• As a result, the list of indications for solid-organ transplantation has expanded considerably, placing increasing pressure on an already limited supply of donor organs. (medscape.com)
  • This article discusses the pathophysiology and techniques of organ preservation and describes various preservation solutions currently used for kidney , liver , pancreas , small-bowel , lung , and heart transplantation . (medscape.com)
  • The first successful organ transplantation was performed by John Merrill and Joseph Murray at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, between two identical twins, in 1954. (medscape.com)
  • The removal, storage, and transplantation of a solid organ from a donor profoundly alters the homeostasis of the interior milieu of the organ. (medscape.com)
  • These effects manifest in the degree to which the return of normal organ function is delayed or prevented after transplantation is completed. (medscape.com)
  • The injury an organ sustains during recovery, preservation, and transplantation occurs primarily as a result of ischemia and hypothermia. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to organs during transplantation occurs in 2 phases: the warm ischemic phase and the cold ischemic phase. (medscape.com)
  • The ideal treatment option for terminally ill patients is organ transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Organ transplantation is the ultimate treatment option for patients suffering from refractory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Depending on the patient's medical condition, a refractory disease patient also requires an on-time selective option, such as less invasive cellular therapy options or curative organ transplantation that can function immediately after transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
  • In countries with established transplant programs, organ transplantation is highly regulated. (britannica.com)
  • Of particular concern is organ donation , with legal , medical, and social issues surrounding the procurement of organs, without compensation, for transplantation. (britannica.com)
  • By law, OPOs are the only organizations that can perform the lifesaving mission of recovering organs from deceased donors for transplantation. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • The National Association of Medical Examiners supports donation and concluded in its 2014 position paper, Medical Examiner Release of Organs and Tissues for Transplantation, that with proper communication and cooperation the medical examiner and coroner can allow for procurement of at least some, if not all, organs and/or tissues and fulfill their legal mandates without detriment to death investigations. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Although previous recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through transplantation of human tissue and organs have markedly reduced the risk for this type of transmission, a case of HIV transmission from a screened, antibody-negative donor to several recipients raised questions about the need for additional federal oversight of transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • A working group formed by the Public Health Service (PHS) in 1991 to address these issues concluded that further recommendations should be made to reduce the already low risk of HIV transmission by transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • This occurrence raised questions about the need for additional federal oversight of transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • The working group concluded that, although existing recommendations are largely sufficient, revisions should be made to reduce the already low risk of HIV transmission via transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission after receipt of blood from donors and from transplantation of tissues and organs with HCV infection has occurred only rarely since 1992, when routine screening of these donated products was mandated in the United States ( 1367 , 1369 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep -related hypoxia /reoxygenation syndrome that can lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases , glucose and lipid metabolism , nervous system and even multiple organ damage, and is a serious threat to human health . (bvsalud.org)
  • What organ is responsible for regulating metabolism? (proprofs.com)
  • The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating metabolism. (proprofs.com)
  • It regulates metabolism through the release of hormones that stimulate or inhibit the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for metabolism. (proprofs.com)
  • Therefore, the hypothalamus is the correct answer as it is directly involved in regulating metabolism. (proprofs.com)
  • The thyroid hormone regulates energy and fat metabolism and protein synthesis by regulating different enzymes that are involved in those processes. (cdc.gov)
  • This Basic Science Symposium will bring together 350-500 basic and clinical investigators interested in molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism, signaling and organ crosstalk to enhance the development of translational approaches to treat various liver diseases, and their intestinal and neurological symptoms. (aasld.org)
  • However, misinformation discourages donation and fosters mistrust in what is a highly regulated and successful system. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • All of those other genes were and were undetectable in a number of organs of E11.5 mice, and was undetectable in a number of organs of 8-week-old mice (Shape 2), recommending that and display higher tissue expression specificity compared to the other 4 genes. (academiaperuanadepsicologia.org)
