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GenotypePolymorphism, GeneticPhylogenyMolecular Sequence DataPolymorphism, Single NucleotideAllelesSequence Analysis, DNAGene FrequencyGenetic VariationPolymerase Chain ReactionGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePhenotypeBase SequencePolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthCase-Control StudiesMutationDNA, BacterialBacteriaHaplotypesSpecies SpecificityHepacivirusModels, GeneticAmino Acid SequenceHomozygoteEvolution, MolecularBacterial ProteinsGenetic MarkersMolecular EpidemiologyRisk FactorsChinaAnti-Bacterial AgentsAsian Continental Ancestry GroupAquatic OrganismsDNA PrimersMethylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)RNA, Ribosomal, 16SHeterozygoteBiological EvolutionOrganisms, Genetically ModifiedSequence AlignmentGenotyping TechniquesCulture MediaGlutathione TransferaseEscherichia coliLinkage DisequilibriumDNA, RibosomalMicrobial Sensitivity TestsHepatitis CBacterial Typing TechniquesRNA, ViralHepatitis C, ChronicBacteriological TechniquesModels, BiologicalChromosome MappingFecesRibavirinHepatitis B virusCluster AnalysisCatechol O-MethyltransferaseGenes, BacterialAntiviral AgentsTime FactorsVirulencePeptidyl-Dipeptidase AGenomicsGenetics, PopulationWater MicrobiologyMicrosatellite RepeatsSequence Homology, Amino AcidGenome, BacterialGenomeJapanSelection, GeneticAlgorithmsDNA FingerprintingGenome, ViralEukaryotaSequence HomologyCohort StudiesInterferon-alphaDNA, ViralEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupMinisatellite RepeatsPromoter Regions, GeneticEnvironmentCrosses, GeneticApolipoproteins EGene DeletionDatabases, GeneticFungiArylamine N-AcetyltransferaseSoftwarePrevalenceMycoplasmaPharmacogeneticsRecombination, GeneticCaenorhabditis elegansOdds RatioCloning, MolecularAryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
GenesPhenotypesPhenotype of an organismTherapeutic RegimensOrganism's genotypeAllelesHomozygous dominantCharacteristicsUnicellularSpeciesGenePlasticityGeneticallySoilIdenticalPredictionPhenotypicEnvironmentalInfectionMethodsReproduceMutationsDivergentGeneticsBiologicalGenetic materialHumansSequencePopulationsHaplotypesSurviveLaboratoryDependCarriesDemonstrationGroupEvolutionIndividualDataBiologyPatientsExpressionHumanModelPassPlantCreateIncrease
Genes8
  • The genes contribute to a trait, and the phenotype is the observable expression of the genes (and therefore the genotype that affects the trait). (wikipedia.org)
  • If a white mouse had recessive genes that caused the genes responsible for color to be inactive, its genotype would be responsible for its phenotype (the white color). (wikipedia.org)
  • The set of genes an organism has. (berkeley.edu)
  • If an allele makes one of these genes nonfunctional, or causes it to take on an abnormal, harmful activity, it may be impossible to get a living organism with a homozygous (or, in some cases, even a heterozygous) genotype. (khanacademy.org)
  • Population genetics analyses the pattern of distribution of genes in populations of organisms, and changes in the genetic structure of populations. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • The particular version of a genome carried by an individual is called the genotype (its set of genes). (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • The relative likelihood that an organism will survive and pass on its genes to the next generation in comparison to organisms with a different gene or genotype. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both approaches identify genes presumed to have detrimental consequences on the organism upon mutation. (bvsalud.org)
Phenotypes7
  • A primary goal in current genomic research is to establish relationships between genotypes and phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • citation needed] The mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes is sometimes referred to as the genotype-phenotype map. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even two organisms with identical genotypes normally differ in their phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • T2 is the transformation due to natural selection, T3 are epigenetic relations that predict genotypes based on the selected phenotypes and finally T4 the rules of Mendelian genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The common blood types known as A, B, and O illustrate Mendel's theory of inheritance, but with an added twist: A and B are co-dominant traits, meaning both phenotypes will appear in the organism if both factors (now called alleles) are present. (wolfram.com)
  • This Demonstration illustrates the possible phenotypes and genotypes of human offspring based upon the genotypes of their parents. (wolfram.com)
  • Gene essentiality estimation is a popular empirical approach to link genotypes to phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
Phenotype of an organism2
Therapeutic Regimens1
  • Organism-specific therapeutic regimens for the most common organisms responsible for periorbital cellulitis (also known as preseptal cellulitis) are provided below. (medscape.com)
