OrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Cyclic AMP Receptor ProteinReceptors, Cyclic AMPOperonCyclic AMPEscherichia coliGene Expression Regulation, BacterialBacterial ProteinsEscherichia coli ProteinsLac OperonBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesDNA, BacterialMolecular Sequence DataGalactoseGenes, BacterialTranscription, GeneticPectobacterium chrysanthemiDNA Footprintingbeta-GalactosidaseBinding SitesRegulonMutationPlasmidsLactoseProtein BindingCarrier ProteinsSigma FactorAmino Acid SequenceGenes, RegulatorMutagenesis, InsertionalElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayDNA-Binding ProteinsAllosteric RegulationRepressor ProteinsGene DeletionAraC Transcription FactorArabinoseProtein ConformationCloning, MolecularAnaerobiosisTrans-ActivatorsDictyosteliumAdenylate CyclaseKineticsTranscription FactorsModels, MolecularTranscriptional ActivationElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelGlucoseDNASalmonella typhimuriumRestriction MappingGenetic Complementation TestBucladesineGene Expression RegulationrRNA Operon
EscherichiaSynthesisGenesTranscriptionInducerBacterialCatabolitePolymeraseColiSynthasePromoterEnzymesRegulatoryBindsTranscriptionalRepressibleArabinoseRepressionEncodesAmino acidPhosphateCAMP receptoMessenger RNAAdenosineBindStimulatoryRegulatorsSubunitsMetabolismKinaseRepressor proteinRecombinantAgonistsCytochromeLactoseGeneCentersLiverLipidsAraCInactiveIncorporationNitrateBindingResiduesMutantsStructuresEnzymeImmuneCompoundsSignificantlyMoleculesDistinctFunctionToxinBacteria
Escherichia11
  • Mutations that alter the ability of Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein to activate transcription. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The glutamate synthase operon ( gltBDF ) contributes to one of the two main pathways of ammonia assimilation in Escherichia coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • A small number of global regulatory proteins appear to play a central role in integrating the regulatory architecture of Escherichia coli, so as to promote coherent transcriptional responses to environmental changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Escherichia coli is the best-known model for the biotechnological production of many biotechnological products, including housekeeping and heterologous primary and secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins, and is an efficient biofactory model to produce biofuels to nanomaterials. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Field M, Graf LH Jr, Laird WJ, Smith PL (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: In vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. (springer.com)
  • Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)
  • Gupta DD, Saha S, Chakrabarti MK (2005) Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in a human colonic carcinoma cell line, COLO-205. (springer.com)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74323","adhE","Escherichia coli","fused acetaldehyde-CoA dehydrogenase/iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase/pyruvate-formate lyase deactivase [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74850","yeaD","Escherichia coli","D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Synthesis6
  • As a result, we identified a third protein (Mlc) that is required for toxin synthesis by binding to the toxin's DNA. (usda.gov)
  • Furthermore, in low-oxygenated conditions, the previously identified CRP protein works through this newly identified Mlc protein to increase toxin synthesis. (usda.gov)
  • Thus, we have undertaken studies to identify other regulators of leukotoxin transcription and to demonstrate how these proteins work together to modulate leukotoxin synthesis. (usda.gov)
  • The AraC protein regulates the expression of its own synthesis and other ara system genes. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Protein synthesis and lipogenesis are highly stimulated in the liver at sexual maturity in hens (15 to 20 fold) to support the incorporation of 0.75 kg proteins and 1.5 kg of triglycerides into the yolk over a year of commercial production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Genes6
  • The gal operon of E. coli consists of 4 structural genes: galE (epimerase), galT (galactose transferase), galK (galactokinase), and galM (mutarotase) which are transcribed from two overlapping promoters, PG1 (+1) and PG2 (-5), upstream from galE. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulatory genes which encode a cyclic AMP receptor protein required for L-arabinose utilization in E. coli. (nih.gov)
  • Although AmlR apparently is a local transcriptional regulator of the aml operon, the Δ amlR strain shows severe growth inhibitions on glucose and - concomitantly - differential transcription of several genes of various functional classes. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The genome of E. coli MG1655 is 4,641,642 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The genome size of E. coli strain K-12 MG1655 is 4,641,652 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins, 228 RNA genes, and 146 pseudogenes. (encyclopedia.pub)
Transcription12
  • Unlike the wild type, lsrK and glpD mutants do not activate transcription of the lsr operon in response to AI-2. (princeton.edu)
  • G3P accumulates in the glpD mutant and represses lsr transcription by preventing cyclic AMP (cAMP)-catabolite activator protein (CAP)-dependent activation. (princeton.edu)
  • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) also accumulates in the glpD mutant, and DHAP represses lsr transcription by a cAMP-CAP-independent mechanism involving LsrR, the lsr operon repressor. (princeton.edu)
  • Transcription of the ltxA operon is induced during anaerobic growth. (usda.gov)
  • First, analyses of ltxA RNA expression from defined leukotoxin promoter mutations in the chromosome identify -69 to -35 as the key control region and indicate that an activator protein modulates leukotoxin transcription. (usda.gov)
  • Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcription of the aml operon is significantly repressed in the wild type when growing on glucose and repression is absent in an Δ amlR deletion mutant. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lac DNA, RNA polymerase and cyclic AMP receptor protein, cyclic AMP, lac repressor and inducer are the essential elements for controlled lac transcription. (wikidata.org)
  • The involvement of nearly half of E. coli 's most-global regulatory proteins in the control of gltBDF transcription is striking, but seems consistent with the central metabolic role of this operon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclic AMP receptor protein: role in transcription activation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Regulatory proteins, namely the Transcription Factors (TFs), bind in a sequence-specific manner to TFBSs to activate or suppress gene transcription (gene expression). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7) A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in A) continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. (easynotecards.com)
Inducer1
  • lsrK encodes the AI-2 kinase, and the lsrK mutant fails to activate expression because it cannot produce phospho-AI-2, which is the lsr operon inducer. (princeton.edu)
Bacterial8
  • It is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon. (nih.gov)
  • Previous work identified two proteins in the bacterial cell (IHF, CRP) that directly affect toxin level by either directly or indirectly binding to the cellular DNA code responsible for toxin production. (usda.gov)
  • Our goals were to identify other proteins that affect bacterial toxin production and to elucidate how these proteins work together. (usda.gov)
  • Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. (easyomics.org)
  • The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. (lookformedical.com)
Catabolite1
Polymerase4
  • Increased levels of this sugar inhibit the activity of the repressor by binding allosterically, resulting in a conformational change of the protein, which suppresses its interactions with RNA polymerase and DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given the physiological importance of gltBDF , and the potential opportunity to learn about integration of global regulatory signals, a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches was used to investigate the involvement of additional regulatory proteins, and to determine their relative binding positions and potential interactions with one another and with RNA polymerase (RNAP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon is to A) bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter. (easynotecards.com)
  • D) The repressor protein and allolactose bind to RNA polymerase. (easynotecards.com)
Coli1
  • Our results were surprising and significant since in another bacteria associated with human health, E. coli, the protein Mlc has the opposite function. (usda.gov)
Synthase1
  • We treated RAW 264.7 macrophages with conditioned media (CM) generated from planktonic or biofilm cultured SA in combination with agonists or inhibitors of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING pathway. (qxmd.com)
Promoter2
  • The former is just upstream of the promoter, and the latter is just after the galE gene (the first gene in the operon). (wikipedia.org)
  • In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)
Enzymes2
  • The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on the cell's ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Regulatory3
  • Additionally, since the metabolism of galactose in the cell is involved in both anabolic and catabolic pathways, a novel regulatory system using two promoters for differential repression has been identified and characterized within the context of the gal operon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3) Which of the following is a protein produced by a regulatory gene? (easynotecards.com)
Binds2
  • In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2 . (wikipedia.org)
  • B) Allolactose binds to the repressor protein. (easynotecards.com)
Transcriptional1
  • in an operon with an upstream PurR/LacI-type transcriptional regulator gene, named amlR ( ACSP50_2475 ), and a gene downstream ( ACSP50_2473 ) encoding a GGDEF-EAL-domain-containing protein putatively involved in c-di-GMP signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Repressible1
Arabinose4
Repression2
  • Repression of gene expression for this operon works via binding of repressor molecules to two operators. (wikipedia.org)
  • This looping requires the presence of the histone-like protein, HU to facilitate the formation of the structure and allow for proper repression. (wikipedia.org)
Encodes1
  • GalT encodes for the protein galactosyltransferase which catalyzes the transfer of a galactose sugar to an acceptor, forming a glycosidic bond. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acid4
  • Proteins are amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds. (studysmarter.co.uk)