  • The majority of genes were down-regulated in the focally-irradiated lung areas at 2 to 3weeks after irradiation. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Ontological and pathway analyses indicated these down-regulated genes were mainly associated with organ development. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Although the number was small, genes that were up-regulated after focal irradiation were associated with immune-related functions. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • From network analysis of temporally regulated genes, we identified inter-related modules associated with diverse functions, including organ development and the immune response, in both the focally-irradiated regions and non-irradiated neighboring lung regions. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Conclusions: Focal exposure of lung tissue to high-dose radiation induced expression of genes associated with organ development and the immune response. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
  • In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
  • In particular,the Hes bHLH repressor genes play an essential role in the development of many organs by maintaining progenitor cells and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
  • These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • MADS-box genes interact with TB1 to regulate plant organ morphogenesis. (ias.ac.in)
  • These results indicate that, HvMADS57 regulates plant growth and development by interacting with HvTB1 to suppress the transcription of HvD14 in barley which is similar to the relationships among the orthologs of these genes in rice. (ias.ac.in)
  • Furthermore, these senescence phenotypes appear to be independent of insulin signaling and manifest in an organ-specific manner. (bioone.org)
  • These results indicate that the two intestinal secretory peptides antagonistically regulate adult lifespan and intestinal senescence through multiple pathways, irrespective of insulin, which implicates a complementary gradient distribution of each of the hormone-producing EEs, consistent with local requirements for cell activity along the posterior midgut. (bioone.org)
  • Blood sugar is regulated through insulin. (healthline.com)
  • Such disturbances seem to prevent the proper functioning of the cells in the pancreatic islet that secrete insulin and glucagon, the hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • People with type 1 diabetes aren't able to produce their own insulin (and can't regulate their blood sugar) because their body is attacking the pancreas. (diabetes.ca)
  • A hormone called insulin regulates glucose and moves it through the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, donor organs are in absolute shortage, and sadly, most patients die while waiting for a donor organ. (frontiersin.org)
  • Presently, in the United States, another person is added to an organ transplant list every 10 min, 17 people die each day while waiting for donor organs, and approximately 105,800 patients are waitlisted for an organ transplant according to the health resources and services administration (HRSA). (frontiersin.org)
  • Another area of ethical concern is the dilemma posed by the shortage of donor organs. (britannica.com)
  • Advances in immunosuppressive therapy have put increasing pressure on the supply of donor organs, and medical personnel sometimes find themselves having to determine who among the potential recipients should receive a lifesaving graft. (britannica.com)
  • HCC is the leading type of the malignant liver organ tumors with the unsatisfied treatment. (liveconscience.com)
  • Primary tumors can spread towards distant organs as single cells, when they lose a protein called E-cadherin. (news-medical.net)
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are highly conserved signaling molecules that are part of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, and function in the patterning and morphogenesis of many organs including development of the dentition. (edu.au)
  • The action of hormones are transduced by regulating the synthesis of proteins (5% of proteins in the body are regulated by thyroid hormone). (cdc.gov)
  • Testosterone production is regulated by hormones released from the brain. (rxlist.com)
  • These hormones travel through the bloodstream to activate the sex organs in both men and women. (rxlist.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of specialized groups of cells called glands that make, store, and release regulating chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate how the body functions. (cdc.gov)
  • These glands secrete hormones that travel through the circulatory system to regulate the various body systems. (cdc.gov)
  • There are several interlocking levels of synchronization of these clocks, the main one being light, which in particular regulates the central clock located in the cerebral hypothalamus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Many of those issues are overcome by organ registries, in which individuals choose to become organ donors. (britannica.com)
  • Through such registries, donors can indicate which organs they are willing to donate upon death. (britannica.com)
  • Furthermore, there is a danger of commercial interests becoming involved with people willing to sell their organs for personal gain, and there is definite risk of illegal organ trafficking, in which organs are procured from unwilling donors and then sold to facilities that offer transplant services. (britannica.com)
