appropriate responses to osteotropic hormones, calcitonin-induced contraction and formation of resorption lacunae on calcified matrices. (elsevierpure.com)

Osteoclasts are unique cells that resorb old bones. (e-jbm.org)
Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that can resorb bone. (e-jbm.org)
Osteoclasts resorb bone by attaching to the bone surface and lowering the surrounding pH to an acidic level of around 4.5. (asone-int.com)
Therefore the bone remodeling cycle begins: Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue followed by osteoblast activation that deposits bone matrix in the resorption lacuna. (cancer8.info)

EFV), a genus of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae , on the differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) into osteoclasts was examined by phenotype assay and the cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell counting kit-8. (e-jbm.org)
15] demonstrated the importance of L-Gln for osteoclast differentiation of murine BMMs. (sciforschenonline.org)

However, PTH stimulates the osteoblasts to secrete the cytokine called osteoclast-stimulating factor, which is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastic activity. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. (icr.ac.uk)
The colony stimulating factor 1 ( CSF1 ), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF ), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. (meddic.jp)
Studies employ a transgenic animal model of spondyloarthritis and cells from human subjects including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), to evaluate effects of HLA-B27 expression and misfolding on ER stress and its consequences for cytokine production and cellular function. (nih.gov)

Furthermore, they confirmed that ageing-related decrease in thymic T-cell output (as indicated by diminished frequency of recent thymic emigrants in peripheral blood) resulted in the accumulation of CD28- T cells in peripheral blood and, upon immunisation, in the target organ. (torlakinstitut.com)
In contrast to authentic osteoclasts, MNC reacted with a monoclonal antibody (Mo1) which identifies an antigen present on myeloblasts, monocytes, granulocytes, and null cells from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. (elsevierpure.com)
M-CSF is constitutively present at biologically active concentrations in human serum, and binds CD14 + monocytes, and promotes the survival and proliferation of peripheral blood monocytes. (biolegend.com)

Osteoclast differentiation marker genes were analyzed by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
The osteoclast differentiation-related genes and proteins were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. (e-jbm.org)
A 2010 study comparing gene expression of cells expressing CD207 (a marker of Langerhans cells) in LCH lesions with epidermal CD207+ control cells identified differential expression of more than 2000 genes between these 2 subsets. (medscape.com)
These differences were found in genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell signaling, metastasis, and myeloid differentiation. (medscape.com)

Our findings provide the first evidence that RGE can regulate Th17 and reciprocally promote Treg cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3. (hindawi.com)
Recently, intercellular communication between bone cells and surrounding cells has been gradually recognized, and macrophages on the surface of bone have been proven to regulate bone metabolism. (researchpad.co)
In addition, whether M2 macrophages can regulate the balance of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs needs to be further explored. (researchpad.co)
Notably, the ability of PSTPIP2 to regulate synovial macrophages polarization is dependent on ERβ. (biomedcentral.com)
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are essential for bone resorption and regulate bone remodeling. (sciforschenonline.org)

This process requires a balanced action of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. (e-jbm.org)
Normal bone remodeling requires a delicate balance between the activities of major bone cell types: bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, as well as osteocytes. (frontiersin.org)
This bone turnover comprises the temporal and spatial coordination of two processes performed in bone remodeling units at discrete sites throughout the skeleton: removal of old and damaged bone by osteoclasts, called resorption, which can last 4-6 weeks, followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts, which produce collagen and mineralized bone matrix in a process lasting 4-5 months [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are activated by secreted, active transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ) to migrate to bone-resorptive sites and differentiate into osteoblasts (see below). (biomedcentral.com)
Pre-osteoblasts, a heterogeneous population of cells, including those transitioning from MSCs to mature osteoblasts, which express the transcription factor runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) , a key player in the osteogenesis process. (biomedcentral.com)
Osteoblasts, polarized cuboidal cells specialized for the active secretion of ECM. (biomedcentral.com)
Once the osteoid mineralizes, the osteocytes are trapped there and form an extensive network with each other, with osteoblasts, and with the lining cells on the bone surface (explained below). (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings demonstrate for the first time that molecular changes in osteoblasts influence the susceptibility to swelling by altering evasion of innate immune cells from your bone Lesopitron dihydrochloride marrow space. (informationalwebs.com)
The skeletal system undergoes constant remodeling through functional changes in osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts throughout life ( 1 ). (researchpad.co)
Osteoblasts mature from BMSCs to osteoprogenitor cells, to osteoblast precursors, and ultimately to osteoblasts. (researchpad.co)

Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β and IL-6 primes initial differentiation and IL-23 promotes functional maturation of Th17 cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
The functional activity of osteoclast in response to EFV treatment was evaluated by an Osteo Assay plate. (e-jbm.org)
These mononuclear cells are functional osteoclast-like cells because, by RT-PCR, they express other osteoclast markers and generate resorption pits on dentine slices, although quantitative assessment of bone resorption shows decreased resorption by DAP12 -/- osteoclasts compared with C57BL/6 osteoclasts. (elsevierpure.com)
This review will focus on the most recent/relevant molecular findings driving this functional impairment of mesenchymal stem cells in the aging process. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological functional annotations of the transcriptomes suggest that osteoblast precursors induce angiogenesis coupled with osteogenesis, and chondrocyte precursors have the potential to differentiate into myocytes. (ijbs.com)
However, the functional evaluation of resident macrophages is limited by potential off target effects in ∆FIRE mice. (elifesciences.org)

Our study suggested that the ethanol extract of the root part of IKN suppressed osteoclast differentiation and function partly by downregulating the p38 MAPK/c-Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathways. (e-jbm.org)
p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt serine/threonine kinase (Akt) signaling pathways are known to be activated during osteoclast differentiation. (e-jbm.org)
Nonetheless, when cells rely on anaerobic glycolysis, like cancer cells and certain innate immune cells upon activation, other metabolic pathways sustain succinate levels, including glutamine-dependent anerplerosis to α-ketoglutarate, and eventually citrate by reductive carboxylation. (haematologica.org)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Interaction with extracellular ligands induces receptor clustering at the nanoscale, assembly of the signaling complexes in the cytosol and activation of downstream signaling pathways, regulating cell response. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
The RAW264.7 cell line is most commonly used to study osteoclast differentiation and its signaling pathways. (sciforschenonline.org)

We identify specific DAP12-associated receptors expressed by osteoclasts and examine function of DAP12 in murine osteoclasts in vivo and in vitro. (elsevierpure.com)
M-CSF was first characterized as a glycoprotein that induces monocyte and macrophage colony formation from precursors in murine bone marrow cultures. (biolegend.com)
The murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was first established almost four decades ago [5,6]. (sciforschenonline.org)

Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. (icr.ac.uk)
Different conditions can affect survival, proliferation, and differentiation of RAW264.7 cells. (sciforschenonline.org)

The main cause of this symptoms is excessive increase in the number and activity of osteoclasts. (e-jbm.org)
5 ] Typical bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, have the symptoms of decreased bone mass because of the increased number and activity of osteoclasts. (e-jbm.org)

M-CSF (or CSF-1) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. (meddic.jp)

Therefore, we have examined the surface phenotype of MNC and compared it with that of osteoclasts freshly isolated from bone, to determine if MNC express similar surface antigens, and if MNC express antigens which identify their cellular origin. (elsevierpure.com)
These data demonstrate that MNC formed in long-term human marrow cultures express a similar surface phenotype to osteoclasts. (elsevierpure.com)
This phenotype is different from that expressed by macrophage polykaryons. (elsevierpure.com)
Cardiac macrophages are heterogenous in phenotype and functions, which has been associated with differences in their ontogeny. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin+ dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin+ dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)

To investigate the transcriptional diversity of BM-MSCs, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on freshly isolated CD271 + BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from two human subjects. (ijbs.com)

An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei and are 150-200 µm in diameter. (wikipedia.org)
6 ] Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells (MNCs) that remove the old/weakened bones by acid decalcification and proteolytic degradation. (e-jbm.org)

