Oocyte nuclei with adult somatic cell nuclei. Medical search. Frequent questions

This approach could become an alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a method that is currently used to produce human stem cells. (news-medical.net)
SCNT involves transferring the nuclei of adult cells, called somatic cells, into oocytes in which scientists have removed the nuclei. (news-medical.net)
체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
Successful somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) depends on the quality, availability and maturation of the animal's unfertilized oocytes. (nature.com)
Previously, intra- and interspecific canine embryos have been constructed by canine SCNT into canine and bovine oocytes, respectively, but this did not result in viable offspring 9 . (nature.com)
For SCNT, the chromosomes of the unfertilized canine oocytes were removed by micromanipulation, and a single donor cell was transferred into each enucleated oocyte. (nature.com)
The team led by Galina Singina at the Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry managed to clone the calf using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), with embryonic fibroblasts as donors of nuclei. (isaaa.org)
This is currently achieved by three methods: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cell fusion and direct reprogramming by defined transcription factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
SCNT allows generating ESCs (ntESC) from cloned embryos obtained through injection of a somatic nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. (hiv-proteases.com)
SCNT and experiments involving fusions between PSCs and somatic cells (Figure 1 (g)) demonstrate that factors present in the egg and in PSCs have the ability to reset somatic nuclei to a pluripotent state 7. (hiv-proteases.com)
The Dolly experiment showed that scientists could reprogram the nucleus of somatic cells by transferring the contents of the nucleus into oocytes that have had their nuclei removed, a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)
The primary cloning technique is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT). (cbc-network.org)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
The second position is that of those who believe that the human zygote obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning) is a different biological entity to the zygote obtained naturally (see our ethical assessment HERE ). (bioethicsobservatory.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)

The activated oocytes were then transferred into the oviducts or uterine horns of recipient dogs at times appropriate to the embryos' developmental stages. (nature.com)
We collected an average of 12 oocytes from each female, and a total of 1,095 reconstructed canine embryos were transferred into 123 recipients. (nature.com)
In addition, our experiments show that heat-treating donor nuclei destabilizes higher-order features of chromatin (but leaves intact its nucleosomal organization) and results in a high proportion of reconstructed embryos developing to the blastocyst stage and beyond. (cnrs.fr)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
According to Zhao Jianping, the company's deputy general manager, the process began with constructing 137 new embryos from enucleated (process of removing the nucleus from a cell) oocytes and somatic cells followed by the transfer of 85 embryos to the uteri of seven beagles, of which one was born as a healthy wolf. (cordmagazine.com)
Stem cells originating in human embryos can be categorized as either embryonic stem cells or embryonic germ cells . (orthodoxwiki.org)
In Vitro Fertilization - some of the embryos used in human stem cells research were initially created for infertility purposes through in vitro fertilization procedures. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Photographs of (a) the procedure of somatic cell transfer (shown with the arrow) into the perivitelline space of an enucleated oocyte, (b) cloned bovine embryos used for transplantation to recipient animals, and (c) cloned calf (obtained in Russia for the first time). (isaaa.org)
The research team succeeded in inducing the activation of embryonic genes*4, which is an essential reprogramming phenomenon, with various animal somatic nuclei in mouse embryos arrested at the early stage, which has not been used in conventional cloning techniques. (mynewsdesk.com)
2 Cloning technology: Development of reconstructed embryos produced by transplanting cell nuclei into pre-fertilized eggs is induced by activation stimulation, and then the reconstructed embryos are to be implanted in oocytes to generate cloned animals that share identical genomes as the donor cells. (mynewsdesk.com)
Animals (or embryos) composed of cells of different genetic origin. (nationalacademies.org)
Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos. (nationalacademies.org)
Yamanaka worked to find new ways to acquire embryonic stem cells to avoid the social and ethical controversies surrounding the use of human embryos in stem cell research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (asu.edu)
Martin GR. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. (springer.com)
Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. (springer.com)
Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult cells. (articlecity.com)
Embryonic stem cells, which must be extracted from embryos three to five days old (known as blastocysts, which contain only about 150 cells at this point of development). (articlecity.com)
Like Dolly the sheep, these microscopic embryos can also be implanted into a host uterus, where they develop into a fetus and grow into adult animals after birth. (the-scientist.com)
A couple of studies show some success in generating early microscopic embryos, but this [study] is the first successful pluripotent stem cell line," said Daley. (the-scientist.com)
This could help researchers identify abnormalities in iPSC differentiation, correct them, and develop pluripotent stem cells that don't harbor tumorigenic qualities and do not require the use of human embryos. (the-scientist.com)
Finally, this threat also extends to embryos produced by cloning and parthenogenesis , which can then be used for presumably therapeutic and, in particular, experimental ends, mainly to obtain embryonic cell lines that can then be used for biomedical experiments, leading to the inevitable destruction of the embryos created. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. (axonmedchem.com)

To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned mammalian offspring originating from nonviable cells. (cnrs.fr)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. (springer.com)
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst-stage embryo, are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body (pluripotency) and of maintaining the capacity for indefinite self-renewal without compromising their genomic integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)
The hippo signaling pathway is essential for regulating proliferation and apoptosis in mammalian cells. (appliedbioinfo.com)
It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes. (absoluteastronomy.com)

