AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
In Vitro Oocyte Maturation TechniquesOocytesEmbryo Culture TechniquesOogenesisMeiosisXenopus laevisCumulus CellsFertilizationMaturation-Promoting FactorXenopusMetaphaseOocyte DonationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosGenes, mosOocyte Retrieval
Patient's oocytesMature oocytesFolliclesCumulus cellsProphaseEmbryonic developmentOvulationMetaphaseMeioticFertilizationMiRNAFolliculogenesisAfterwardOogoniaArrestPrimordialOccursFollicularGranulosaCompetenceOogenesisPolar bodyPubertyUndergoGrowsProcessesConsistsVirtuallyHumanImportantRateProcessPrimarySheepPresentDevelopmentQuality
Patient's oocytes2
  • By 1991, the first human pregnancy was recorded using IVM followed by IVF, and in 1994 the first birth using IVM oocytes from polycystic ovarian syndrome patients was recorded highlighting that PCOS patient's oocytes are capable of maturation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the patient's oocytes carrying the mutated MAD2L1BP resumed polar body extrusion (PBE) when rescued by microinjection of full-length MAD2L1BP cRNAs. (bvsalud.org)
Mature oocytes3
  • Of these primordial follicles, only around 400 mature oocytes are released and could be potentially fertilised, with the rest undergoing atresia. (wikipedia.org)
  • They must inject themselves daily for four weeks with large doses of hormones to encourage their ovaries to produce numerous mature oocytes while simultaneously suppressing the normal menstrual cycle, which would eject the eggs into the fallopian tubes. (discovermagazine.com)
  • at the same time, others are learning how to mature oocytes outside the body. (discovermagazine.com)
Follicles6
  • In vitro maturation (IVM) is the technique of letting the contents of ovarian follicles and the oocytes inside mature in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primordial follicles containing the primary oocyte, arrested at prophase of meiosis I, develop into primary follicle containing cuboidal granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • If without the use of priming, oocytes are obtained when the largest follicles are around 10mm in size. (wikipedia.org)
  • biopsied human ovarian tissue and achieved a 10% rate of maturation from unilaminar follicles into metaphase II by a multi-step culture system: 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium with activin A 4 days of culture on membranes with activin A and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oocytes were collected from aspirated porcine tertiary follicles. (biomedcentral.com)
Cumulus cells2
Prophase2
  • Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that oocytes deprotected from their surrounding layer of follicular cells and expressing the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and the Grb7 adaptor undergo accelerated prophase I to metaphase II meiosis progression upon stimulation by EGF. (bvsalud.org)
Embryonic development2
  • Oogonia enter meiosis during embryonic development, becoming oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs in frozen maturated oocytes may provide a better understanding of embryonic development and a comparison of fertility conservation in female mammals. (bvsalud.org)
Ovulation1
Metaphase2
  • [10] Meiosis then proceeds to second metaphase, where it pauses again until fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, by whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified homozygous and compound heterozygous MAD2L1BP variants in three families with female patients diagnosed with primary infertility owing to oocyte metaphase I (MI) arrest. (bvsalud.org)
Meiotic13
  • Meiosis begins with DNA replication and meiotic crossing over. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
  • Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the effects of the interaction between follicular cells and the oocyte surface on meiotic processes are unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, we determined that oocytes surrounded by their follicular cells expressing EGFR-Grb7 exhibit normal meiotic resumption. (bvsalud.org)
  • These oocytes are protected from abnormal meiotic spindle formation through the recruitment of O-GlcNAcylated Grb7, and OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase), the enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAcylation processes, in the integrin ß1-EGFR complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, an O-GlcNAcylation increase (by inhibition of O-GlcNAcase), the glycosidase that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, or decrease (by inhibition of OGT) amplifies oocyte spindle defects when follicular cells are absent highlighting a control of the meiotic spindle by the OGT-O-GlcNAcase duo. (bvsalud.org)
  • Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) occurs during oocyte meiotic maturation, a period when transcriptional processes are virtually inactive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of nuclear meiotic maturation via IBMX significantly increased MIR21 and decreased its target, PDCD4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicate MIR21 is active and important during meiotic maturation of the oocyte. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The oocyte must maintain arrest at the diplotene stage until meiotic resumption occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of particular interest is understanding the role of non-coding RNA in regulating meiotic checkpoints in the oocyte, particularly that of microRNA-21 (MIR21). (biomedcentral.com)
Fertilization5
  • It can be offered to women with infertility problems, combined with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), offering women pregnancy without ovarian stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1935, Pincus & Enzmann did the first experiment on immature rabbit oocyte, showing in vitro spontaneous maturation and fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • SECM technique may be a valuable tool for accurately assessing the quality of embryos and thereby contribute to improving outcomes associated with assisted reproduction, including human in vitro fertilization. (bioone.org)