Quercetin glycosides from diet are slightly absorbed via the intestinal epithelial cells, although most of them return into the digestive tract by the action of specific transporter systems. (rsc.org)
Phase II enzymes present in the intestinal epithelial cells and the liver cells facilitate their metabolic conversion to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (rsc.org)

Microglia are brain-resident macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
They are often studied independently from other tissue-resident macrophages, probably because they are unique in some aspects, most notably in their isolation from the rest of the body through the blood brain barrier (BBB). (frontiersin.org)
proposed the "mononuclear phagocyte system" theory, by which tissue-resident macrophages were assumed to derive from blood-circulating monocytes and to differentiate within the host tissue ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Using state-of-the-art fate-mapping models and genetic and pharmacological targeting approaches, the authors provide solid evidence that the absence of resident macrophages do not influence infarct size but instead alter the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury. (elifesciences.org)

Another reason is that protocols for differentiating some lymphocytes associated with autoimmunity, such as CD4 + T cells or B cells, from iPS cells have not been well established. (biomedcentral.com)
CD11c is expressed by dendritic cells, a subset of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and some activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
CD11a is a leukocyte marker that is expressed in B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. (thermofisher.com)
CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)

Osteocytes, which are the most abundant cells in bone, composing 90-95% of all bone cells in an adult. (biomedcentral.com)

Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. (icr.ac.uk)
Tumor microenvironment (TME) accelerates the metabolism of tumor cells and cancer-related fibroblasts to form an immune environment that promotes tumor growth. (medicaltrend.org)
LDHA promotes the effector function of T cells by increasing the acetylation and transcription of interferon-γ (IFNG) and plays a key role in inflammation. (medicaltrend.org)

We successfully identified LEPR hi CD45 low BM-MSCs within the CD271 + BM-MNC population, and further codified the BM-MSCs into distinct subpopulations corresponding to the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation trajectories, as well as terminal-stage quiescent cells. (ijbs.com)

It may decrease inflammation by reversing increased capillary permeability and suppressing polymorphonuclear cell activity. (medscape.com)

showed that the osteoclastic potential of mandibular bone marrow stromal cells and the number of osteoclasts are higher compared to long-bone marrow stromal cells [2]. (oatext.com)
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal tissues such as bone, cartilage, and the fat in bone marrow. (ijbs.com)

More recent data show that OPG is also produced in breast tumor cells, and that it can promote tumor growth and metastasis [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, the shortage of tumor-specific antigens, and post-treatment side effects are the major hindrances to promoting the development of CAR-T cells. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, M-CSF enhances monocyte functions such asphagocytic activity, microbial killing, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. (biolegend.com)
The tumor tissue exhausts local energy, forcing neighboring immune cells to process high-concentration metabolites such as lactic acid in the absence of nutrients, leading to immunosuppression and tumor growth. (medicaltrend.org)
in the same model, natural killer (NK) cells in tumor tissue depleted by LDHA show higher killing activity, indicating LDH activity The increase in tumor immune escape by suppressing the function of immune cells. (medicaltrend.org)

Cell Cycle The cell cycle is an integral part of cellular processes. (globaltechbiz.com)
Although many cellular and molecular actors of the bone remodeling cycle are well Isochlorogenic acid B characterized the molecular coupling mechanism linking bone formation to recent osteoclast activity is not clear. (cancer8.info)
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF BONE LOSS Osteoclasts are considered the main if not the only cell type capable of bone resorption. (cancer8.info)
At the cellular level, the mesenchymal stem cell pool in the bone marrow niche shows a biased differentiation into adipogenesis at the cost of osteogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, patient-derived iPS cells retain the same genetic background as these patients, allowing for recurrent analysis of genetic effects on cellular functions. (biomedcentral.com)
B cells The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
PSTPIP2 regulates synovial macrophages polarization and dynamics via ERβ to form F4/80 + PSTPIP2 hi cellular barrier in joint microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
The term Langerhans cell histiocytosis is generally preferred to the older term, histiocytosis X. This newer name emphasizes the histogenesis of the condition by specifying the type of lesional cell and removes the connotation of the unknown ("X") because its cellular basis has now been clarified. (medscape.com)
Specifically, a variety of other cellular populations have been identified that possess phenotypic characteristics similar to Langerhans cells, including expression of CD207 and Birbeck granules. (medscape.com)
10] Interestingly, this analysis found no differences in expression of proliferation markers between these subsets of CD207+ cells, consistent with the hypothesis that LCH may be a disease of abnormal cellular accumulation. (medscape.com)