This technology has not so far been successful in dogs because of the difficulty of maturing canine oocytes in vitro . (nature.com)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
Choi Y H, Love L B, Varner D D, Hinrichs K. (2006), Blastocyste development in equine oocytes with low meiotic competence after suppression of meiosis with roscovitine prior to in vitro maturation. (rfgi.fr)
In vitro nuclear maturation of compact and expanded equine oocytes treated with Roscovitine. (rfgi.fr)
Li X, Morris LHA & Allen WR (2002) In vitro development of horse oocytes reconstructed with the nuclei of fetal and adult cells. (rfgi.fr)
Germ cells and stem cells also differ with respect to their growth characteristics in vitro and their behavior in vivo. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Additionally, MoS2 NDs boost the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells under high glucose/hypoxia conditions in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
The stem cell field witnessed a genuine breakthrough when a combination of solely four transcription factors ( Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc, OSKM ) proved enough to revert, in vitro, the differentiated status of a variety of cell types back to pluripotency, giving rise to so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (springer.com)
The induction of a specific differentiated cell type can be useful for transplantation or drug screening and drug discovery in vitro. (justia.com)
We are working to generate red blood cells in vitro from pluripotent stem cells, however the extremely large cell numbers involved pose unique challenges to culture technology and scale-up. (selectbiosciences.com)
This unique duality makes them an attractive system for potential regenerative medicine and cell therapies, but also for differentiation studies in vitro and for modeling diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
By transducing two genes (c-MYC and BCL-XL) into iPS cells and ES cells, a research team has succeeded in producing erythrocyte progenitor cells with almost unlimited ability to replicate in vitro, which they then differentiated successfully into mature erythrocytes. (sciencedaily.com)
This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)

Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from another member of the same species. (nationalacademies.org)
Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. (springer.com)
For example, because hematopoietic stem cells can reconstitute the entire blood system, bone marrow transplantation has long been used in the clinic to treat various diseases. (articlecity.com)
Similarly, the transplantation of other tissue-specific stem cells, such as stem cells isolated from epithelial and neural tissues, can treat mouse disease models and human patients in which epithelial and neural cells are damaged. (articlecity.com)
It is the policy of Washington state that research involving the derivation and use of human embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, and human adult stem cells from any source, including somatic cell nuclear transplantation , is permitted upon full consideration of the ethical and medical implications of this research. (cbc-network.org)
This could allow us to create cells that are useful for transplantation for a variety of diseases without the problem of immunological rejection," said Noggle in a press briefing. (the-scientist.com)
As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
In particular, the induction of stem cells to differentiate into muscle cells (myocytes) is useful for muscle transplantation and therapeutic purposes, as well as providing potential human disease models in culture (e.g. for testing pharmaceuticals). (justia.com)

Figure 1: Dog cloned by somatic-cell nuclear transfer. (nature.com)

Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

nuclear maturation of equine oocytes. (rfgi.fr)
Antibody Microarray Analyses of Signal Transduction Protein Expression and Phosphorylation during Porcine Oocyte Maturation. (appliedbioinfo.com)
Kinex antibody microarray analyses was used to investigate the regulation of 188 protein kinases, 24 protein phosphatases, and 170 other regulatory proteins during meiotic maturation of immature germinal vesicle (GV+) pig oocytes to maturing oocytes that had completed meiosis I (MI), and fully mature oocytes arrested at metaphase of meiosis II (MII). (appliedbioinfo.com)
The regulation of these proteins were also examined in parallel during the meiotic maturation of bovine, frog, and sea star oocytes with the Kinex antibody microarray. (appliedbioinfo.com)
Western blotting analyses confirmed altered expression levels of Bub1A, IRAK4, MST2, PP4C, and Rsk2, and the phosphorylation site changes in the kinases Erk5 (T218 + Y220), FAK (S722), GSK3-beta (Y216), MEK1 (S217 + S221) and PKR1 (T451), and nucleophosmin/B23 (S4) during pig oocyte maturation. (appliedbioinfo.com)
It was also found that the expression of the BCL-XL gene was higher during the maturation process of erythrocyte progenitor cells than during their replication process. (sciencedaily.com)

They have lost the ability to differentiate to all cell types needed for a complete embryo development (up to 14 days post-fertilization). (orthodoxwiki.org)
Some recent studies focus on the plasticity of the adult stem cells, which is the ability to differentiate in specialized cells of another tissue. (orthodoxwiki.org)
1 Reprogramming: Reprogramming is the process that adult somatic cells acquire the ability to differentiate into all cell types of an organism. (mynewsdesk.com)
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the unique ability to differentiate into every cell type and to self-renew. (biomedcentral.com)
These adult stem cells are considered multipotent, having the ability to differentiate into different cell types, albeit with a more limited repertoire than embryonic stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)