  • Organ donors have to meet extensive criteria, including dying in a hospital and on a ventilator, passing a host of medical tests, such as being free of most cancers and organ damage, having their organs accepted by the transplant teams, and most importantly, there must be authorization for donation. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • And, for any death that might have donor potential, OPOs send staff onsite to perform detailed medical record reviews of patient data to assess medical suitability and ensure potential organ donors are not missed. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Their commitment is evident 24-hours-a-day, 365 days a year in their care and compassion for organ donors and their families. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • The number of organ donors and lifesaving organ transplants continues to grow. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • And, based on data through the first nine months of this year, 2019 is on track to see a 9 percent increase in deceased organ donors over 2018. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • At the current pace, AOPO projects 2019 could see an additional 1,000 donors and 3,000 organs transplanted over last year. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Opioid overdose deaths are not driving the increase in organ donors. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Drug intoxication deaths, which includes opioid and others, have accounted for only about one-third of the growth in organ donors nationally since 2012. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • The increased use of organs from donors who have died from overdose illustrates both that OPOs are successful in their responsibilities of actualizing potential donors, and an important shift in perceptions among transplant professionals and the public about the acceptability of such organs. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • In 1985, when tests for HIV antibody became available, screening prospective donors of blood, organs, and other tissues also began (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Our bodies effectively regulate pH in our organs and bloodstream. (tasteofhome.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Our results indicate TRPM7 ion channel as a key protein regulating inflammatory responses and MODS during sepsis. (unab.cl)
  • Several investigators possess reported that neural crestCderived mesenchymal cells critically regulate the development and advancement of thymic epithelial cells26 by secreting substances, including Wnts, bone tissue morphogenetic protein (BMPs), and fibroblast development elements (FGFs).27C30 However, the transcriptional mechanisms that govern these epithelial-mesenchymal interactions as of this lymphocyte accumulation stage possess continued to be elusive. (academiaperuanadepsicologia.org)
  • For example, RAD18 plays a vital role in regulating the DNA stability of embryonic stem cells and cellular homeostasis in highly prolific cells [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
  • Here we discuss the transformative experimental strategies that are being leveraged to dissect the key cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate fibrosis, and the translational approaches that are enabling the emergence of precision medicine-based therapies for patients with fibrosis. (nature.com)
  • In this regard, whole organ generation via the BC approach holds great promise with a ready resource (livestock) for cellular therapies and as a radical treatment option for most terminal diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • As commonly defined, the human body is the physical manifestation of a human being , a collection of chemical elements , mobile electrons , and electromagnetic fields present in extracellular materials and cellular components organized hierarchically into cells , tissues , organs ,and organ systems. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In 1998, skeletal muscle was identified as an endocrine organ due to its now well-established role in the secretion of myokines. (wikipedia.org)
  • 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is a source of energy for your body, including your cells, tissues, and organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • and (c) actively regulating fluid and solute transport functions in response to inflammatory signals. (jci.org)
  • Liver and Organ Defender provides complete support for the key vital organs to improve liver and cardiovascular function as well as providing several antioxidants which helps to combat the damage caused by free radicals. (predatornutrition.com)
  • This coordinated activity is regulated by the central and peripheral nervous systems. (medscape.com)
  • In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)
  • This part of your nervous system regulates the work of your organs and glands while you're at rest. (webmd.com)
  • Post-embryonic lateral organ development and adaxial-abaxial polarity are regula. (kumamoto-u.ac.jp)
  • These outcomes claim that MafB indicated in third pharyngeal pouch mesenchymal cells critically regulates lymphocyte build up in the embryonic thymus. (academiaperuanadepsicologia.org)
  • The E11.5 3PP of MafB-deficient mice exhibits decreased expression of several mesenchymal molecules, including BMP4 and Wnt3, and many epithelial molecules, including CCL25 and CCL21, recommending that MafB indicated in thymic mesenchymal cells regulates embryonic thymus advancement in the lymphocyte accumulation stage critically. (academiaperuanadepsicologia.org)
  • Immunologists recognized the importance of lymphatic vessels as channels for leukocyte trafficking from peripheral sites to their draining LNs ( 4 - 6 ), and as conduits for soluble antigens that can be taken up directly by LN-resident B cells and immature DCs ( 7 - 10 ), which help regulate the kinetics of antigen presentation. (jci.org)
  • Stimulation of hedgehog signaling induces carcinogenesis or promotes cell survival in cancers of multiple organs. (rti.org)
  • Liver and Organ Defender can be used either as a general tonic to protect organ health as well as being especially important if you use any drugs (including alcohol) as drugs cause systemic strain on multiple organs especially the liver. (predatornutrition.com)
  • The growth in the number of patients wanting or waiting for a transplant has outpaced the supply of available organs. (medscape.com)
  • Narrowing the gap between available organs and those in need of a lifesaving transplant is a complex problem that deserves attention. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Insulin's role is to regulate the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. (diabetes.ca)
