Origin of mitochondria. Medical search. Frequent questions

[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria, with rare exceptions, are found in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
5) The origin of eukaryotic cells I. The nucleocytoplasm. (elte.hu)
6) The origin of eukaryotic cells II. (elte.hu)
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria ) is a membrane boond organelle foond in maist eukaryotic cells (the cells that mak up plants , ainimals , fungi , an mony ither forms o life). (wikipedia.org)
Another Disappointment for the Evolutionary Model for the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells? (reasons.org)
These mixed emotions are clearly evident in the life scientists who strive to understand the evolutionary origin of complex, eukaryotic cells. (reasons.org)
1 And while researchers continue to accumulate clues about the origin of eukaryotic cells, they remain stymied when it comes to offering a robust, reliable evolutionary account of one of life's key transitions. (reasons.org)
The leading explanation for the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic cells is the endosymbiont hypothesis. (reasons.org)
This important lipid component of bacterial inner membranes is not found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells-except for the inner membranes of mitochondria. (reasons.org)
They can convert energy, produce ATP, for this reason, Mitochondria are called 'the power houses' of eukaryotic cells. (notesbard.com)
Glycolysis occurs in cytosol and the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria (for eukaryotic cells). (notesbard.com)
The first one states that mitochondria were prokaryotic cells that efficiently experienced oxidation processes which eukaryotic cells were not capable of performing. (blastingnews.com)

[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
What is the evolutionary relationship between mitochondria and hydrogenosomes (H 2 -generating and ATP-producing organelles that are found in eukaryotes lacking mitochondria)? (biomedcentral.com)
Symbiotic organelles: plastids and mitochondria. (elte.hu)
They see the biochemical similarities between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes as further evidence for the evolutionary origin of these organelles. (reasons.org)
Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA. (coursehero.com)
The subject was mitochondria, the tiny energy-producing organelles inside cells. (harvardmagazine.com)
They have a distinct nucleus, organelles involved in energy metabolism (mitochondria and chloroplast), extensive internal membranes and a cytoskeleton of protein fibres and flaments. (tripod.com)
As they conferred useful functions like aerobic respiration (mitochondria) and photosynthesis (chloroplasts), these organelles have been retained as endosymbionts. (tripod.com)
Mitochondria are organelles, known as the "energy powerhouse of the cell," using the oxygen that we breathe to convert glucose and fat into cellular energy. (mcgill.ca)
Oocyte mitochondria are unique organelles that establish a founder population in primordial germ cells (PGCs). (cdc.gov)

[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)
Larger proteins can enter the mitochondrion if a signaling sequence at their N-terminus binds to a large multisubunit protein called translocase in the outer membrane, which then actively moves them across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Expression levels of HK2, glucose transporter 1, TXNIP, c‑Myc and mitochondria‑regulated apoptosis pathway proteins were measured through western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
In humans, 615 distinct teeps o protein hae been identifee'd frae cardiac mitochondria, [16] whauras in rats , 940 proteins hae been reportit. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are also the primary source of the basic building blocks from which lipids, nucleotides, and proteins are derived. (cancer.gov)
However many proteins found in the mitochondria are encoded by nuclear DNA: some, if not most, are thought to have been originally part of the mitochondrial DNA but have since been transferred to the nucleus during evolution. (dadamo.com)
Mitochondria are especially sensitive to toxic insults, as they are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), they contain their own DNA (mtDNA) that is unprotected by histone proteins, they contain the electron transport chain that uses electron donors, including oxygen, to generate ATP, and they are important sensors for overall cellular stress. (cdc.gov)
Proteomics analysis identified mitochondria specific and extracellular vesicle associated proteins in sorted circulating cell-free human mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)

[1] Tae date, anerly ane eukaryote, Monocercomonoides , is kent tae hae completely lost its mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)