Their analyses showed that the hybrid cells were "tetraploid" - meaning they contained the combined chromosomes of both the somatic cells and the embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
In the end, the egg cell contained three sets of chromosomes-two from the diploid somatic cell, and one from the haploid egg. (the-scientist.com)
7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
Shettles, a physician, who specialized in obstetrics and gynecology, found a difference in the size and shape of male sperm cells that he correlated with the different sex chromosomes they carry. (asu.edu)
During the differentiation process from hematopoietic progenitor cells, chromosomes in the cell nucleus aggregate and the cell becomes a mature erythrocyte by subsequently losing this nucleus (enucleation). (sciencedaily.com)
Polytene chromosomes are usually found at the interphase nuclei of some tissue of the larvae of flies. (trentonsocial.com)
The end product of the replication cycles is a nucleus with a haploid number of chromosomes, each containing up to 2,000 or more parallel strands. (trentonsocial.com)
In the Collembola, however, the polytene chromosomes typically remain unpaired and the nuclei contain the diploid number (Fig. 92). (trentonsocial.com)
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has a total of eight chromosomes (four pairs) in each of its somatic cells. (trentonsocial.com)
Humans have 46 chromosomes in each diploid cell. (trentonsocial.com)
The total number of chromosomes in diploid cells is described as 2n, which is twice the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (n). (trentonsocial.com)
A cell with two sets of chromosomes is diploid, referred to as 2n, where n is the number of sets of chromosomes. (trentonsocial.com)
A cell with one set of chromosomes, such as a gamete, is haploid, referred to as n. (trentonsocial.com)
Hence, an organism with cells 2n=6 would be an organism that is diploid and has 6 chromosomes total. (trentonsocial.com)
In this example, a diploid body cell contains 2n = 4 chromosomes, 2 from mom and two from dad. (trentonsocial.com)

The fusion causes the adult cells to undergo genetic reprogramming, which results in cells that have the developmental characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
Eggan, Melton and their colleagues decided to pursue their alternative route after other researchers had shown that genetic reprogramming can occur when mouse somatic cells are fused to mouse embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
Here we report on the successful reprogramming of nuclei from somatic cells rendered nonviable by heat treatment. (cnrs.fr)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. (biomedcentral.com)
These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on these observations Yamanaka and colleagues screened 24 pluripotency transcription factors and demonstrated that over-expression of the reprogramming factors Oct4 Sox2 Klf4 and c-Myc (referred to as OSKM) is sufficient to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts (Figure 1 (h)) 8. (hiv-proteases.com)
the discipline of cell lineage reprogramming is in its infancy and further research will become needed to improve the efficiency of the reprogramming course of action and the fidelity of the reprogrammed cells to their in vivo counterpart. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
This allows induction of reprogramming of various animal cell nuclei, which was difficult with conventional cloning methods. (mynewsdesk.com)
Various cloned animals have been created with the reprogramming technology that restores cells to the undifferentiated state by transplanting differentiated adult somatic cells into oocytes, and it has been also expected to revive endangered or extinct species. (mynewsdesk.com)
In particular, genomic reprogramming resets the epigenetic information accumulated in the adult somatic cells, and the cells revert back to an early embryonic state. (mynewsdesk.com)
Yamanaka claimed that Gurdon's work in reprogramming mature cells in frogs ( Xenopus ) in 1962 influenced his own work in reprogramming differentiated cells. (asu.edu)
Induced pluripotent stem cells, which harness the power of genetic reprogramming - basically, the altering of a cell's DNA - to change the course of cellular development. (articlecity.com)
So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)
Despite immense promise, somatic cell reprogramming still faces a critical challenge. (sibi.org)
Reprogramming of differentiated cells can be efficiently induced in oocytes. (selectbiosciences.com)
Actin and actin-binding proteins in the oocyte nucleus play important roles in this reprogramming. (selectbiosciences.com)
However, in differentiated cells, loss of HP1β has the opposite effect, perturbing maintenance of the differentiation state and facilitating reprogramming to an induced pluripotent state. (biomedcentral.com)

Cloning, the process of creating copies of living organisms, including cells, tissues, etc, was first used to create an animal in 1996 by a Scottish scientist. (cordmagazine.com)
Cells of the same type make tissues, and tissues make organs. (orthodoxwiki.org)
In some adult tissues, such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain, discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacement cells. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Adult stem cells give the body its ability to repair and replace the cells and tissues of some organs. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Adult stem cells are dispersed in tissues throughout the mature organism and behave very differently depending on the local environment. (orthodoxwiki.org)
By this technique, the team established primary cultured cells using tissues collected from postmortem Oryx dammah, a species extinct in the wild, and succeeded in activating embryonic genes from their cell nuclei. (mynewsdesk.com)
Comparison of human mesenchymal stromal cells from four neonatal tissues: Amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, placental decidua and umbilical cord. (sciendo.com)
In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
The ability of our body to regenerate some of its tissues is largely owed to the reserves of adult stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
Although tardigrades are sometimes reported as eutelic animals, mitosis has been reported in several somatic tissues of adult eutardigrades. (researchgate.net)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
Figure 1 Sources of pluripotent Stem Cells Table 1 Molecular and functional assays to assess the developmental potential of PSCs. (hiv-proteases.com)
Initial hypotheses in the late 1800s advocated that cellular differentiation happens through permanent deficits of hereditary info.10 However German embryologists Hans Dreisch and Hans Spemann found that separation of the early blastomeres of recently fertilized animal eggs generates two fully-formed animals.11 These "twinning" experiments challenged the hypothesis that cells permanently shed developmental potential as they become more differentiated. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from differentiating endoderm cells of Xenopus laevis. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs. (springer.com)
The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
In juveniles, none of the measured phenotypic characters had significant predictive power for mitosis, whereas in adult animals in moult or in late egg developmental or post-laying stage were more likely to have mitotic storage cells. (researchgate.net)
Increase in storage cell mitoses has been related to moulting and the late developmental stage of eggs (Czernekova and Jönsson 2016). (researchgate.net)
In Drosophila, these stages correspond to four morphologically distinct developmental states: embryo, larva (three instar stages), pupa, and adult. (trentonsocial.com)