Organism's genotype3
  • An organism's genotype is a major (the largest by far for morphology) influencing factor in the development of its phenotype, but it is not the only one. (wikipedia.org)
  • An organism's genotype may not define its haplotype uniquely. (wikipedia.org)
  • â ¢ How can one use systems biology and genomic data to analyze, interpret, and predict the relation between an organism's genotype and its phenotype? (aiche.org)
Alleles4
  • Sometimes, genotype refers to the entire genome of an organism and sometimes it refers to the alleles carried at a particular locus . (berkeley.edu)
  • A haplotype ( haploid genotype ) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the alleles that Mendel studied, it was equally possible to get homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous genotypes. (khanacademy.org)
  • Orange and green represent the presence of O-alleles in the genotypes of children with blood types A and B, while purple denotes the presence of A- and B-alleles and antigens in type AB blood. (wolfram.com)
Homozygous dominant1
  • Eventually, the allele will be "cancelled out" by the genotype of an organism becoming homozygous dominant. (unl.edu)
Characteristics3
  • the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. (studystack.com)
  • A phenotype is a set of one or more physical characteristics possessed by an organism (eg. (wolfram.com)
  • Genetics is that subdiscipline of biology devoted to the study of heredity, the phenomenon by which organisms pass on their characteristics to their offspring. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
Unicellular2
  • In the 1980s, biochemical analysis of the nucleic acid composition of Pneumocystis rRNA and mitochondrial DNA identified the organism as a unicellular fungus rather than a protozoan. (medscape.com)
  • In unicellular organisms like E. coli and yeast, the benefits of between potential cost and benefit, regulation can make the most a well-adapted regulatory system are readily quantified, as the difference to the long-term growth rate if the resource in question fitness of an individual can be estimated by its growth rate in is only available a similarly small fraction of the time. (lu.se)
Species4
  • The authors recently investigated the diversity of haplotypes and genotypes within Gambusia species in India. (thehindu.com)
  • Furthermore, various species and genotypes of organisms provide diverse foods, essential nutrients and medicines. (who.int)
  • The highly important group of saproxylic organisms are beetles, with numerous species that are either of conser. (researchgate.net)
  • The model organism medaka comprises several species and deeply divergent lineages from the Oryzias latipes species complex. (elifesciences.org)
Gene2
  • It allows users to obtain, visualize and prioritize molecular interaction networks using HD-relevant gene expression, phenotypic and other types of data obtained from human samples or model organisms. (nature.com)
  • Transcriptomic analyses showed that the relative effects of parent and offspring environment on gene expression (i.e. the number of differentially expressed transcripts, DETs) varied both for the two types of resource stress and among genotypes. (lu.se)
Plasticity3
  • citation needed] The concept of phenotypic plasticity defines the degree to which an organism's phenotype is determined by its genotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In contrast to phenotypic plasticity, the concept of genetic canalization addresses the extent to which an organism's phenotype allows conclusions about its genotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through developmental plasticity, an individual organism integrates influences from its immediate environment with those due to the environment of its parents. (lu.se)
Genetically2
Soil2
  • We examined this issue in four genotypes of the annual plant Persicaria maculosa by varying two key resources - light and soil moisture - in both generations. (lu.se)
  • By contrast, the relative effect of soil moisture varied dramatically among genotypes, from 8-fold more DETs due to parental than immediate conditions to 10-fold fewer. (lu.se)
Identical1
  • Organisms of nearly identical genotype but differing in one important character (at one locus). (bspp.org.uk)
Prediction3
  • Prediction of the effect of single point mutations (sequence variants) on protein function and the organism. (tum.de)
  • Prediction of phenotype from genotype. (tum.de)
  • Our long-term goal is to make prediction about how organisms will adapt to living in a contaminated future world in both water and land environments. (lu.se)
Phenotypic1
  • Non-trivial genotype-phenotype mappings, neutrality, and the adaptation of phenotypic variability form the core of this theory. (logos-verlag.de)
Environmental4