The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)
Many parallels can be drawn between mitochondria and bacteria including their morphology. (nature.com)
Mitochondria and bacteria also harbour circular DNA containing CpG-rich motifs. (nature.com)
Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria both have a double phospholipid membrane layer-the inner and outer membrane. (nature.com)
The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
The space between the two membranes is referred to as the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria and the intermembrane space in mitochondria [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
Since mitochondria emerged from bacterial ancestors during endosymbiosis, mitochondria, and bacteria had analogous genomic characteristics, similar bioactive compounds and comparable energy metabolism pathways. (frontiersin.org)
The homology between mitochondria and bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
In Sagan (1967) , first proposed the hypothesis that mitochondria evolved from bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
Each mitochondrion (plural is mitochondria) is a separate bacteria. (blavatsky.net)
Mitochondria are believed to have originated not from cyanobacteria but from an ancestor of the present-day purple photosynthetic bacteria that had lost its capacity for photosynthesis (chloroplasts from an ancestral Cyanobacterium). (tripod.com)
They have their own DNA that is a remnant from their early origins as bacteria. (mcgill.ca)
It is thought that mitochondria developed from symbiotic bacteria. (notesbard.com)
The mitochondria are the descendants of ancient bacteria that have been incorporated into most forms of life on Earth as the primary energy generators inside of cells. (emediahealth.com)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
The eukaryotic mitochondria (ATP synthesis) are endosymbionts like chloroplasts. (tripod.com)

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion: The outer mitochondrial membrane, The intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes), The inner mitochondrial membrane, The cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and The matrix (space within the inner membrane), which is a fluid. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are called mitoplasts. (wikipedia.org)
The outer mitochondrial membrane can associate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, in a structure called MAM (mitochondria-associated ER-membrane). (wikipedia.org)
Normally Mitochondria originated from cell membrane and nuclear membrane. (notesbard.com)
Mitochondria are double membrane bound organelle. (notesbard.com)

Mitochondria have enclosing outer membranes, and inner membranes with deep folds, called cristae, which extend far into the mitochondrial matrix. (harvardmagazine.com)

Paraptosis is a kind of caspase-independent programmed cell death and is characterized by distinct cytoplasmic vacuolization derived from swelling endoplasmic reticulum and/or mitochondria. (hindawi.com)

Here we review recent studies of the genetics of plant mitochondria, and their implications for the evolution and transmission of CMS. (bioone.org)
In: Plant Mitochondria: From Gene to Function. (umontreal.ca)

There are no cures for these diseases and currently, the only way to prevent a child from inheriting dysfunctional mitochondria is a controversial "three-parent baby" method ( SN: 12/14/16 ). (sciencenews.org)
In pathological conditions, damaged cells transfer dysfunctional mitochondria toward recipient cells to ask for help and take up exogenous functional mitochondria to alleviate injury. (frontiersin.org)

On the other hand, the possible fabrication of new mitochondria out of intracellular membranes, although an attractive hypothesis, has not been adequately substantiated. (rupress.org)

Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria in mammalian sperm are usually destroyed by the egg cell after fertilization. (dadamo.com)
Toxicant effects on mammalian oocyte mitochondria. (cdc.gov)
As the oocyte matures in the postnatal mammalian ovary during folliculogenesis it increases exponentially in volume, and the oocyte mitochondria population proliferates to about 100 000 mitochondria per healthy, mature murine oocyte. (cdc.gov)

This short slide set describes how many characteristics of mitochondria and plastids are explained by their endosymbiotic origins. (berkeley.edu)

[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
No longer free-living, that bacterium evolved to become what is now the mitochondrion, an intracellular organelle. (harvardmagazine.com)
Mitochondria are the most important cell organelle of virtually all eukaryotic organisms. (notesbard.com)
A recent study has found some answers on why do mitochondria- the organelle that supplies most of a cell´s chemical energy, have their own DNA. (blastingnews.com)

Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria generate maist o the cell's supplee o adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uised as a soorce o chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
Awtho maist o a cell's DNA is conteened in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion haes its awn independent genome that shaws substantial seemilarity tae bacterial genomes . (wikipedia.org)
Productive glucose metabolism was thought to require oxygen metabolism in mitochondria, the cell's power source. (cancer.gov)

The advance paves the way for one day fixing mutations in mitochondria. (sciencenews.org)
Earlier that week, he'd read about them in his pathology class, for which the definitive textbook included just a single, brief reference suggesting that mutations in mitochondria might lead to a human muscle disease. (harvardmagazine.com)
however, the question arises when considering that even though the genes are able to relocate, they are still found in the mitochondria, on which mutations of genes can lead to diseases that affect the brain, the heart and other important organs. (blastingnews.com)