We collected oocytes matured in vivo at metaphase II about 72 hours after ovulation by flushing the oviducts. (nature.com)
Granulosa cells from adult sheep were heated to nonphysiological temperatures (55 degrees C or 75 degrees C) before their nuclei were injected into enucleated metaphase II oocytes. (cnrs.fr)

Bovine fetal mesenchymal stem cells exert antiproliferative efect against mastitis causing pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. (sciendo.com)

In theory, researchers can induce embryonic stem cells to mature into a variety of specialized cells. (news-medical.net)
In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka selected twenty-four candidate genes as factors that they hypothesized could possibly induce somatic cells to become pluripotent, and they began to test them one at a time. (asu.edu)
While iPSCs avoid the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells, the methods used to derive them sometimes induce mutations in cancer causing genes, making them unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
Placing the cells under conditions which induce specific cell types has been one form of an attempt to regulate the differentiation outcome. (justia.com)
culturing a stem cell in the presence of an embryonic cell and/or extracellular medium of an embryonic cell, under conditions that induce differentiation of the stem cell. (justia.com)
Adult stem cells can be used to accelerate bone or tendon healing , and they can induce cartilage progenitor cells to produce a better matrix and repair cartilage damage . (thefutureofthings.com)
Hematopoietic progenitor cells, however, still have self-replication ability, and if the factors involved in this self-replication could be identified, it might become possible to induce virtually unlimited replication of progenitor cells. (sciencedaily.com)

The inventors on the '233 application, Dr. Keith H.S. Campbell and Sir Ian Wilmut, were the first to produce a cloned mammal from an adult somatic cell -- Dolly the sheep. (patentdocs.org)
Dr. Campbell and Sir Ian obtained U.S. Patent No. 7,514,258 for the method they used to produce Dolly: somatic cell nuclear transfer, which involves removing the nucleus of a somatic cell that has been arrested in the quiescent phase of the cell cycle and implanting that nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. (patentdocs.org)
The animal, a sheep named Dolly, was made using an udder cell from an adult sheep. (cordmagazine.com)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)

Furthermore, Eggan noted that genetic analyses of the fused cells revealed that the somatic cell genes characteristic of adult cells had all been switched off, while those characteristic of embryonic cells had been switched on. (news-medical.net)
With the exception of a few genes one way or the other -- which is perhaps because these cells are now tetraploid -- the hybrid cells are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells," he said. (news-medical.net)
After these experiments with somatic cells, Takahashi and Yamanaka hypothesized that there were common factors, genes in particular, which caused somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells. (asu.edu)
If one of the infected cells showed G418 resistance, then the scientists would know that one of the twenty-four genes influenced the cell to become an embryonic stem cell-like cell. (asu.edu)
Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. (springer.com)
Found within Wharton's jelly - which is easily harvested from what would otherwise be post-natal medical waste - are several distinct stem cell genes. (articlecity.com)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
A breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer opens the possibility of producing human embryonic stem cells with a patient's own genes. (the-scientist.com)
The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
During differentiation the expression of stem cell specific genes and markers are often lost and cells acquire gene expression profiles of somatic cells or their precursors. (justia.com)
Generally, when a stem cell culture is induced to differentiate, the differentiated population is analysed for particular cell types by expression of genes, markers or phenotypic analysis. (justia.com)
Methods of inducing differentiation in stem cells and muscle cells produced therefrom may be used for the study of cellular and molecular biology of tissue development, for the discovery of genes and proteins such as differentiation factors that play a role in tissue development and regeneration. (justia.com)