  • These findings provide evidence at the transcriptomic level that the relative impacts of parental and immediate environment on the developing organism may depend on the environmental factor and vary strongly among genotypes, providing potential for the interplay of these developmental influences to evolve. (lu.se)
  • has been identified as the 2nd most consensus (ERIC) sequences which · 60 environmental samples were tak- frequent organism causing ventilator- are common to Gram-negative enteric en throughout the ICU, including associated pneumonia, the 4th most bacteria [11,12]. (who.int)
  • My expertise lies in answering questions about how environmental pollutants interact with organisms on a molecular level. (lu.se)
  • The main objective of research in my laboratory is to understand how environmental pollutants interfere with and change biological processes in organisms from natural, wild populations. (lu.se)
Infection2
  • Although most animals are highly resistant to M. leprae and will rapidly dispose the organisms, laboratory mice will develop a very limited infection when they are inoculated into the cool temperatures of their hind foot pads. (cdc.gov)
  • P jiroveci is now one of several organisms known to cause life-threatening opportunistic infections in patients with advanced HIV infection worldwide. (medscape.com)
Methods5
  • CRISPR-based lineage recording methods are potentially scalable to whole-organism, with a single-cell resolution, and have produced high expectations in the developmental biology field. (irbbarcelona.org)
  • However, existing imputation methods most often make use only of genotypes that are successfully inferred after having passed a certain read depth threshold. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, almost all genotype imputation methods require ordered markers and are therefore of limited utility in non-model organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, these methods also result in significant amounts of missing genotype data when compared to previous technologies like SNP arrays [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • â ¢ What are the best methods to combine data from hypothesis-driven research with data from high-throughput studies to create models of cells, communities of cells, and entire organisms? (aiche.org)
Reproduce3
  • Put an evolutionary algorithm to work in a virtual environment and it doesn't take long to create life-like organisms in silico that live and reproduce entirely within a virtual computer-based environment. (technologyreview.com)
  • This happens as a result of sampling error - some genotypes just happen to reproduce more than other genotypes, not because they are "better," but just because they got lucky. (berkeley.edu)
  • The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. (bvsalud.org)
Mutations1
  • A phenotype is said to be canalized if mutations (changes in the genome) do not noticeably affect the physical properties of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Divergent1
  • Adaptive radiation - Evolution, from a primitive type of organism, of several divergent forms adapted to distinct modes of life. (marxist.com)
Genetics4
  • The genotype-phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The challenge of a complete theory of population genetics is to provide a set of laws that predictably map a population of genotypes (G1) to a phenotype space (P1), where selection takes place, and another set of laws that map the resulting population (P2) back to genotype space (G2) where Mendelian genetics can predict the next generation of genotypes, thus completing the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • In practice, there are two bodies of evolutionary theory that exist in parallel, traditional population genetics operating in the genotype space and the biometric theory used in plant and animal breeding, operating in phenotype space. (wikipedia.org)
  • www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genetics. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
Biological1
Genetic material2
Humans1
  • Years later, Dr. Otto Jirovec and his group isolated the organism from humans, and the organism responsible for PJP was renamed after him. (medscape.com)
Sequence1
  • Using next-generation DNA sequence (NGS) data from apple, cannabis and grape, we quantify the effect of varying read count and missingness thresholds on the quantity and quality of genotypes generated from LinkImputeR. (biomedcentral.com)
Populations1
  • My thesis investigated how different genotypes contribute to biotransformation capacity in wild populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) carrying high loads of PCBs in their tissues. (lu.se)
Haplotypes1
  • Given the genotypes for a number of individuals, the haplotypes can be inferred by haplotype resolution or haplotype phasing techniques. (wikipedia.org)
Survive1
  • This is an example of lethality , in which a particular genotype makes an organism unable to survive. (khanacademy.org)
Laboratory1
  • It later proved to be an ideal laboratory organism that was easy to maintain due to its small body size, and its simple dietary and habitat requirements. (elifesciences.org)