Amongst their many roles, mitochondria play a crucial function in energy production, iron homeostasis, and the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
In: RNA Metabolism in Mitochondria, book series "Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology" (eds J.Cruz-Reyes, MW. (umontreal.ca)

How do mitochondria release immunostimulatory mtDNA? (nature.com)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. (dadamo.com)
In 1999 it was reported that paternal sperm mitochondria (containing mtDNA) are marked with ubiquitin to select them for later destruction inside the embryo (Sutovsky et. (dadamo.com)

A characteristic internal structure, consisting of a double-layered outer wall enclosing a matrix-filled space through which pass double-layered membranous folds, would appear to comprise as satisfactory a definition of mitochondria for electron microscopy as their intravital affinity for Janus green affords for light microscopy. (rupress.org)

A large number of unicellular organisms , such as microsporidia , parabasalids and diplomonads , have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures . (wikipedia.org)
A nummer o unicellular organisms, sic as microsporidia , parabasalids , an diplomonads , hae an aa reduced or transformed thair mitochondria intae ither structurs. (wikipedia.org)

They demonstrated that transferring functional mitochondria of bone marrow-derived stem cells to defective parenchymal cells increases the aerobic respiration capacity of recipient mitochondria ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondria were acquired when aerobic Eubacteria were engulfed by anaerobic host cells. (tripod.com)

The two types of cells became endoxymbionts, with mitochondria living inside the eukaryote. (blastingnews.com)

Warburg O: On the origin of cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
For instance, reid bluid cells hae na mitochondria, whauras liver cells can hae mair nor 2000. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Was the addition of mitochondria a first step in the formation of complex cells or one of the last? (quantamagazine.org)
In fact, its origin is nearly 100 years old and is based on the observation that, relative to normal cells, cancer cells avidly consume glucose and metabolize it without using oxygen. (cancer.gov)
A century later, we now know that mitochondria are so vital that cancer cells cannot grow without them. (cancer.gov)
Building from this logic, if we were able to shut down the mitochondria, could we not power down cancer cells? (cancer.gov)
Even in an era of specialization, such singular focus might seem extreme, but mitochondria are one of the most complex biological machines within cells-and arguably the most interesting. (harvardmagazine.com)
Cells can also produce a quick and easy form of sugar-based energy without the help of mitochondria, through an anaerobic process called glycolysis, but a mitochondrion oxidizing the same sugar yields 15 times as much energy for the cell to use. (harvardmagazine.com)
Mitochondria not only serve as power plants in cells but also act as crucial regulators in many biological processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, redox balance, calcium homeostasis, protein quality control, and programmed cell death ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Given the complexity of the biological function of mitochondria, researchers have begun to consider rescuing the injured cells through mitochondrial transfer, that is, replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria from donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
Studies have shown that cells can eliminate defective mitochondria by delivering them to recipient cells (such as macrophages) to maintain homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
And the released mitochondria can also act as a distress signal to activate the rescue properties of recipient cells ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
The existence of separate mitochondrial DNA suggests that, at one point, mitochondria were separate entities from their current host cells. (dadamo.com)
Each of our cells (except blood cells) contains hundreds to many thousands of mitochondria. (blavatsky.net)
Cells of the germinal matrix are rich in mitochondria and, therefore, are quite sensitive to ischemia. (medscape.com)
It was believed that mitochondria were once single and independent celled organisms until they were incorporated into larger cells. (blastingnews.com)
It´s also believed that once mitochondria were swallowed by bigger cells, they engaged into a mutual and beneficial relationship that allowed them to evolve into more complex kinds of life. (blastingnews.com)
While red blood cells have no mitochondria , liver cells may have a few thousand. (blastingnews.com)
Both help to reduce the oxidative damage to cells and especially to mitochondria. (emediahealth.com)
Circulating mitochondria were able to enter rho-zero cells, and were visualized using immunoelectron microscopic imaging. (bvsalud.org)
Mitochondria DNA is passed on solely from egg cells so it provides information about the direct female ancestral line. (medlineplus.gov)
[ 2 ] Oncocytic cells in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells, and oncocytic change is defined as cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm as a result of accumulation of altered mitochondria. (medscape.com)
Controversy exists about the origin of Hürthle cells, which generally are thought to derive from the follicular epithelium. (medscape.com)
The pathogenesis of mammary PD and the origin of Paget cells were once controversial. (medscape.com)