The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as bone resorption. (wikipedia.org)
Osteoclasts are found on those surfaces of bone that are undergoing resorption. (wikipedia.org)
On such surfaces, the osteoclasts are seen to be located in shallow depressions called resorption bays (Howship's lacunae). (wikipedia.org)
The resorption bays are created by the erosive action of osteoclasts on the underlying bone. (wikipedia.org)
Resorption of bone matrix by the osteoclasts involves two steps: (1) dissolution of inorganic components (minerals), and (2) digestion of organic component of the bone matrix. (wikipedia.org)
In bone, osteoclasts are found in pits in the bone surface which are called resorption bays, or Howship's lacunae. (wikipedia.org)
At a site of active bone resorption, the osteoclast forms a specialized cell membrane, the "ruffled border", that opposes the surface of the bone tissue. (wikipedia.org)
This extensively folded or ruffled border facilitates bone removal by dramatically increasing the cell surface for secretion and uptake of the resorption compartment contents and is a morphologic characteristic of an osteoclast that is actively resorbing bone. (wikipedia.org)
Current treatments for excessive bone resorption utilize RANK receptor blockers or neutralizing antibodies, which are able to inhibit osteoclast formation. (frontiersin.org)
The possible mechanisms involved in osteoclasts recruitment from external granuloma and various dentin resorption patterns in internal root resorption will be discussed based on a case in which the upper lateral incisor with a history of pulp necrosis treated endodontically, developed an internal root resorption in association with external granuloma. (oatext.com)
Bone resorption is initiated by osteoclasts and resorption of hard dental structures by odontoclasts. (oatext.com)
Osteoclasts recruitment and activation, and angiogenesis in maxillary alveolar processes in internal root resorption associated with external granuloma. (oatext.com)

The same LDH inhibitors can reduce ATP levels and induce oxidative stress and cell death in cancer. (medicaltrend.org)

N418 binds to CD11c on splenic dendritic cells in the T-dependent areas of mouse spleen and precipitates a 150, 90 kDa heterodimer. (thermofisher.com)
For example, LDH binds to the RNA encoding granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) rich in AU elements. (medicaltrend.org)

MNC also reacted with the monoclonal antibody My11, which is present on CFU-GM, the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell, the probable precursor for MNC. (elsevierpure.com)
Description: The AFS98 monoclonal antibody reacts with the mouse CD115 molecule, a receptor for macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) or colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). (thermofisher.com)

They don't often exclusively differentiate into osteoclast but also into other multinucleated cells as well including macrophage polykaryons. (sciforschenonline.org)
However, osteoclasts and macrophage polykaryons are almost indistinguishable under a light microscope (TRAP+ with three or more nuclei). (sciforschenonline.org)
nevertheless, we are able to identify the optimal conditions at which osteoclasts are found to be more than macrophage polykaryons. (sciforschenonline.org)
Finally, this article also demonstrates that osteoclasts and macrophage polykaryons can be distinguished by immunofluorescence staining for cathepsin K. (sciforschenonline.org)
It has been shown that multinucleated foreign body giant cells also express tartrateresistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) [14], hence, classical TRAP staining is unable to distinguish between macrophage polykaryons and osteoclasts. (sciforschenonline.org)

The balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays a major role in the process of bone formation. (researchpad.co)
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are stromal stem cells that are derived from bone marrow and possess multiplex differentiation potential ( 3 ). (researchpad.co)
A recent study suggested that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells showed stronger proliferation and osteogenic differentiation when cocultured with inactive human monocytes ( 12 ). (researchpad.co)
Preliminary biological studies were conducted to evaluate adhesion (6 h) of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to the patterns in terms of cell number and morphology. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Osteoclast differentiation was measured by tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP) staining and the TRAP solution assay. (biomedcentral.com)