Depend1
  • These ecosystems depend on saproxylic organisms, which play a crucial role in the decomposition of the main substrate of forests - wood. (researchgate.net)
Carries2
  • The molecule that carries the genetic information in organisms (except RNA viruses). (marxist.com)
  • All the genetic information an organism carries. (berkeley.edu)
Demonstration1
  • [ 1 ] Although a histopathologic demonstration of the organism is required for a definitive diagnosis (see Histologic Findings), treatment should not be delayed. (medscape.com)
Group1
  • Suggested citation: National TB Controllers Association / CDC Advisory Group on Tuberculosis Genotyping. (cdc.gov)
Evolution2
  • Therefore, understanding the theory of evolution via natural selection requires understanding the genotype-phenotype distinction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lamarckism, a theory of evolution based on the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime-such. (britannica.com)
Individual1
Data7
  • Genomic studies such as genome-wide association and genomic selection require genome-wide genotype data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All existing technologies used to create these data result in missing genotypes, which are often then inferred using genotype imputation software. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most genomic studies also choose read depth thresholds and quality filters without investigating their effects on the size and quality of the resulting genotype data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that LinkImputeR can significantly augment the value and utility of NGS data sets, especially in non-model organisms with poor genomic resources. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The availability of large, high quality genome-wide genotype data is required for these studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nearly all studies that make use of genome-wide genotype data first fill in the missing genotypes using genotype imputation [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By inferring missing genotypes, not only does imputation result in a more complete table of genotype data, but it can also improve the power of downstream analyses, such as Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Biology1
  • T1 represents the genetic and epigenetic laws, the aspects of functional biology, or development, that transform a genotype into phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Patients6
  • In May 2011, the HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir received FDA approval for patients infected with HCV genotype 1. (medscape.com)
  • A third protease inhibitor, simeprevir, received FDA approval in November 2013 for use in patients infected with HCV genotype 1. (medscape.com)
  • Interferon-free therapy is also an option for patients with genotype 1 who are interferon-ineligible. (medscape.com)
  • En Égypte, des isolats prélevés sur les tubulures d'appareils d'aspiration et de respiration artificielle (A8) et sur les cuvettes (A7) étaient liés à ceux prélevés chez les patients ayant ces antibiotypes. (who.int)
  • En Égypte, les isolats des patients étaient de types ERIC VII, VIII et IX et correspondaient à ceux des tubulures des appareils d'aspiration et de respiration artificielle et des cuvettes. (who.int)
  • Une étude a été menée dans des unités de soins intensifs en chirurgie pour adultes de l'hôpital universitaire de Zagazig, (Égypte) auprès de 25 patients atteints de septicémie, de 27 patients atteints d'une septicémie sévère et de 28 témoins. (who.int)
Expression1
Human2
  • (http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/biodiversity-human-health/en/, accessed 21 February 2018). (who.int)
  • Biodiversity and human health ( https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-12/cop-12-dec-21-en.pdf, accessed 21 February 2018). (who.int)
Model4
  • It is specifically designed for non-model organisms since it requires neither ordered markers nor a reference panel of genotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The medaka is a fish that has served as a model organism for over a century, yet there is still much to learn about its life in the wild. (elifesciences.org)
  • The traditional breeding of naturally occurring color mutants led to experiments in the early 20th century that sparked the medaka's role as a model organism. (elifesciences.org)
  • This in silico model, which is based on biochemical rate equations, does not describe a specific organism, but the magnitudes of its parameters are chosen to match realistic values. (lu.se)
Pass1
  • Because of this, any read information for genotypes that did not pass the threshold, and were thus set to missing, is ignored. (biomedcentral.com)
Plant1
Create1
Increase1
  • Even the crudest transcriptional network is shown to substantially increase the fitness of the organism, and this effect persists even when the range of nutrient levels is kept very narrow. (lu.se)