Approximately 1.5 billion years ago endosymbiosis between archaebacteria and a prokaryotic cell, driven by increased oxygen levels, led to the formation of mitochondria that we know nowadays [ 4 ]. (nature.com)
The origin of eukaryotic nucleus is almost certainly autogenous and not a result of endosymbiosis. (tripod.com)

Therefore, considering the common ancestries, similar mechanisms, similar goals, and similar structures between gut microbiota and mitochondria ( Franco-Obregon and Gilbert, 2017 ), is it possible that neural mitochondria are direct targets of intestinal microflora and function as key mediators regulating gut-brain interaction? (frontiersin.org)
Relying for identification upon this characteristic internal structure, mitochondria appear to be pleomorphic structures which vary in size, shape, complexity, and density. (rupress.org)

1 Recent insights reveal that mitochondria can regulate cell signaling and gene expression by tuning the rates of metabolic reactions. (cancer.gov)
Mitochondria produce metabolic energy by oxidizing carbohydrates, protein, and fatty acids. (harvardmagazine.com)

The abnormal morphology and dysfunction of mitochondria have been proven as the principal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Much of the endosymbiont hypothesis centers around the origin of the mitochondrion. (reasons.org)

Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)

A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)
High energy usage organs such as the brain, liver, kidney, and heart tend to have many more mitochondria than lower energy usage organs such as bones. (emediahealth.com)

Moreover, evidence suggests that nonmaternal inheritance of mitochondria may be more common than once believed. (bioone.org)

This is very clearly a burgeoning field, as our understanding of oocyte mitochondria and metabolism is still relatively new, and we contend much more research is needed to understand the detrimental impacts of exposure to toxicants on oocyte mitochondria. (cdc.gov)

The health of the mature oocyte and subsequent embryo is highly dependent on the oocyte mitochondria. (cdc.gov)
Here we review the effects that toxic insults including chemotherapeutics, toxic metals, plasticizers, pesticides , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ionizing radiation can have on oocyte mitochondria. (cdc.gov)

The origin of the eukaryotic nucleus marked a seminal evolutionary transition. (nature.com)
The rapid, fortuitous spread of introns following the origin of mitochondria is adduced as the selective pressure that forged nucleus-cytosol compartmentalization. (nature.com)
Origin of nucleus-cytosol compartmentalization in the wake of mitochondrial origin. (nature.com)

Is the amitochondrial condition in these organisms a secondary adaptation or is it evolutionarily primitive - or, in other words, did any organisms diverge from the main line of eukaryotic evolution before the advent of mitochondria? (biomedcentral.com)

In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
In addeetion tae suppleein cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in ither tasks, sic as signalin , cellular differentiation , an cell daith , as weel as mainteenin control o the cell cycle an cell growthe . (wikipedia.org)
Apart from supplying a cell´s energy, mitochondria is in charge of a cell´s growth, differentiation and cycle. (blastingnews.com)
As mitochondria are essential to energy production, it is not surprising that dwinding numbers of mitochondria and poorly functioning mitochondria are increasingly being tied both aging and to many serious degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (emediahealth.com)

Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm 2 in cross section, [9] but vary considerably in size and structure. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are commonly atween 0.75 an 3 μm in diameter [5] but vairy conseederably in size an structur. (wikipedia.org)

The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. (wikipedia.org)
The term "Mitochondria" is coined by C. Benda. (notesbard.com)

Therefore, the possible therapeutic value of melatonin as an antioxidant targeting mitochondria in atherosclerosis is worth exploring. (eurekaselect.com)

The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. (wikipedia.org)

Mitochondria are semiautonomous, because they can produce some protein by their own. (notesbard.com)

This in vitro fertilization technique requires mitochondria from a donor egg, in addition to genetic information from a mother and father. (sciencenews.org)
In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)