  • [ 8 ] Shortage of organs for transplantations prolongs patients' waiting time and increases the mortality and morbidity rates during the waiting time. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, RAD18 functions beyond DNA repair and may regulate many other key biological processes, such as chromatin strengthening, cell survival/death, stemness, and differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Regulation of the timing of cell differentiation and cell fate choice are key issues for making organs of the right size, shape and cell composition. (biologists.com)
  • The hedgehog pathway regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, differentiation, proliferation and survival during development. (rti.org)
  • They removed all melatonin-producing organs from the birds - the eyes and the pineal glands - and found GnIH levels fell. (nbcnews.com)
  • treatment after liver organ resection. (liveconscience.com)
  • Used jointly, the data right here showed EDG2 was a potential predictor for HCC sufferers getting liver organ resection and Atractylodin IC50 expanded HCC development via controlling EMT powered by PI3T/AKT/mTOR signaling. (liveconscience.com)
  • Desk 2 Univariate and multivariate studies of prognostic elements in HCC sufferers after liver organ resection EDG2 expanded the cell viability, growth, migration and breach of Huh7 cells through generating EMT phenotype To address the function of EDG2 on the pathogenesis of HCC, we constructed Huh7 cell model with improved EDG2 reflection via transfecting EDG2 showing plasmid. (liveconscience.com)
  • Another important organ for blood sugar regulation is your liver. (healthline.com)
  • Imaging tests may be needed to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such a CT scan, ultrasound, or MRI, which can help diagnose conditions affecting the liver, kidneys, or other organs. (healthline.com)
  • Liver and Organ Defender can be used by anyone but is especially important if you have impaired organ function such as if you are undergoing a course of drugs. (predatornutrition.com)
  • This immune reaction leads to rejection, the greatest problem in successful tissue and organ grafting. (britannica.com)
  • A signaling pathway that plays a key role in regulating tissue and organ growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
  • In general, our data provided evidence that HCG18/hsa-mir-148a-regulated high expression of LAYN is associated with immune cell infiltration and unfavorable prognosis of LIHC patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Tests on Japanese quail showed the hormone regulates a sexual pathway believed to be involved in seasonal breeding patterns. (nbcnews.com)
  • In Drosophila , FGF produced in wing-disc cells regulates the development of the disc-associated air-sac-primordium (ASP). (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus, GPI-anchored FGF organizes both source and recipient cells and self-regulates its cytoneme-mediated tissue-specific dispersion and signaling. (biorxiv.org)
  • Although it seemed that enhanced appearance of EDG2 did not influence TGF1 signalings, EMT transcription factors including SNAI1 and Turn were both found up-regulated by overexpression of EDG2 in Huh7 cells. (liveconscience.com)
  • The lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are arranged in a manner that optimizes interactions among antigens, APCs, and innate and adaptive effector cells. (jci.org)
  • It regulates the serum cholesterol level by influencing the level of cholesterol uptake into cells. (cdc.gov)
  • It regulates the receptor for cholesterol, takes it out of the blood stream and puts it into the cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Nearly all the cells in our body comprise molecular clocks that regulate and synchronize metabolic functions to a 24-hour cycle of day-night changes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Like a conductor in the orchestra, it regulates peripheral clocks present in organs and cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Senescent cells, which can be found in most organs from older people, also have fewer splicing factors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The human body is an intricate organism, with cells, tissues, organs, and systems working together in remarkable harmony . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • When cancer cells dissociate from the original tumor and migrate via the blood stream to colonize distant organs, is the main cause of cancer death. (news-medical.net)
  • The latter are therefore partly centrally regulated, but function differently in each organ, and even in each cell, depending on their functions. (sciencedaily.com)
  • spices contain powerful phytonutrients that regulate and affect body functions. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Blood sugar must be carefully regulated to ensure that the body functions properly. (diabetes.ca)
  • Many studies have found that obstructive sleep apnea causes damage to myocardial, hippocampus , kidney and other organs, and its mechanism may be related to autophagy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Techniques for organ preservation serve to minimize this damage to promote optimal graft survival and function. (medscape.com)
  • This can result in organ damage. (medicinenet.com)
  • Persistent high blood sugar levels damage organs and tissues. (healthline.com)
  • Too much blood sugar can cause damage to organs, blood vessels, and nerves. (diabetes.ca)
  • These proteins regulate growth and development. (cdc.gov)
  • Oxidative stress pathways regulate redox balance by Nrf2 and other ways. (springer.com)
  • The human brain is an incredibly intricate organ that regulates everything from our motor skills to our memories. (lu.se)