Automated, high-throughput derivation, characterization and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Aside from the promise of using hPSC-derived cells for cell replacement therapies there (+)-Corynoline is great potential of using hPSCs for modeling lineage decisions during differentiation and studying disease-relevant phenotypes that ENG are manifested at the cellular level. (hiv-proteases.com)
Among them embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are the classic example of a PSC 1-3 and they remain the gold standard to which newly derived PSC lines are typically compared molecularly through expression and epigenetic profiling and functionally by assessing their differentiation potential and (Table 1). (hiv-proteases.com)
Cellular differentiation and lineage programming The generation of therapeutically important cells like cardiomyocytes using readily available cell types remains a considerable challenge for biologists. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Establishment of germ-line-competent embryonic stem (ES) cells using differentiation inhibiting activity. (springer.com)
Stem cells are defined by their capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, making them uniquely situated to treat a broad spectrum of human diseases. (articlecity.com)
For the first time researchers can now compare iPSC differentiation to the same process an egg goes through after the transfer of a somatic cell genome. (the-scientist.com)
The present invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells. (justia.com)
In particular, the invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. (justia.com)
The process of differentiation in stem cells involves selective development of immature cells to committed and fully mature cells of various lineages. (justia.com)
Differentiation of stem cells is known be triggered by various growth factors and regulatory molecules. (justia.com)
Whilst differentiation of some lineage specific stem cells can be induced with a degree of certainty, a differentiation outcome of a population of pluripotent stem cells is less predictable. (justia.com)
These conditions include growing the cells to high or low density, changing media, introducing or removing cytokines, hormones and growth factors, creating an environment which suits differentiation toward a specific cell type, such as providing a suitable substrate. (justia.com)
The induction of cardiomyocyte differentiation in stem cells is especially useful in developing therapeutic methods and products for heart disease and abnormal heart conditions. (justia.com)
However, the molecular pathways that lead to specification and terminal differentiation of specific cell types, such as myocytes, from embryonic stem cells during development are not entirely clear. (justia.com)
Therefore there remains a need for providing effective methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, such as myocytes or endothelial cells. (justia.com)
2017). MMP-2 and MMP-14 Silencing Inhibits VEGFR2 Cleavage and Induces the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells. (sciendo.com)
Osteogenic proliferation and differentiation of canine bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells and the influence of hypoxia. (sciendo.com)
Deletion of HP1β, but not HP1α, in ESCs provokes a loss of the morphological and proliferative characteristics of embryonic pluripotent cells, reduces expression of pluripotency factors and causes aberrant differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate an unexpected duality in the role of HP1β: it is essential in ESCs for maintaining pluripotency, while it is required for proper differentiation in differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
The term stem cell can be defined by two very important qualities: the cell has the ability to self-renew and, in a more general sense, the cell has not completed differentiation into its final state. (thefutureofthings.com)
This general definition includes a wide variety of cells with varying degrees of differentiation potential. (thefutureofthings.com)
According to rough calculations, the amount of culture medium needed to produce enough erythrocytes for a normal transfusion pack (containing one trillion units) is 1,000 -- 2,000 liters when using direct differentiation from undifferentiated iPS cells, whereas 50-100 liters is sufficient with the newly developed method. (sciencedaily.com)
Stability of Imprinting and Differentiation Capacity in Naïve Human Cells Induced by Chemical Inhibition of CDK8 and CDK19. (axonmedchem.com)

Here we describe the cloning of two Afghan hounds by nuclear transfer from adult skin cells into oocytes that had matured in vivo . (nature.com)
Hopes for the creation of a more stable transfusion system have centered on the establishment of a technology for large-scale erythrocyte production ex vivo, using for instance iPS cells or ES cells. (sciencedaily.com)
In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)

It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
The third position is that of those who consider that the single-cell, polarised, asymmetrical human embryo, the zygote, obtained naturally or artificially, is a living being of our species, bearer therefore of the dignity that all human beings intrinsically possess, and consequently worthy of being treated in accordance with that dignity. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)

These cells are called totipotent stem cells . (orthodoxwiki.org)
This question had been asked by embryologists since 1886 ( Rauber, 1886 ), and Spemann ( Spemann, 1938 ) had demonstrated by an egg ligation experiment that the nuclei of an eight-cell frog embryo are developmentally totipotent. (biologists.com)

Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)

However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
The bill purports to promote stem-cell research, while outlawing the cloning of a human being. (cbc-network.org)
While stem-cell research holds enormous potential for treating or even curing some diseases, the cloning of a human being is morally and ethically unacceptable…Any attempt to clone a human being is in direct conflict with the public policies of this state. (cbc-network.org)

Stem cells and regenerative medicine - future perspectives. (springer.com)
Stem cells in regenerative medicine: introduction. (springer.com)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
Stem cell-based regenerative medicine shows much promise. (selectbiosciences.com)

No matter how simple or complex an organism is, the cell remains the structurally and functionally basic unit of life (there are even unicellular organisms, like bacteria. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Stem cells are the way the organism generates all the specialized cells needed for development and functioning. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Any of the cells resulted from these divisions can give rise to all the cells needed to make up an adult organism. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Introduction Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture while maintaining the potential to differentiate into all cell lineages of an adult organism. (hiv-proteases.com)
In 2004, Yamanaka began working at Kyoto University as a professor, where he studied factors that help an organism fend off retroviruses, which are single-stranded RNA viruses that can incorporate their genetic material into the DNA of a host cell. (asu.edu)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
They are able to differentiate into any cell of an organism and have the ability of self-renewal. (articlecity.com)
For decades scientists have been trying to reproduce cell culture environment for the closest mimicry of the natural cellular "embedding" within a living organism. (selectbiosciences.com)

Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)

Unlike other mammals, dogs ovulate at first meiotic prophase, and their oocytes mature for 2 to 3 days in the oviduct's distal regions. (nature.com)

Human Oocytes Reprogram Adult Somatic Nuclei to Diploid Pluripotent Stem Cells. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the cells in a human body are diploid. (trentonsocial.com)

Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1952 ) had already succeeded in transplanting a blastula cell nucleus into an enucleated egg and obtaining normal tadpoles in the frog Rana pipiens . (biologists.com)
Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)

It is more likely that the new technique will see immediate use in helping to accelerate understanding of how embryonic cells "reprogram" somatic cells to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
Yamanaka received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, along with John Gurdon, as their work showed scientists how to reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent. (asu.edu)