The osteoclasts do not have receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH). (wikipedia.org)
Similar to bone-derived osteoclasts, MNC formed in long-term human bone marrow culture expressed osteoclast-specific antigens (detected by monoclonal antibodies 13c2 and 23c6) and did not express Fc receptors, T cell specific antigens, most myeloid antigens or mature macrophage antigens. (elsevierpure.com)
Cells sense their environment through the cell membrane receptors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Nanoclusters of receptors can be further organized hierarchically in the cell membrane at the meso- and micro-levels to exert different biological functions. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Recently, our groups established a method for differentiating dendritic cells that produce interferon-alpha, which can be applied as an SLE pathological model. (biomedcentral.com)
OBJECTIVE: The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and type I interferons (IFNs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a subject of controversy. (cnrs.fr)
In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic cells that now bear his name. (medscape.com)
The working group of the Histiocyte Society has divided histocytic disorders into 3 groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) macrophage-related disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. (medscape.com)

These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major osteoclast proteins but have significant differences from cells in living bone because of the not-natural substrate. (wikipedia.org)
i) Precipitated proteins in A10 cell lysates with m7GTP\agarose beads were identified by Western blot analysis. (informationalwebs.com)
ii) A10 cell lysates were incubated with GTP\agarose beads, and none of the proteins tested were precipitated with the beads. (informationalwebs.com)
Moreover, in HEK 293T cells, forced expression of Flag\FMRP results in an increased association of endogenous \catenin with the eIF4E pre\initiation complex without affecting \catenin expression, while again, no proteins interacted with the GTP\agarose control beads (Fig?4D\i and ii, respectively). (informationalwebs.com)

The osteoclastic potential of bone marrow stromal monocytes (BMSCs) in maxillary/mandibular bones differs from that of BMSCs in long bones. (oatext.com)

Pharmaceutical inhibition of osteoclast differentiation is a current therapeutic approach for the treatment of bone loss-related diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
However, inhibition of osteoclast formation via blocking RANK signaling can result in long-term bone remodeling defects. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast, continuous CSF1R inhibition led to depletion of both resident and recruited macrophage populations. (elifesciences.org)

The degradation products are phagocytosed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border. (wikipedia.org)
PFOS can form from the degradation of precursors in addition to industrial production. (t3db.ca)

Recent evidence obtained in mouse models shows its essential role regulating blood cell function through various mechanisms that include pseudohypoxia responses by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation, post-translational modifications like succinylation, and communication mediated by succinate receptor 1. (haematologica.org)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)

In other myeloid cell types, the signaling adapter protein DAP12 transmits activating signals on ligation of a DAP12-associated receptor (DAR). (elsevierpure.com)

Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity. (elifesciences.org)

In this experiment, we found that exosomes derived from M2 macrophages (M2D-Exos) could inhibit adipogenesis and promote osteogenesis of BMSCs. (researchpad.co)
Taken together, the results of our study indicate that exosomes isolated from M2 macrophages could facilitate osteogenesis and reduce adipogenesis through the miR-690/IRS-1/TAZ axis and might be a therapeutic tool for bone loss diseases. (researchpad.co)
Osteal macrophages are located on the bone surface and are tightly related to the osteogenesis of BMSCs ( 10 ). (researchpad.co)

In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of IKN on osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo . (e-jbm.org)
Materials and Methods: Osteoclasts from DAP12 -/- or control mice were analyzed in vitro for morphology, function, and for osteoclast markers. (elsevierpure.com)

An osteoclast (from Ancient Greek ὀστέον (osteon) 'bone', and κλαστός (clastos) 'broken') is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, we have discussed novel perspectives on the role of LF as an inductive factor for the proliferation of stem cells in tissue recovery and discussed its novel modulating effects in ameliorating cancer and microbial growth through several signaling cascades via monotherapy or combinatorial regimens. (bvsalud.org)
Bone is a very dynamic and heterogeneous tissue formed by two components which are in close relationship with each other during the bone remodeling process: extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We here investigated macrophage lineages and ablated tissue macrophages in homeostasis and after I/R injury in a CSF1R-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)