  • Following germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) the oocyte is transcriptionally quiescent until fertilization and activation of the embryonic genome, occurring at the four-cell stage of development in the pig [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When it comes to eggs, though, the success of in vitro fertilization has created a demand far exceeding supply. (discovermagazine.com)
MiRNA1
  • Although assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have helped to solve many infertility problems, they cause changes in the expression of miRNA and genes in oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and the effect of these changes on the future of offspring is unknown, and has caused concerns. (bvsalud.org)
Folliculogenesis1
  • Through in vitro maturation, folliculogenesis and latter parts of oogenesis are being mimicked outside of the ovaries- trying to recreate the conditions for these processes. (wikipedia.org)
Afterward1
  • The ewes afterward resumed their ovarian cycles, and some of them mated and gave birth. (discovermagazine.com)
Oogonia1
  • Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
Arrest3
  • Human oocyte maturation arrest represents one of the severe conditions for female patients with primary infertility. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, our studies identified and characterized novel biallelic variants in MAD2L1BP responsible for human oocyte maturation arrest at MI, and thus prompted new therapeutic avenues for curing female primary infertility. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oocyte arrest at the diplotene stage is maintained in part through the activity of phosphodiesterase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) into AMP [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Primordial2
Occurs2
  • They showed maturation occurs in isolation from normal follicular environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
Follicular3
  • Xenopus oocytes are encompassed by a layer of follicular cells that contribute to oocyte growth and meiosis in relation to oocyte maturation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we investigated Xenopus follicular cell function using oocyte signaling and heterologous-expressing capabilities. (bvsalud.org)
  • In summary, our study provides further insight into the role of the follicular cell layer in oocyte meiosis progression. (bvsalud.org)
Granulosa3
  • The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP , that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study was to assess the effects of brief, intense exposure to tobacco smoke on granulosa cell number, oocyte growth, and follicle size during puberty in female Swiss mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Competence1
  • To characterize the effect of artificially increasing MIR21 on oocyte competence without inhibiting GVBD, a MIR21 mimic, scrambled microRNA negative control, or nuclease free water was micro-injected into denuded oocytes at 21 h of IVM. (biomedcentral.com)
Oogenesis1
Polar body1
  • cRNA microinjection of full-length or truncated MAD2L1BP uncovered their discordant roles in driving the extrusion of polar body 1 (PB1) in mouse oocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Puberty2
  • Moreover, brief exposure during puberty may induce silent oocyte disruption, which could in turn lead to decreased fecundity rates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By puberty there are at most only a quarter of a million oocytes left. (discovermagazine.com)
Undergo1
Grows1
  • By the time she is ready to enter the world, no more than 2 million are left alive, the rest having fallen prey to a mysterious process of cellular suicide, one that will continue to claim oocytes as the girl grows. (discovermagazine.com)
Processes2
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-encoding RNAs that actively regulate biological and physiological processes, and play an important role in regulating gene expression in all cells, especially in most animal cells, including oocytes and embryos. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, the maturing oocyte is reliant on processes such as post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) to regulate the mRNA and protein repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
Consists1
  • This follicle consists of the oocyte surrounded by flattened pregranulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
Virtually1
Human1
  • Priming is the process by which the oocytes are primed with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) before retrieval. (wikipedia.org)
Important2
  • The oocytes are then cultured in media containing nutrients important for oocyte survival, such as gonadotrophins, growth factors and steroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inability to transcribe mRNA during this stage of development and the probable necessity for post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) suggests an important role for non-coding RNA in the maturing oocyte. (biomedcentral.com)
Rate1
Process1
  • Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)
Primary1
  • [2] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. (wikipedia.org)
Sheep2
Present1
  • The adenylyl cyclase is kept active by a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor known as GPR3 and a G-protein, Gs, also present in the oocyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Development1
  • The expression of miRNAs at the right time and place is crucial for the oocyte's maturation and the embryo's subsequent development. (bvsalud.org)
Quality1