  • Anatomy focuses on the structure and form of the human body by describing, for example, organs and organ systems. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Also with age, the stomach Stomach The stomach is a large, bean-shaped, hollow muscular organ consisting of four regions: Cardia Fundus Body Antrum read more cannot accommodate as much food (because of decreased elasticity), and the rate at which the stomach empties food into the small intestine decreases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Soluble fiber helps to lower cholesterol levels and regulate blood sugar levels, while insoluble fiber promotes healthy digestion and prevents constipation. (proprofs.com)
  • Facebook chief Mark Zuckerberg has called for governments to play a "more active role" in regulating the internet, urging more countries to adopt versions of sweeping European rules aimed at safeguarding user privacy. (dawn.com)
  • A novel role for astrocytic fragmented mitochondria in regulating morphine addiction. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The document regulates the role and jurisdiction of national courts and their relationship with other organs of the state. (lu.se)
  • These results suggest that AR is positively regulated by DJ-1, which antagonizes the function of negative regulators, including DJBP. (nih.gov)
  • It regulates the function of many organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because the digestive system has a lot of reserve built into it, aging has less effect on its function than it does on the function of other organ systems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Large intestine and rectum Because the digestive system has a lot of reserve built into it, aging has less effect on its function than it does on the function of other organ systems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 2017, approximately 114,000 patients in the United States waited for an organ transplant ( Sykes and Sachs, 2019 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Whether a person is a registered organ donor can then be indicated on a personal identification card (e.g., a driver's license), authorizing organ procurement once the individual is deceased. (britannica.com)
  • In the absence of legal consent via registration as an organ donor, organ procurement representatives are required to consult with next of kin for authorization to obtain organs from the deceased person. (britannica.com)
  • Organ procurement organizations (OPOs) actively pursue donation possibilities. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • [ 1 ] With such constraints, preservation of organs for transport between centers becomes crucial in order to facilitate broader sharing of these limited-resource items. (medscape.com)
  • Sugarbeet sucrose synthase gene expression is organ-specific, developmentally regulated, and affected by abiotic stresses [abstract]. (usda.gov)
  • Sucrose synthase gene expression is tissue-specific, developmentally regulated, and influenced by abiotic stresses [Abstract]. (usda.gov)
  • In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we summarize the history of interspecies chimerism in various animal models to find hints for BC application and describe the challenges and prospects of utilizing BC for human organ generation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Did you know that the human skin is also our largest organ. (bellaonline.com)
  • Autophagy regulates multiple organ injury in obstructive sleep apnea and its related mechanisms]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many aspects of Hes expression are regulated by Notch signaling, which mediates cell-cell communication. (biologists.com)
  • There is currently a significant amount of misinformation being spread about the process for deceased organ donation , and particularly, that the supply problem is easily solvable because 'thousands of transplantable organs go unrecovered each year. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • If you are writing about organ donation, we hope you will include the facts below and reach out to our organizations for additional information or to speak to experts. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • 6). They note their estimates represent the "full potential of the system, assuming 100-percent donation rates and 100-percent organ utilization. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • They do not take into account the many clinical factors, and transplant program preferences and acceptance practices, that limit organ donation in a real-world setting. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Organ donation is truly a rare event. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Less than 1 percent of all people die in a way that allows for organ donation. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • OPOs will screen more than 700,000 telephone death referrals from hospitals for the potential of organ donation this year alone. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • OPOs are only reimbursed when they succeed at their mission - assisting donor families in carrying out their decisions to save lives through organ donation and delivering organs to transplant programs for their patients on the transplant waiting list. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • The 1984 National Organ Transplant Act established today's system of organ donation and recovery to standardize the process for donation and ensure fair and equitable allocation of donated organs. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • The nation saw its eighth straight record year for organ donation in 2018. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • Organ, eye and tissue donation does not compromise death investigations. (giftoflifemichigan.org)
  • A 1991 investigation determined that several recipients had been infected with HIV by an organ/tissue donor who had tested negative for HIV antibody at the time of donation (4). (cdc.gov)