The scientists knew that if their studies were successful, it would provide the research community with a new option for producing reprogrammed cells using embryonic stem cells, which are more plentiful and easier to obtain than unfertilized human eggs. (news-medical.net)

She was the chief executive officer and co-founder of the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF). (wikipedia.org)
She previously sat on the strategic planning committee for the Empire State Stem Cell Board. (wikipedia.org)
At the time of her death, NYSCF was one of the biggest nonprofits dedicated to stem cell research, employing 45 scientists at their Research Institute in Manhattan and funding an additional 75 scientists around the world. (wikipedia.org)
Living Landmark Honoree, New York Landmarks Conservancy, 2015 Stem Cell Action Leadership Award, Genetics Policy Institute, 2012 New York State Women of Excellence Award 2008 Triumph Award, The Brooke Ellison Foundation, 2008 "Institutional Report Cards for Gender Equality: Lessons Learned from Benchmarking Efforts for Women in STEM. (wikipedia.org)
Cell Stem Cell (September 9, 2019). (wikipedia.org)
Cell Stem Cell (March 5, 2015). (wikipedia.org)
The New York Stem Cell Foundation. (wikipedia.org)
The New York Stem Cell Foundation: Accelerating Cures Through Stem Cell Research. (wikipedia.org)
The sixth annual translational stem cell research conference of the New York Stem Cell Foundation. (wikipedia.org)
Raising the Standards of Stem Cell Line Quality. (wikipedia.org)
Stem Cell Research and Reviews (December 17, 2014). (wikipedia.org)
Cell Stem Cell: Voices (November 7, 2013). (wikipedia.org)
Stem Cell Research: Science, Not Politics. (wikipedia.org)
Opinion: Science Shoved Aside in Stem Cell Ruling. (wikipedia.org)
The long term goal for this experiment was to do cell fusion in a way that would allow the elimination of the embryonic stem cell nucleus to create an embryonic stem cell from the somatic cell," said Melton. (news-medical.net)
One approach is to derive PSCs through culturing various embryonic adult or malignant cells with stem cell properties (Sidebar 1 and Figure 1). (hiv-proteases.com)
Sidebar Culture-derived Pluripotent Stem Cell lines Embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs): derived from mouse teratocarcinomas these are the first PSC lines generated. (hiv-proteases.com)
The incredible burden of ischemic heart disease offers motivated the exploration of a number of stem cell-based strategies to treat this devastating disease. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
This time, there were twenty-two cell colonies that showed a resistance to G418, meaning that there were colonies in which the cells exhibited embryonic stem cell properties. (asu.edu)
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. (springer.com)
Evans MD, Kelley J. US attitudes toward human embryonic stem cell research. (springer.com)
With this raw material, biomedical firms can create stem cell lines that, among other things, aid recuperation via the regeneration of tissue that has been lost or damaged. (articlecity.com)
This type of stem cell is very versatile and has a wide range of uses, though procuring them entails medical and ethical challenges. (articlecity.com)
This piece will focus on the medical technology being developed using Wharton's jelly as a source material for stem cells, but will also delve into broader aspects of stem cell research, one of the most fascinating current areas of scientific study. (articlecity.com)
To achieve this success, Scott Noggle at the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory took a unique approach to the process. (the-scientist.com)
The resulting clone developed into a microscopic embryo, which survived long enough for pluripotent stem cell lines to be derived. (the-scientist.com)
The opportunities and challenges of development of stem cell-based therapeutic interventions for joint surface repair for the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis will be discussed. (selectbiosciences.com)
Details are provided about the quantitative market opportunity for various stem cell classes as well as the current state of the clinical trials space wherein stem cell-based therapeutics are being evaluated for therapy in various disease classes. (selectbiosciences.com)
We will discuss our recent findings in the use of novel chemistry and physical energy, including radioelectric conveyed fields, to optimize stem cell expression of pluripotentiality. (selectbiosciences.com)
While regarded by many top scientists as the Holy Grail of medicine, others consider embryonic stem-cell research sacrilegious. (thefutureofthings.com)
Recent advances in the field of stem-cell research are giving hope to millions. (thefutureofthings.com)
Avant-garde approaches to stem-cell therapy may be the first stepping-stones to a bright new future of stem-cell medicine and are emerging in leading laboratories worldwide. (thefutureofthings.com)
A particular field encouraged by the foundation is stem-cell research, with the great hope that it will result in the ability to get cells to differentiate into neurons and support cells to bridge the gap of a spinal cord injury. (thefutureofthings.com)
GCNA is a histone binding protein required for spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. (axonmedchem.com)
The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)

In the studies published in Science, the researchers combined human fibroblast cells with human embryonic stem cells in the presence of a detergent-like substance that caused the two cell types to fuse. (news-medical.net)
The researchers demonstrated that they had achieved fusion of the two cell types by searching the fused cells for two distinctive genetic markers present in the somatic fibroblast and stem cells. (news-medical.net)
In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
Next, Takahashi tried to insert into a fibroblast cell multiple retroviral factors instead of one at a time. (asu.edu)
The researchers added all of the twenty-four retroviral factors at the same time into mouse fibroblast cells. (asu.edu)