  • Cellular amino acid pools are constantly being partially drained and refilled as the body synthesizes and degrades proteins. (studysmarter.co.uk)
  • An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins . (lookformedical.com)
  • An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. (lookformedical.com)
Phosphate1
  • The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. (wikipedia.org)
CAMP recepto1
  • The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) indirectly increases ltxA expression but the intermediary regulator is unknown. (usda.gov)
Messenger RNA1
  • The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)
Adenosine2
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP , cyclic AMP , or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate ) is a second messenger , or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP). (wikipedia.org)
Bind2
  • In Arabidopsis, TIR-derived small molecules bind and activate EDS1 heterodimers, which in turn activate RNLs, a class of cation channel-forming immune receptors. (nsf.gov)
  • D) bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it. (easynotecards.com)
Stimulatory1
Regulators1
  • These include 37 proteases and antiproteases, which are likely to play a role in the formation of the yolk (vitellogenesis), as regulators of protein metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunits2
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins . (lookformedical.com)
  • Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (lookformedical.com)
Metabolism2
  • This induces the activity of the operon, which will increase the rate of galactose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report here direct evidence that three of these seven proteins, plus a more specific regulator, cooperate to control an operon critical to nitrogen metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinase3
  • In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-dependent protein kinase ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Several classes of protein kinases , including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further effects mainly depend on cAMP-dependent protein kinase , which vary based on the type of cell. (wikipedia.org)
Repressor protein3
  • For this repressor protein to function properly, the operon also contains a histone binding site to facilitate this process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activity of this repressor protein is controlled based on the levels of D-galactose in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • A) The repressor protein attaches to the regulator. (easynotecards.com)
Recombinant1
  • Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. (qxmd.com)
Agonists1
Cytochrome1
Lactose1
Gene1
  • Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
Centers1
  • An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. (lookformedical.com)
Liver1
  • The major egg yolk proteins, with the exception of immunoglobulins, are synthesized by the liver of laying hens. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipids1
  • Egg yolk constitutes a major source of proteins, minerals, vitamins and lipids for the developing embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
AraC2
Inactive1
Incorporation1
  • Glu is one of the small minority of amino acids for which the great bulk of the molecules are used for purposes other than direct incorporation into proteins [2]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nitrate1
  • Funciton: Nitrate/nitrite sensor protein NarQ (EC 2.7.3. (lbl.gov)
Binding2
  • In addition to demonstrating different interactions between CRP and Mlc and their effects on periodontal toxin production, we also discovered how the IHF protein decreases toxin production by blocking Mlc binding to the toxin DNA. (usda.gov)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Residues1
  • Sequence alignment of the protein encoded by etrA reveal that the four cysteine residues that form the [4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster in Fnr are conserved in EtrA [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutants1
Structures1
Enzyme1
  • cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase . (wikipedia.org)
Immune2
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontal pathogen, synthesizes leukotoxin (LtxA), a protein that helps the bacterium evade the host immune response. (usda.gov)
  • In plants, most TIR domains are incorporated into intracellular immune receptors termed TNLs. (nsf.gov)
Compounds1
  • It also synthesizes proteins and nitrogen-containing compounds like hormones and nucleotide bases using amino acids present in the body. (studysmarter.co.uk)
Significantly1
Molecules1
  • Alongside Carbohydrates , fats, and Nucleic Acids , proteins are one of the Organic Molecules that make up most life forms. (studysmarter.co.uk)
Distinct1
  • Three hundred and sixteen distinct proteins have been identified in egg yolk. (biomedcentral.com)
Function2
  • Protein of unknown function (DUF520) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. (lookformedical.com)
Toxin1
  • Therefore, we conclude that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) toxin production does not solely rely on the proteins previously identified but requires additional factors, as well. (usda.gov)
Bacteria1
  • For Arabidopsis roots, protein extraction by beating whole roots with small beads provided the greatest number of identified microbial proteins and improved the identification of proteins from gram-positive bacteria. (nsf.gov)