Mitochondria have folding to increase surface area, which in turn increases ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. (wikipedia.org)
Based upon research by Natreon scientists including Dr. Sauryya Bhattacharyya of India, it is believed that the DBP compounds are responsible for the mitochondrial health enhancing effects that stem in part from helping to maintain higher concentrations of active CoQ10 and to help mitochondria more efficiently convert fats and sugars into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). (emediahealth.com)

The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
These debates have posed such questions as the following: Did the mitochondrion arise at the same time as, or subsequent to, the rest of the eukaryotic cell? (biomedcentral.com)
Whereas the issue of how the eukaryotic cell arose remains controversial [ 8 , 9 ], current genomic data do allow us to make a number of reasonably compelling inferences about how mitochondria themselves originated and have since evolved. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. (nature.com)
The nummer o mitochondria in a cell can vairy widely bi organism , tishie , an cell teep. (wikipedia.org)
Vamsi Mootha with an image from his lab showing thread-like mitochondria (green) moving within a cell. (harvardmagazine.com)
A mitochondrion within a pancreas cell. (harvardmagazine.com)
Unlike most of the cell, the function of which is defined by nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own DNA and are assumed to have evolved separately. (dadamo.com)
Intact cell-free mitochondria have been reported in microparticles (MPs) in murine and human bodily fluids under disease conditions. (bvsalud.org)
We hypothesize that intact, cell-free mitochondria from heterogeneous cellular sources are present in the circulation under physiological conditions. (bvsalud.org)
Murine and human mitochondria-containing MPs were positive for the platelet marker CD41 and the endothelial cell marker CD144, while hematopoietic CD45 labeling was low. (bvsalud.org)
Both murine and human circulating cell-free mitochondria maintained a transmembrane potential. (bvsalud.org)
Together the data provide multiple lines of evidence that intact and functional mitochondria originating from several cell types are present in the blood circulation. (bvsalud.org)

Mammals have a form of internal heat production localised to their mitochondria, which they ramp up in the cold. (lu.se)

TCA occurs in mitochondria, which produced many amino acids, such as glutamic acids, aspartic acid etc. (notesbard.com)

The main obstacle is because many protein components of mitochondria are the network hubs of multiple biological pathways. (frontiersin.org)

Scientists report a new gene-editing tool that can target DNA in mitochondria (red). (sciencenews.org)

Probing mitochondria and oxygen, Vamsi Mootha finds new ways to understand disease. (harvardmagazine.com)
Many diseases and even aging itself are influenced by extensive damage from reactive oxygen species that are often pumped out in large quantity by the intensive redox reactions in the mitochondria. (emediahealth.com)
Since the mitochondria tend to be a source of a lot of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) due to their intense level of redox reactions, it would help to reduce DNA damage by ensuring that there is a plentiful supply of antioxidants such as the active form of CoQ10 called ubiquinol. (emediahealth.com)

Shilajit is claimed to greatly increase the concentration and function of the important enzyme and antioxidant CoQ10 inside the mitochondria. (emediahealth.com)
Shilajit appears to work by helping ubiquinol concentrate at higher levels in the mitochondria and to recycle its antioxidant capabilities more rapidly. (emediahealth.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes59

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Eukaryotic cells13

Organelles10

Proteins8

Completely lost its mitochondria1

Bacteria14

Chloroplasts5

Membrane6

Inner membranes1

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Plant mitochondria2

Dysfunctional mitochondria2

Membranes1

Mammalian4

Endosymbiotic1

Organelle4

Cell's4

Mutations3

Nucleic acids2

MtDNA3

Electron microscopy1

Reduced or transformed2

Aerobic2

Eukaryote1

Cells25

Endosymbiosis2

Structures2

Metabolic2

Morphology1

Hypothesis1

Bacterial2

Liver2

Suggests1

Metabolism1

Oocyte2

Nucleus3

Evolution1

Energy4

0.752

Benda2

Atherosclerosis1

Powerhouse1

Semiautonomous1

Donor2

Adenosine triphosphate2

Cell13

Mammals1

Amino acids1

Components1

Gene1

Oxygen3

Antioxidant2