These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. (wikidoc.org)
It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. (absoluteastronomy.com)

The researchers also performed fusion experiments using pelvic bone cells as the somatic cells and a different human embryonic cell line, to demonstrate that their technique was not restricted to one adult cell type or embryonic cell line. (news-medical.net)
Takahashi and Yamanaka's 2006 and 2007 experiments showed that scientists can prompt adult body cells to dedifferentiate, or lose specialized characteristics, and behave similarly to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (asu.edu)

Germ cell chromatin is vastly different from that of other cells. (i-sis.org.uk)
In pluripotent and differentiated cells HP1β is differentially localized and differentially associated with chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
The minor fraction of HP1β that is chromatin-bound in ESCs is enriched within exons, unlike the situation in differentiated cells, where it binds heterochromatic satellite repeats and chromocenters. (biomedcentral.com)
The N-terminal portion is transported to the nucleus where it homodimerizes to form the active kinase which promotes the condensation of chromatin during apoptosis. (appliedbioinfo.com)
While canonical histones H3.1 and H3.2 are synthetized and loaded during DNA replication, the histone variant H3.3 is expressed and deposited into the chromatin throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)
Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)
SUMOylation of linker histone H1 drives chromatin condensation and restriction of embryonic cell fate identity. (axonmedchem.com)

In conversations with clinicians and scientists, Solomon identified stem cells as the most promising way to address unmet patient needs. (wikipedia.org)
A number of large biotech companies and scientists are looking toward stem cells as the basis for a therapeutic solution to cure such illnesses as blindness, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. (thefutureofthings.com)

a , Snuppy, the first cloned dog, at 67 days after birth (right), with the three-year-old male Afghan hound (left) whose somatic skin cells were used to clone him. (nature.com)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)

We found they could be induced to mature into nerve cells, hair follicles, muscle cells and gut endoderm cells. (news-medical.net)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer typically involves the transfer of genomic information from a somatic cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. (the-scientist.com)

In the fetus, stem cells in developing tissue give rise to the multiple specialized cell types that make up the human body. (orthodoxwiki.org)
In adults, the remaining stem cells only differentiate into cell types specific to the tissue in which they reside (some recent studies seem to prove the contrary. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Adult stem cells are rare, and their origin in mature tissue is not yet completely understood. (orthodoxwiki.org)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)
Current research is focused on growing a wide range of new tissue from stem cells, including muscle, blood, brain, and cartilage cells. (articlecity.com)
Adult stem cells, which are present in small amounts in adult tissue but less adaptable than embryonic stem cells, making their use in medical treatments more challenging. (articlecity.com)
They have many of the positive characteristics of embryonic stem cells while sourcing material is far less challenging, since postpartum tissue can be used. (articlecity.com)
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the embryo and are pluripotent, thus possessing the capability of developing into any organ, cell type or tissue type. (justia.com)
Equine mesenchymal stem cells from bonemarrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord:immunophenotypic characterization anddifferentiation potential. (sciendo.com)
Adipose Tissue- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Sheep: Culture Characteristics. (sciendo.com)

Deletion of Lats1 caused an increase in germ cell apoptosis from 1.7% in control ovaries to 3.6% in Lats1 mutant ovaries and a 58% and 32% decrease in primordial and activated follicle numbers in cultured mutant ovaries. (appliedbioinfo.com)
These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)

Bedford S J, Kurokawa M, Hinrichs K, Fissore R A(2003), Intracellular calcium oscillations and activation in horse oocytes injected with stallion sperm extracts or spermatozoa. (rfgi.fr)
Hinrichs K, Choi Y H, Love C C, Chung Y G, Varner D D. (2006)vProduction of horse foals via direct injection of roscovitine treated donor cells and activation by injection of sperm ex tract. (rfgi.fr)
Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. (wikidoc.org)
The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm). (wikidoc.org)
Somatic cells are all cells of the body except those that will divide to form the gametes (ova or sperm). (trentonsocial.com)