Basic research utilizing immune-related disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is expected to be a promising platform for elucidating the pathogenesis of the diseases and for drug discovery. (biomedcentral.com)
In summary, patient-derived iPS cells can provide a promising platform for pathological research and new drug discovery in the field of immune-related diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Investigating human immune-related diseases using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells presents a novel and promising field of study. (biomedcentral.com)
We suggest an advantage of utilizing iPS cells for studying human immune-related diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
As immune cells typically undergo differentiation from precursor or naïve cells to mature cells, it is possible to observe the cell differentiation process by using iPS cell-derived immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In this way, investigating human immune-related diseases using iPS cells offers distinct advantages over conventional research methods. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we discuss the application of iPS cells in the study of human immune-related diseases, with an emphasis on autoimmune diseases (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
A schematic summary of the investigation of immune-related diseases using patient-derived iPS cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
After inhibiting LDH, even in the presence of lactic acid, the function of effector T cells can be restored, which indicates that the effect of lactic acid on these immune cells is highly dependent on LDH. (medicaltrend.org)
Specific absence of homeostatic, monocyte-independent macrophages altered the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury and induced proinflammatory neutrophil polarization, resulting in impaired cardiac remodelling without influencing infarct size. (elifesciences.org)

This differentiation shift leads to decreased bone formation, contributing to the etiology of osteoporosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, M2 macrophages have been gradually recognized as a positive regulator of bone formation during fracture healing ( 13 ). (researchpad.co)
Osteoclasts and their activity are key regulators of bone formation. (sciforschenonline.org)

The actin filaments enable the cell membrane surrounding the sealing zone to be anchored firmly to the bony wall of Howship's lacunae. (wikipedia.org)
The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer, and is thought to be produced by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound precursors. (meddic.jp)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
A. Potassium permeability is allowing the cell membrane to remain depolarized, and Ca2+ channel opens moving Ca2+ back into the cell. (nursingessay24x7.com)
B. The cells are capable of responding to a greater than normal stimulus before the resting membrane potential is reached. (nursingessay24x7.com)
C. A slow depolarization occurs when Na+ is transported out of the cell and K+ moves back in, resulting in resting membrane potential. (nursingessay24x7.com)

DARs were identified in osteoclast cultures through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (elsevierpure.com)
Quercetin -rich vegetables such as onion and lettuce in meals are quite popular, and the daily intake of quercetin in Western countries is estimated to be 10-20 mg. 3 The extensive studies using cell cultures and experimental animals have clearly indicated its anti-atherosclerotic and anti-carcinogenic effects, as well as its protective action in the central nervous system (CNS). (rsc.org)
Primary osteoclast cultures are difficult to maintain and isolate. (sciforschenonline.org)

Anatomy51

Organisms14

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

RANKL34

Lineage11

Cytokines10

Inflammatory12

Osteoclastogenesis6

Hematopoietic precursors1

Tartrate resistant a3

Resorb4

BMMs2

Cytokine4

Peripheral blood3

Genes4

Regulate5

Osteoblasts10

Functional6

Pathways6

Murine3

Proliferation and differentiation2

Activity of osteoclasts2

Survival1

Phenotype5

Mononuclear cells1

Large multinucleated2

Epithelial cells2

Resident macrophages4

Lymphocytes4

Osteocytes1

Promotes3

Adipogenic differentiation1

Polymorphonuclear1

Stromal cells2

Tumor5

Cellular10

Resorption12

Induce1

Binds2

Colony2

Polykaryons5

Mesenchymal stem4

Assay1

Receptors4

Dendritic4

Proteins4

Osteoclastic1

Inhibition3

Degradation2

Activation3

Myeloid1

Innate1

Osteogenesis3

Vitro2

Tissue4

Immune11

Bone formation3

Membrane6

Cultures3