Researchers have developed a new technique for creating human embryonic stem cells by fusing adult somatic cells with embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
One of the key findings from the study was that the fusion cells have the characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
So, while this does not obviate the need for human oocytes, it demonstrates that this general approach of cell fusion is an interesting one that should be further explored. (news-medical.net)
The human body is made of billions and billions of cells, which have specific shapes, particular structures, and different functions. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Stem cells are naturally occurring in the human body (and other living organisms) at all levels of development. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology modeling diseases and for therapeutic applications. (hiv-proteases.com)
Methods: To reveal the phenotype-associated cell type in the development of vulnerable plaque and to identify hub gene for pathological process, we combined single-cell RNA and bulk RNA sequencing datasets of human atherosclerotic plaques using Single-Cell Identification of Subpopulations with Bulk Sample Phenotype Correlation (Scissor) and Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). (bvsalud.org)
Takahashi and Yamanaka also experimented with human cell cultures in 2007. (asu.edu)
This is because stem cells are, basically, the core building blocks of all human cells - which is why they are most prominently a part of human physiology during gestation in the womb. (articlecity.com)
Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body. (articlecity.com)
In the case of asexually creating a human, the biotechnologist removes the nucleus from a mature human egg (an oocyte). (cbc-network.org)
The first pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer, according to a study published today (October 5) in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
The advance here is the proof that somatic cell nuclear transfer can work [in human cells] and can fully reset the donor cell genome to a pluripotent state," said Harvard Medical School's George Daley , who was not affiliated with the study. (the-scientist.com)
In the best case, an early embryo consisting of a few cells may form, but these are not capable of giving rise to human life, nor hESCs for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
Novel culture and cryopreservation systems for human pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells will be presented and their advantages and applicability in the production of high quality advanced therapeutic products or functional screening tools for preclinical research discussed. (selectbiosciences.com)
This presentation will describe the current status of strategies to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mouse and human somatic cells for patient-specific disease modeling and cell therapeutic applications. (selectbiosciences.com)
Clinical use of human embryonic stem (hES) cells is already being explored in a several phase1 safety trials. (selectbiosciences.com)
The first position is that of those who consider that the human embryo, in its first days of life, is a cell cluster with no biological structure, i.e. an unorganised cluster of cells and, accordingly, with no biological or ontological value. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
In other words, this law accepts the obsolete theory that identifies the human embryo as a cluster of cells. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)
As the c-MYC gene and BCL-XL gene are present within erythrocyte progenitor cells, methods that make use of them actually mimic the body's own system and can therefore be thought of as safer with a view to future clinical application than the previously developed systems for large-scale erythrocyte production using oncogene-derived from Human papillomavirus that are not normally expressed in the human body. (sciencedaily.com)
Chemical conversion of human conventional Pluripotent Stem Cells to Trophoblast Stem Cells. (axonmedchem.com)
Revealing cell populations catching the early stages of the human embryo development in naïve pluripotent stem cells. (axonmedchem.com)

Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Embryonic germ cells (EGCs) and germ line stem cells (GSCs): derived respectively from mouse primordial germ cells (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (d)) or germ line stem cells (GSCs) from neonatal and adult testis (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (e)) they resemble ESCs but retain some epigenetic features of their cell of origin. (hiv-proteases.com)
With this model more potent cells sit in the peaks of a landscape before rolling irreversibly downward towards deeper valleys representing more differentiated claims as the genome activates and silences fate-specific epigenetic markers. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

Stem cells also provide a model system in which researchers can study the causes of genetic disease and the basis of embryonic development. (news-medical.net)
Use of hiPSCs circumvents the ethical controversies associated with hESCs or nt-hESCs and as one can easily generate hiPSCs that match the genetic background of any individual this offers an ideal platform for cell replacement therapy and disease modeling. (hiv-proteases.com)
They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
The findings validate this controversial method, and may one day allow therapeutic stem cells to be created from a patient's own genetic material. (the-scientist.com)
Noggle said the findings may also pave the way for better induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which form when somatic cells are regressed to a pluripotent state through the use of genetic factors. (the-scientist.com)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
Meiosis is a reduction division in that it produces daughter cells with half the genetic material of the starting cell. (trentonsocial.com)

Embryonic germ cells share many of the characteristics of the embryonic stem cells but differ in significant ways. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESC) can either self-renew or differentiate in what was long thought to be a unidirectional manner towards increasingly specialized cell types of the three embryonic germ layers. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

Erythrocytes are produced in the body by progressive evolution of hematopoietic stem cells into hematopoietic progenitor cells and then erythroblasts. (sciencedaily.com)

Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of MoS2 NDs on collateral formation not only depend on their known scavenging properties of ROS (H2O2, â ¢O2-, and â ¢OH) but also primarily involve a molecular pathway, cAMP/PKA-NR4A2, which promotes autophagy and contributes to mitigating damage in diabetic endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

use but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity pluripotency and plasticity. (hiv-proteases.com)
When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)
Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)
Molecular Cell , 82 (1), 190-208. (axonmedchem.com)
Molecular cell, 82(1), 106-122. (axonmedchem.com)

Lats1 Deletion Causes Increased Germ Cell Apoptosis and Follicular Cysts in Mouse Ovaries. (appliedbioinfo.com)

Instead, the ultrastructure of the germ cells has been considered in the chapter on reproduction. (researchgate.net)

Yamanaka and others hypothesized that retroviruses could influence somatic cells to become stem cells. (asu.edu)

Anatomy41

Organisms7

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes22

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

SCNT18

Embryos24

Mammalian7

Vitro14

Transplantation8

Cloned by somatic-cell nuc1

Transferred into an enucleated1

Maturation6

Ability to differentiate5

Chromosomes15

Reprogramming18

Tissues11

Developmental10

Metaphase2

Bovine1

Induce7

Dolly4

Genes13

Differentiation25

Vivo3

Zygote4

Totipotent2

Granulosa2

Cloning7

Regenerative4

Organism9

Genetically1

Meiotic1

Diploid2

Tadpoles2

Reprogram2

Eggs1

Stem Cell35

Fibroblast5

Mammals2

Experiments2

Chromatin7

Scientists2

Clone2

Endoderm cells1

Involves1

Tissue10

Follicle2

Sperm5

Human23

Donor cells2

Epigenetic2

Genetic8

Embryonic germ2

Hematopoietic1

Endothelial cells1

Molecular5

Germ cell1

Ultrastructure1

Retroviruses1